Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

OECD Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluk ve Belirleyicilerinin Hiyerarşik Kümeleme ile Analizi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 57, 331 - 355, 26.07.2023

Abdulkerim Eroğlu Ahmet Özen

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.16

Öz

Yolsuzluk siyasi, iktisadi ve mali birçok göstergede bozulmalara yol açan temel bir sorundur. Söz konusu göstergelerin de yolsuzluğun düzeyi üzerinde etkili olabilmesi, yolsuzluğun uzun vadeli olarak ele alınmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın amacı yolsuzlukla birlikte sosyoekonomik faktörler kapsamında OECD ülkelerinin nasıl kümelendiklerini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada 2014-2020 yıllarına ait yolsuzluk ve yolsuzlukla ilişkili seçilmiş değişkenler kullanılarak hiyerarşik kümeleme esas alınmış ve Ward Minimum Varyans yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, OECD ülkelerinin iki ana kümeye ayrıldığı ve bazı ülkelerde benzerlikler bakımından yakınsamalar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yakınsan ülkelerin ise benzer siyasi, iktisadi ve mali tecrübelere sahip oldukları görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yolsuzluk Kümeleme Analizi OECD Ülkeleri

Kaynakça

  • Abbink, K. (2000), “Fair Salaries and the Moral Costs of Corruption”, Bonn Econ Discussion Papers, 1/2000, <https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/78377/1/bgse1_2000.pdf>, 20.06.2022.
  • Acemoglu, D. & T. Verdier (2005), “The Choice Between Market Failures and Corruption”, in: A. Mishra (ed.), The Economics of Corruption (237-269), New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Ades, A. & R. Di Tella (1999), “Rents, Competition, and Corruption”, The American Economic Review, 89(4), 982-993.
  • Akça, H. vd. (2017), “OECD Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluk: Küme Analizi”, 15. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi, Gagavuzya-Moldova.
  • Akçay, S. (2000), “Yolsuzluk, Ekonomik Özgürlükler ve Demokrasi”, Muğla Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 1(1), 1-15.
  • Alm, J. et al. (2016), “Corruption and Firm Tax Evasion”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 124, 146-163.
  • An, W. & Y. Kweon (2017), “Do Higher Government Wages Induce Less Corruption? Cross-Country Panel Evidence”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 39, 809-826.
  • Anderson, C.J. & Y.V. Tverdova (2003), “Corruption, Political Allegiances, and Attitudes toward Government in Contemporary Democracies”, American Journal of Political Science, 47(1), 91-109.
  • Azariadis, C. & Y.M. Ioannides (2015), Think About Corruption in Greece, Tufts University, <https://sites.tufts.edu/yioannides/files/2015/02/Azariadis_Ioannides_Corruption_Feb_20_2015_FIGS_Appendix.pdf>, 04.05.2022.
  • Balan, M. (2011), “Competition by Denunciation: The Political Dynamics of Corruption Scandals in Argentina and Chile”, Comparative Politics, 43(4), 459-478.
  • Batory, A. (2012), “Why Do Anti-Corruption Laws Fail in Central Eastern Europe? A Target Compliance Perspective”, Regulation & Governance, 6(1), 66-82.
  • Becker, G.S. (1968), “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”, Journal of Political Economy, 76(2), 169-217.
  • Benk, S. & B. Karakurt (2010), “Gelir İdareleri ve Yolsuzluk: Motivasyonlar, Fırsatlar ve Mücadele Yolları”, İşletme ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(4), 133-148.
  • Berksoy, T. & N.E. Yıldırım (2017), “Yolsuzluk Kavramına Genel Bir Bakış: Problemler ve Çözüm Önerileri”, Journal of Awareness, 2(1), 1-18.
  • Besley, T. & J. McLaren (1993), “Taxes and Bribery: The Role of Wage Incentives”, The Economic Journal, 103(416), 119-141.
  • Bimonte, S. & A. Stabile (2019), “The Effect of Growth and Corruption on Soil Sealing in Italy: A Regional Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis”, Environmental and Resource Economics, 74, 1497-1518.
  • Buscema, M. et al. (2016), “Multidimensional Similarities at a Global Scale: An Approach to Mapping Open Society Orientations”, Social Indicators Research, 128(3), 1239-1258.
