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Rainwater Harvesting System Analysis for Semi-Arid Climate: A Daily Linear Programming Model

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 5

Mustafa Ruso Bertuğ Akıntuğ Elcin Kentel

https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1326198

Öz

Rainwater harvesting has proven to be an alternative water supply scheme for sustainable water management of regions with limited water resources. In this paper, a linear programming (LP) model with daily time steps, which minimizes a rooftop rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) cost, is developed and used to calculate the optimum RWH tank size. The developed LP model is applied to the semi-arid Northern Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean. The analysis is carried out for 33 sites which receive average annual rainfall ranging from 292 mm to 548 mm to evaluate the spatial effect of rainfall characteristic and the water cost on the financial feasibility and performance of the RWHS. At 29 out of 33 sites, RWHS investments are found to be financially feasible with discounted payback periods ranging from 12 to 28 years. The optimum RWH tank sizes are determined to be between 2 m3 and 6 m3 resulting in up to 20 % reliability with more than 50 m3 of average annual water savings per house. It is observed that the cost of water is a critical factor that affects the financial feasibility and water savings of a RWHS, especially in regions with limited rainfall. The comparison of the developed daily LP model with an LP model with monthly time steps demonstrates that the financial feasibility and the optimum tank size can only be assessed realistically when daily time steps are used. Finally, the sensitivity analysis shows that the discounted payback period is highly sensitive to the collector area.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sustainable water use rainwater harvesting optimum tank size spatial analysis semi-arid climate Northern Cyprus

Kaynakça

  • UN (United Nations). (2015). International decade for action water for life 2005-2015. Retrieved July 25, 2020, from https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/water_and_sustainable_development.shtml
  • Solomon, H., & Smith, H. H. (2007). Effectiveness of mandatory law of cistern construction for rainwater harvesting on supply and demand of public water in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Seventh Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress, University of The Virgin Islands, St. Croix, USVI (pp. 75-80).
  • Han, M., & Ki, J. (2010). Establishment of sustainable water supply system in small islands through rainwater harvesting (RWH): Case study of Guja-do. Water Science and Technology, 62(1), 148-153. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.299
  • Wallace, C. D., Bailey, R. T., & Arabi, M. (2015). Rainwater catchment system design using simulated future climate data. Journal of Hydrology, 529, 1798-1809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.006
  • Quigley, N., Beavis, S. G., & White, I. (2016). Rainwater harvesting augmentation of domestic water supply in Honiara, Solomon Islands. Australian Journal of Water Resources, 20(1), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2016.1173314
  • Donohue, M. J., Macomber, P. S., Okimoto, D., & Lerner, D. T. (2017). Survey of Rainwater Catchment Use and Practices on Hawaii Island. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 161(1), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2017.3250.x
  • Bailey, R. T., Beikmann, A., Kottermair, M., Taboroši, D., & Jenson, J. W. (2018). Sustainability of rainwater catchment systems for small island communities. Journal of Hydrology, 557, 137-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.12.016
  • Ruso, M. (2021). Rainwater Harvesting Analysis for Northern Cyprus [M.S. - Master of Science]. Middle East Technical University – Northern Cyprus Campus.
  • Jamali, B., Bach, P. M., & Deletic, A. (2020). Rainwater harvesting for urban flood management - An integrated modelling framework. Water Research, 171, 115372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115372
  • van Dijk, S., Lounsbury, A. W., Hoekstra, A. Y., & Wang, R. (2020). Strategic design and finance of rainwater harvesting to cost-effectively meet large-scale urban water infrastructure needs. Water Research, 184, 116063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116063
  • Abdulla, F. A., & Al-Shareef, A. (2009). Roof rainwater harvesting systems for household water supply in Jordan. Desalination, 243(1-3), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.013
  • Wang, C.-H., & Blackmore, J. M. (2012). Supply–Demand Risk and resilience assessment for household rainwater harvesting in Melbourne, Australia. Water Resources Management, 26(15), 4381–4396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0150-x
  • Pelak, N., & Porporato, A. (2016). Sizing a rainwater harvesting cistern by minimizing costs. Journal of Hydrology, 541, 1340-1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.036
  • Kwon, Y., Hwang, J., & Seo, Y. (2018). Performance of a RBSN under the RCP scenarios: A case study in South Korea. Sustainability, 10(4), 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041242
  • Park, D., & Um, M. J. (2018). Sustainability index evaluation of the rainwater harvesting system in six US urban cities. Sustainability, 10(2), 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010280
  • Khastagir, A., & Jayasuriya, N. (2011). Investment Evaluation of Rainwater Tanks. Water Resources Management, 25(14), 3769-3784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9883-1
  • Roebuck, R. M., Oltean-Dumbrava, C., & Tait, S. (2011). Whole life cost performance of domestic rainwater harvesting systems in the United Kingdom. Water and Environment Journal, 25(3), 355–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2010.00230.x
  • Ward, S., Memon, F., & Butler, D. (2012). Performance of a large building rainwater harvesting system. Water Research, 46(16), 5127-5134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.043
  • Fernandes, L. F., Terêncio, D. P., & Pacheco, F. A. (2015). Rainwater harvesting systems for low demanding applications. Science of The Total Environment, 529, 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.061
  • Morales-Pinzón, T., Rieradevall, J., Gasol, C. M., & Gabarrell, X. (2015). Modelling for economic cost and environmental analysis of rainwater harvesting systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 87, 613-626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.021
  • Karim, M. R., Bashar, M. Z., & Imteaz, M. A. (2015). Reliability and economic analysis of urban rainwater harvesting in a megacity in Bangladesh. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 104, 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.09.010
  • Lopes, V. A., Marques, G. F., Dornelles, F., & Medellin-Azuara, J. (2017). Performance of rainwater harvesting systems under scenarios of non-potable water demand and roof area typologies using a stochastic approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 148, 304-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.132
  • Bashar, M. Z., Karim, M. R., & Imteaz, M. A. (2018). Reliability and economic analysis of urban rainwater harvesting: A comparative study within six major cities of Bangladesh. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 133, 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.01.025
  • Karim, M. R., Sakib, B. M., Sakib, S. S., & Imteaz, M. A. (2021). Rainwater harvesting potentials