  • Combes, J.-L. & T. Saadi-Sedik (2006), “How Does Trade Openness Influence Budget Deficits in Developing Countries?”, IMF Working Papers, 2006.003, A001, <https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451862638.001.A001>, 18.08.2022.
  • Corrado, G. & F. Rossetti (2018), “Public Corruption: A Study Across Regions in Italy”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 40, 1126-1139.
  • Dancikova, Z. (2012), Cost of Corruption, Transparency International Slovakia, <https://www.alianciapas.sk/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/03-Costs-of-Corruption.pdf>, 23.04.2022.
  • De Mendoça, H.F. & A.C. Baca (2018), “Relevance of Corruption on the Effect of Public Health Expenditure and Taxation on Economic Growth”, Applied Economic Letters, 25(12), 876-881.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A. et al. (2021), “Effects of Public Sector Wages on Corruption: Wage Inequality Matters”, World Bank Group, Policy Research Working Paper 9643.
  • Donchev, D. & G. Ujhelyi (2014), “What Do Corruption Indices Measure?”, Economics & Politics, 26(2), 309-331.
  • Dodson, M. & D.W. Jackson (2003), “Horizontal Accountability and the Rule of Law in Central America”, in: S. Mainwaring & C. Welna (eds.), Democratic Accountability in Latin America (228-265), New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Domashova, J. & A. Politova (2021), “The Corruption Perception Index: Analysis of Dependence on Socio-Economic Indicators”, Procedia Computer Science, 190, 193-203.
  • Elliott, K.A. (1997), “Corruption as an International Policy Problem: Overview and Recommendations”, in: K.A. Elliott (ed.), Corruption and The Global Economy (175-233), Washington: Institute for International Economics.
  • Erarslan, C. & M.E. Timurtaş (2015), “Avrupa Borç Krizinin Seçilmiş Ülke Örnekleri Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 1(2), 17-54.
  • European Commission (2022), Eurobarometer, <https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2658>, 18.08.2022.
  • Fazekas, M. et al. (2013), “Corruption Manual for Beginners: ‘Corruption Techniques’”, in: Public Procurement with Examples from Hungary, Corruption Research Center Budapest, Working Paper Series: CRCB-WP/2013:01, <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2333354>, 01.07.2022.
  • Fisman, R. & R. Gatti (2002), “Decentralization and Corruption: Evidence Across Countries”, Journal of Public Economics, (83), 325-345.
  • Global Tax Expenditures Database (2022), [data set], Version 1.1.3, <https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6334212>, 08.10.2022.
  • Gokcekus, O. & F. Schneider (2020), “Are Shadow Economy and Corruption in US States Substitutive or Complementary? An Empirical Investigation”, Sosyoekonomi, 28(46), 11-23.
  • Goutte, S. et al. (2022), “Corruption, Economy and Governance in Central Africa: An Analysis of Public and Regional Drivers of Corruption”, Finance Research Letters, 44, 1-5.
  • Gregory, R. (2013), “Assessing ‘Good Governance’ and Corruption in New Zealand: ‘Scientific’ Measurement, Political Discourse, and Historical Narrative”, Institute for Governance and Policy Studies, Working Paper No: 13/03, <https://www.victoria.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/1286280/WP13-03-Assessing-good-governance.pdf>. 14.09.2022.
  • Grein, A.F. et al. (2010), “A Dynamic Analysis of Country Cluster, the Role of Corruption, and Implications for Global Firms”, Journal of Economics and Business, XIII(2), 33-60.
  • Gülden, T. & E. Karakış (2019), “OECD Ülkelerinin Ekonomik Özgürlüklerine Göre Kümele Analizi ile Sınıflandırılması”, S.C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20(2), 1-24.
  • Haralampiev, K. & G. Dimitrov (2016), “Quantitative Research Approaches in Support of the New EC Framework to Safeguard the Rule of Law in EU”, Regions & Cohesion, 6(3), 20-51.
  • Hardie, I. & D. Howarth (2013), Market-Based Banking & the International Financial Crisis, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hardouvelis, G.A. & I. Gkionis (2016), “A Decade Long Economic Crisis: Cyprus versus Greece”, Cyprus Economic Policy Review, 10(2), 3-40.
  • Haughton, T. (2014), “Money, Margins and the Motors of Politics: The EU and the Development of Party Politics in Central and Eastern Europe”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(1), 71-87.
  • Haque, N.U. & R. Sahay (1996), “Do Government Wage Cuts Close Budget Deficits? Costs of Corruption”, International Monetary Fund, Staff Papers, 43(4), 754-778.
  • Isaksen, J. (2005), The Budget Process and Corruption, U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Chr. Michelsen Institute, <https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/2559-the-budget-process-and-corruption.pdf>, 22.06.2022.
  • Ivanyna, M. et al. (2021), The Macroeconomics of Corruption: Governance and Growth, Cham: Springer.
  • Jiang, W. & I. Martek (2021), “Politic Risk Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment into the Energy Sector of Developing Countries”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 302, 1-13.
  • Kirchler, E. et al. (2008), “Enforced Versus Voluntary Tax Compliance: The ‘Slipper Slope’ Framework”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 29, 210-225.
  • Kohalmi, L. (2013), “The Never-Ending Fight: Economic and Political Corruption in Hungary”, Law and Economic Review, 1, 67-82.
  • Kukutschka, R.M.B. (2021), Global Corruption Barometer: European Union 2021, Transparency International, <https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/TI_GCB_EU_2021_web_2021-06-14-151758.pdf>. 19.07.2022.
  • Kurauone, O. et al. (2021), “The Effects of International Financial Reporting Standards, Auditing and Legal Enforcement on Tax Evasion: Evidence from 37 African Countries”, Global Finance Journal, 49, 1-21.
  • La Porta, R. et al. (1999), “The Quality of Government”, Journal of Law, Economics & Organization, 15(1), 222-279.
  • Lapalombara, J. (1994), “Structural and Institutional Aspects of Corruption”, Social Research, 61(2), 325-350.
  • Lash, N.A. & B. Batavia (2013), “Government Economic Intervention and Corruption”, The Journal of Developing Areas, 47(2), 1-15.
  • Leff, N.H. (1964), “Economic Development Through Bureaucratic Corruption”, American Behavioral Scientist, 8(3), 8-14.
  • Magaloni, B. (2003), “Authoritarianism, Democracy and the Supreme Court: Horizontal Exchange and the Rule of Law in Mexico”, in: S. Mainwaring & C. Welna (eds.), Democratic Accountability in Latin America (266-306), New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Mainwaring, S. et al. (2007), “Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America, 1945-2004”, in: G.L. Munck (ed.), Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods (123-162), New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Majeed, M.T. (2014), “Corruption and Trade”, Journal of Economic Integration, 29(4), 759-782.
  • Mauro, P. (1995), “Corruption and Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681-712.
  • Mauro, P. (1997), “The Effects of Corruption on Growth, Investment, and Government Expenditure”, International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Paper, WP/96/98.
  • Mauro, P. (2007), “The Effects of Corruption on Growth and Public Expenditure”, in: A.J. Heidenheimer & M. Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts & Contexts (339-352), New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
  • OECD (2017), Integrity Review of Mexico: Taking a Stronger Stance Against Corruption, <https://www.oecd.org/corruption/ethics/mexico-integrity-review-highlights.pdf>, 08.10.2022.
  • Ollivaud, P. & D. Turner (2015), “The Effect of the Global Financial Crisis on OECD Potential Output”, OECD Journal: Economic Studies, 2014, 41-60.
  • Özdemir, Ö. & Kaya, A. (2018), “Evaluation of OECD Countries in Terms of Economic Freedoms with Cluster Analysis”, II. International Symposium on Economics, Finance and Econometrics, Balıkesir.
  • Park, C.H. (2009), “Institutionalization of Party Political Democracy and the Challenges of Stable Governance in South Korea”, International Political Science Review, 30(5), 555-563.
  • Paulus, M. & L. Kristoufek (2015), “Worldwide Clustering of the Corruption Perception”, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 428, 351-358.
  • Rajeev, K.G. & I. Korhonen (2011), “Exports and Cross-National Corruption: A Disaggregated Examination”, Economic Systems, 35, 109-124.
  • Reinhart, C.M. & K.S. Rogoff (2014), “Recovery from Financial Crises: Evidence from 100 Episodes”, American Economic Review, 104(5), 50-55.
  • Retzlaff-Roberts, D. et al. (2004), “Technical Efficiency in the Use of Health Care Resources: A Comparison of OECD Countries”, Health Policy, 69(1), 55-72.
  • Rodriguez-Sanchez, J.I. (2018), Measuring Corruption in Mexico, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, <https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/106077/bi-pub-rodriguez-sanchezcorruption-121118.pdf?sequence=1>, 15.08.2022.
  • Rose-Ackerman, S. (1999), Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Schwab, K. & S. Zahidi (2020), The Global Competitiveness Report, Special Edition 2020, World Economic Forum, <https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2020.pdf>, 14.05.2022.
  • Shao, J. et al. (2007), “Quantitative Relations Between Corruption and Economic Factors”, The European Physical Journal B, 56, 157-166.
  • Shleifer, A. & R.W. Vishny (1993), “Corruption”, NBER Working Paper, Paper No: 4372.
  • Silva, P. (2016). “‘A Poor but Honest Country’: Corruption and Probity in Chile”, Journal of Developing Societies, 32(2), 178-203.
  • Swaleheen, M. et al. (2019), “Corruption and Public Spending on Education and Health”, Applied Economics Letters, 26(4), 321-325.
  • Tanzi, V. (1998), “Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures”, International Monetary Fund, Staff Papers, 45(4), 559-594.
  • Tanzi, V. & H. Davoodi (1997), “Corruption, Public Investment, and Growth”, International Money Fund, IMF Working Paper, WP/97/139.
  • Taşar, M.O. (1999), “Rant Kollama ve Ekonomik Kalkınma”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1-2), 349-378.
  • Tekdemir, N. & P. Varol-İyidoğan (2021), “Kayıt Dışı Ekonominin Mali Kökenlerinin Panel Eşik Modeli ile İncelenmesi: Düzenlemelerin Etkinliği Bağlamında Kamu Kesiminin Büyüklüğünün Etkisi”, Sosyoekonomi, 29(47), 141-158.
  • Timm, N.H. (2002), Applied Multivariate Analysis, New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Transparency International (2019), Corruption Perceptions Index 2020: Full Source Description, <http://www.stopcorruption.moph.go.th/application/editors/userfiles/files/CPI2020%20SourceDescriptionEN.pdf>, 03.04.2023.
  • Treisman, D. (2000), “The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study”, Journal of Public Economics, (76), 399-457.
  • Ugur, M. & N. Dasgupta (2011), Evidence on the Economic Growth Impacts of Corruption in Low-Income Countries and Beyond: A Systematic Review, London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.
  • UNDP (2022), Human Development Index (HDI), <https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI>, 26.08.2022.
  • Urmak Akçakaya, E.D. & N. Ömürbek (2021), “OECD Ülkelerinin Demokrasi Kalitesi Göstergeleri Açısından Kümelenmesi”, Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18, 1365-1393.
  • Van Rijckeghem, C. & B. Weder (1997), “Corruption and the Rate of Temptation: Do Low Wages in the Civil Service Cause Corruption?”, International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Paper, WP/97/73.
  • Van Rijckeghem, C. & B. Weder (2001), “Bureaucratic Corruption and the Rate of Temptation: Do Wages in the Civil Service Affect Corruption, and by How Much?”, Journal of Development Economics, 65, 307-331.
  • Yıldırım, Y. (2019), “Krizden Demokratik Çıkış: İzlanda Siyasetinde 2008-2017 Arası Gelişmeler”, Sosyoekonomi, 27(39), 187-203.
  • Zhu, J. (2012), “Do Severe Penalties Deter Corruption? A Game-Theoretic Analysis of the Chinese Case”, China Review, 12(2), 1-32.
  • Ward, J.H. (1963), “Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301), 236-244.
  • World Bank (2022), Worldwide Governance Indicators, <https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/Home/Documents>, 29.05.2022.
  • World Population Review (2022), Countries by Population, <https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-by-density>, 08.10.2022.
  • Xanthopoulou, P. & V. Kefis (2019), “Public Organisations and Public Management in Greece: The Implementation of Private Management Tools in the Public Sector”, International Journal of Sciences, 8(03), 45-54.

Analysis of Corruption and Its Determinants by Hierarchical Clustering in OECD Countries

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 57, 331 - 355, 26.07.2023

Abdulkerim Eroğlu Ahmet Özen

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.16

Öz

Corruption is a pervasive challenge that negatively impacts various political, economic, and financial indicators. Addressing corruption necessitates a comprehensive and sustained effort towards corruption control to enhance the effectiveness of such indicators. This study aims to investigate the clustering of OECD countries based on socioeconomic factors and corruption. Specifically, hierarchical clustering using the Ward Minimum Variance method was conducted on selected corruption-related variables for 2014-2020. The findings reveal the division of OECD countries into two primary clusters, with similarities identified among certain countries. Convergent countries share common political, economic, and financial experiences.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Corruption Cluster Analysis OECD Countries

Kaynakça

  • Abbink, K. (2000), “Fair Salaries and the Moral Costs of Corruption”, Bonn Econ Discussion Papers, 1/2000, <https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/78377/1/bgse1_2000.pdf>, 20.06.2022.
  • Acemoglu, D. & T. Verdier (2005), “The Choice Between Market Failures and Corruption”, in: A. Mishra (ed.), The Economics of Corruption (237-269), New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Ades, A. & R. Di Tella (1999), “Rents, Competition, and Corruption”, The American Economic Review, 89(4), 982-993.
  • Akça, H. vd. (2017), “OECD Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluk: Küme Analizi”, 15. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi, Gagavuzya-Moldova.
  • Akçay, S. (2000), “Yolsuzluk, Ekonomik Özgürlükler ve Demokrasi”, Muğla Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 1(1), 1-15.
  • Alm, J. et al. (2016), “Corruption and Firm Tax Evasion”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 124, 146-163.
  • An, W. & Y. Kweon (2017), “Do Higher Government Wages Induce Less Corruption? Cross-Country Panel Evidence”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 39, 809-826.
  • Anderson, C.J. & Y.V. Tverdova (2003), “Corruption, Political Allegiances, and Attitudes toward Government in Contemporary Democracies”, American Journal of Political Science, 47(1), 91-109.
  • Azariadis, C. & Y.M. Ioannides (2015), Think About Corruption in Greece, Tufts University, <https://sites.tufts.edu/yioannides/files/2015/02/Azariadis_Ioannides_Corruption_Feb_20_2015_FIGS_Appendix.pdf>, 04.05.2022.
  • Balan, M. (2011), “Competition by Denunciation: The Political Dynamics of Corruption Scandals in Argentina and Chile”, Comparative Politics, 43(4), 459-478.
  • Batory, A. (2012), “Why Do Anti-Corruption Laws Fail in Central Eastern Europe? A Target Compliance Perspective”, Regulation & Governance, 6(1), 66-82.
  • Becker, G.S. (1968), “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”, Journal of Political Economy, 76(2), 169-217.
  • Benk, S. & B. Karakurt (2010), “Gelir İdareleri ve Yolsuzluk: Motivasyonlar, Fırsatlar ve Mücadele Yolları”, İşletme ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(4), 133-148.
  • Berksoy, T. & N.E. Yıldırım (2017), “Yolsuzluk Kavramına Genel Bir Bakış: Problemler ve Çözüm Önerileri”, Journal of Awareness, 2(1), 1-18.
  • Besley, T. & J. McLaren (1993), “Taxes and Bribery: The Role of Wage Incentives”, The Economic Journal, 103(416), 119-141.
  • Bimonte, S. & A. Stabile (2019), “The Effect of Growth and Corruption on Soil Sealing in Italy: A Regional Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis”, Environmental and Resource Economics, 74, 1497-1518.
  • Buscema, M. et al. (2016), “Multidimensional Similarities at a Global Scale: An Approach to Mapping Open Society Orientations”, Social Indicators Research, 128(3), 1239-1258.
  • Combes, J.-L. & T. Saadi-Sedik (2006), “How Does Trade Openness Influence Budget Deficits in Developing Countries?”, IMF Working Papers, 2006.003, A001, <https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451862638.001.A001>, 18.08.2022.
  • Corrado, G. & F. Rossetti (2018), “Public Corruption: A Study Across Regions in Italy”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 40, 1126-1139.
  • Dancikova, Z. (2012), Cost of Corruption, Transparency International Slovakia, <https://www.alianciapas.sk/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/03-Costs-of-Corruption.pdf>, 23.04.2022.
  • De Mendoça, H.F. & A.C. Baca (2018), “Relevance of Corruption on the Effect of Public Health Expenditure and Taxation on Economic Growth”, Applied Economic Letters, 25(12), 876-881.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A. et al. (2021), “Effects of Public Sector Wages on Corruption: Wage Inequality Matters”, World Bank Group, Policy Research Working Paper 9643.
  • Donchev, D. & G. Ujhelyi (2014), “What Do Corruption Indices Measure?”, Economics & Politics, 26(2), 309-331.
  • Dodson, M. & D.W. Jackson (2003), “Horizontal Accountability and the Rule of Law in Central America”, in: S. Mainwaring & C. Welna (eds.), Democratic Accountability in Latin America (228-265), New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Domashova, J. & A. Politova (2021), “The Corruption Perception Index: Analysis of Dependence on Socio-Economic Indicators”, Procedia Computer Science, 190, 193-203.
  • Elliott, K.A. (1997), “Corruption as an International Policy Problem: Overview and Recommendations”, in: K.A. Elliott (ed.), Corruption and The Global Economy (175-233), Washington: Institute for International Economics.
  • Erarslan, C. & M.E. Timurtaş (2015), “Avrupa Borç Krizinin Seçilmiş Ülke Örnekleri Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 1(2), 17-54.
  • European Commission (2022), Eurobarometer, <https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2658>, 18.08.2022.
  • Fazekas, M. et al. (2013), “Corruption Manual for Beginners: ‘Corruption Techniques’”, in: Public Procurement with Examples from Hungary, Corruption Research Center Budapest, Working Paper Series: CRCB-WP/2013:01, <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2333354>, 01.07.2022.
  • Fisman, R. & R. Gatti (2002), “Decentralization and Corruption: Evidence Across Countries”, Journal of Public Economics, (83), 325-345.
  • Global Tax Expenditures Database (2022), [data set], Version 1.1.3, <https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6334212>, 08.10.2022.
  • Gokcekus, O. & F. Schneider (2020), “Are Shadow Economy and Corruption in US States Substitutive or Complementary? An Empirical Investigation”, Sosyoekonomi, 28(46), 11-23.
  • Goutte, S. et al. (2022), “Corruption, Economy and Governance in Central Africa: An Analysis of Public and Regional Drivers of Corruption”, Finance Research Letters, 44, 1-5.
  • Gregory, R. (2013), “Assessing ‘Good Governance’ and Corruption in New Zealand: ‘Scientific’ Measurement, Political Discourse, and Historical Narrative”, Institute for Governance and Policy Studies, Working Paper No: 13/03, <https://www.victoria.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/1286280/WP13-03-Assessing-good-governance.pdf>. 14.09.2022.
  • Grein, A.F. et al. (2010), “A Dynamic Analysis of Country Cluster, the Role of Corruption, and Implications for Global Firms”, Journal of Economics and Business, XIII(2), 33-60.
  • Gülden, T. & E. Karakış (2019), “OECD Ülkelerinin Ekonomik Özgürlüklerine Göre Kümele Analizi ile Sınıflandırılması”, S.C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20(2), 1-24.
  • Haralampiev, K. & G. Dimitrov (2016), “Quantitative Research Approaches in Support of the New EC Framework to Safeguard the Rule of Law in EU”, Regions & Cohesion, 6(3), 20-51.
  • Hardie, I. & D. Howarth (2013), Market-Based Banking & the International Financial Crisis, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hardouvelis, G.A. & I. Gkionis (2016), “A Decade Long Economic Crisis: Cyprus versus Greece”, Cyprus Economic Policy Review, 10(2), 3-40.
  • Haughton, T. (2014), “Money, Margins and the Motors of Politics: The EU and the Development of Party Politics in Central and Eastern Europe”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(1), 71-87.
  • Haque, N.U. & R. Sahay (1996), “Do Government Wage Cuts Close Budget Deficits? Costs of Corruption”, International Monetary Fund, Staff Papers, 43(4), 754-778.
  • Isaksen, J. (2005), The Budget Process and Corruption, U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Chr. Michelsen Institute, <https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/2559-the-budget-process-and-corruption.pdf>, 22.06.2022.
  • Ivanyna, M. et al. (2021), The Macroeconomics of Corruption: Governance and Growth, Cham: Springer.
  • Jiang, W. & I. Martek (2021), “Politic Risk Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment into the Energy Sector of Developing Countries”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 302, 1-13.
  • Kirchler, E. et al. (2008), “Enforced Versus Voluntary Tax Compliance: The ‘Slipper Slope’ Framework”, Journal of Economic Psychology, 29, 210-225.
  • Kohalmi, L. (2013), “The Never-Ending Fight: Economic and Political Corruption in Hungary”, Law and Economic Review, 1, 67-82.
  • Kukutschka, R.M.B. (2021), Global Corruption Barometer: European Union 2021, Transparency International, <https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/TI_GCB_EU_2021_web_2021-06-14-151758.pdf>. 19.07.2022.
  • Kurauone, O. et al. (2021), “The Effects of International Financial Reporting Standards, Auditing and Legal Enforcement on Tax Evasion: Evidence from 37 African Countries”, Global Finance Journal, 49, 1-21.
  • La Porta, R. et al. (1999), “The Quality of Government”, Journal of Law, Economics & Organization, 15(1), 222-279.
  • Lapalombara, J. (1994), “Structural and Institutional Aspects of Corruption”, Social Research, 61(2), 325-350.
  • Lash, N.A. & B. Batavia (2013), “Government Economic Intervention and Corruption”, The Journal of Developing Areas, 47(2), 1-15.
  • Leff, N.H. (1964), “Economic Development Through Bureaucratic Corruption”, American Behavioral Scientist, 8(3), 8-14.
  • Magaloni, B. (2003), “Authoritarianism, Democracy and the Supreme Court: Horizontal Exchange and the Rule of Law in Mexico”, in: S. Mainwaring & C. Welna (eds.), Democratic Accountability in Latin America (266-306), New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Mainwaring, S. et al. (2007), “Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America, 1945-2004”, in: G.L. Munck (ed.), Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods (123-162), New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Majeed, M.T. (2014), “Corruption and Trade”, Journal of Economic Integration, 29(4), 759-782.
  • Mauro, P. (1995), “Corruption and Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681-712.
  • Mauro, P. (1997), “The Effects of Corruption on Growth, Investment, and Government Expenditure”, International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Paper, WP/96/98.
  • Mauro, P. (2007), “The Effects of Corruption on Growth and Public Expenditure”, in: A.J. Heidenheimer & M. Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts & Contexts (339-352), New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
  • OECD (2017), Integrity Review of Mexico: Taking a Stronger Stance Against Corruption, <https://www.oecd.org/corruption/ethics/mexico-integrity-review-highlights.pdf>, 08.10.2022.
  • Ollivaud, P. & D. Turner (2015), “The Effect of the Global Financial Crisis on OECD Potential Output”, OECD Journal: Economic Studies, 2014, 41-60.
  • Özdemir, Ö. & Kaya, A. (2018), “Evaluation of OECD Countries in Terms of Economic Freedoms with Cluster Analysis”, II. International Symposium on Economics, Finance and Econometrics, Balıkesir.
  • Park, C.H. (2009), “Institutionalization of Party Political Democracy and the Challenges of Stable Governance in South Korea”, International Political Science Review, 30(5), 555-563.
  • Paulus, M. & L. Kristoufek (2015), “Worldwide Clustering of the Corruption Perception”, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 428, 351-358.
  • Rajeev, K.G. & I. Korhonen (2011), “Exports and Cross-National Corruption: A Disaggregated Examination”, Economic Systems, 35, 109-124.
  • Reinhart, C.M. & K.S. Rogoff (2014), “Recovery from Financial Crises: Evidence from 100 Episodes”, American Economic Review, 104(5), 50-55.
  • Retzlaff-Roberts, D. et al. (2004), “Technical Efficiency in the Use of Health Care Resources: A Comparison of OECD Countries”, Health Policy, 69(1), 55-72.
  • Rodriguez-Sanchez, J.I. (2018), Measuring Corruption in Mexico, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, <https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/106077/bi-pub-rodriguez-sanchezcorruption-121118.pdf?sequence=1>, 15.08.2022.
  • Rose-Ackerman, S. (1999), Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Schwab, K. & S. Zahidi (2020), The Global Competitiveness Report, Special Edition 2020, World Economic Forum, <https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2020.pdf>, 14.05.2022.
  • Shao, J. et al. (2007), “Quantitative Relations Between Corruption and Economic Factors”, The European Physical Journal B, 56, 157-166.
  • Shleifer, A. & R.W. Vishny (1993), “Corruption”, NBER Working Paper, Paper No: 4372.
  • Silva, P. (2016). “‘A Poor but Honest Country’: Corruption and Probity in Chile”, Journal of Developing Societies, 32(2), 178-203.
  • Swaleheen, M. et al. (2019), “Corruption and Public Spending on Education and Health”, Applied Economics Letters, 26(4), 321-325.
  • Tanzi, V. (1998), “Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures”, International Monetary Fund, Staff Papers, 45(4), 559-594.
  • Tanzi, V. & H. Davoodi (1997), “Corruption, Public Investment, and Growth”, International Money Fund, IMF Working Paper, WP/97/139.
  • Taşar, M.O. (1999), “Rant Kollama ve Ekonomik Kalkınma”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1-2), 349-378.
  • Tekdemir, N. & P. Varol-İyidoğan (2021), “Kayıt Dışı Ekonominin Mali Kökenlerinin Panel Eşik Modeli ile İncelenmesi: Düzenlemelerin Etkinliği Bağlamında Kamu Kesiminin Büyüklüğünün Etkisi”, Sosyoekonomi, 29(47), 141-158.
  • Timm, N.H. (2002), Applied Multivariate Analysis, New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Transparency International (2019), Corruption Perceptions Index 2020: Full Source Description, <http://www.stopcorruption.moph.go.th/application/editors/userfiles/files/CPI2020%20SourceDescriptionEN.pdf>, 03.04.2023.
  • Treisman, D. (2000), “The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study”, Journal of Public Economics, (76), 399-457.
  • Ugur, M. & N. Dasgupta (2011), Evidence on the Economic Growth Impacts of Corruption in Low-Income Countries and Beyond: A Systematic Review, London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.
  • UNDP (2022), Human Development Index (HDI), <https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI>, 26.08.2022.
  • Urmak Akçakaya, E.D. & N. Ömürbek (2021), “OECD Ülkelerinin Demokrasi Kalitesi Göstergeleri Açısından Kümelenmesi”, Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18, 1365-1393.
  • Van Rijckeghem, C. & B. Weder (1997), “Corruption and the Rate of Temptation: Do Low Wages in the Civil Service Cause Corruption?”, International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Paper, WP/97/73.
  • Van Rijckeghem, C. & B. Weder (2001), “Bureaucratic Corruption and the Rate of Temptation: Do Wages in the Civil Service Affect Corruption, and by How Much?”, Journal of Development Economics, 65, 307-331.
  • Yıldırım, Y. (2019), “Krizden Demokratik Çıkış: İzlanda Siyasetinde 2008-2017 Arası Gelişmeler”, Sosyoekonomi, 27(39), 187-203.
  • Zhu, J. (2012), “Do Severe Penalties Deter Corruption? A Game-Theoretic Analysis of the Chinese Case”, China Review, 12(2), 1-32.
  • Ward, J.H. (1963), “Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301), 236-244.
  • World Bank (2022), Worldwide Governance Indicators, <https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/Home/Documents>, 29.05.2022.
  • World Population Review (2022), Countries by Population, <https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-by-density>, 08.10.2022.
  • Xanthopoulou, P. & V. Kefis (2019), “Public Organisations and Public Management in Greece: The Implementation of Private Management Tools in the Public Sector”, International Journal of Sciences, 8(03), 45-54.
Toplam 91 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Abdulkerim Eroğlu 0000-0003-2680-8844

Ahmet Özen 0000-0002-9635-5134

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 23 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 31 Sayı: 57

Kaynak Göster

APA Eroğlu, A., & Özen, A. (2023). OECD Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluk ve Belirleyicilerinin Hiyerarşik Kümeleme ile Analizi. Sosyoekonomi, 31(57), 331-355. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.16
AMA Eroğlu A, Özen A. OECD Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluk ve Belirleyicilerinin Hiyerarşik Kümeleme ile Analizi. Sosyoekonomi. Temmuz 2023;31(57):331-355. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.16
Chicago Eroğlu, Abdulkerim, ve Ahmet Özen. “OECD Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluk Ve Belirleyicilerinin Hiyerarşik Kümeleme Ile Analizi”. Sosyoekonomi 31, sy. 57 (Temmuz 2023): 331-55. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.16.
EndNote Eroğlu A, Özen A (01 Temmuz 2023) OECD Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluk ve Belirleyicilerinin Hiyerarşik Kümeleme ile Analizi. Sosyoekonomi 31 57 331–355.
IEEE A. Eroğlu ve A. Özen, “OECD Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluk ve Belirleyicilerinin Hiyerarşik Kümeleme ile Analizi”, Sosyoekonomi, c. 31, sy. 57, ss. 331–355, 2023, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.16.
ISNAD Eroğlu, Abdulkerim - Özen, Ahmet. “OECD Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluk Ve Belirleyicilerinin Hiyerarşik Kümeleme Ile Analizi”. Sosyoekonomi 31/57 (Temmuz 2023), 331-355. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.16.
JAMA Eroğlu A, Özen A. OECD Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluk ve Belirleyicilerinin Hiyerarşik Kümeleme ile Analizi. Sosyoekonomi. 2023;31:331–355.
MLA Eroğlu, Abdulkerim ve Ahmet Özen. “OECD Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluk Ve Belirleyicilerinin Hiyerarşik Kümeleme Ile Analizi”. Sosyoekonomi, c. 31, sy. 57, 2023, ss. 331-55, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.16.
Vancouver Eroğlu A, Özen A. OECD Ülkelerinde Yolsuzluk ve Belirleyicilerinin Hiyerarşik Kümeleme ile Analizi. Sosyoekonomi. 2023;31(57):331-55.
 Kapak Resmi İndir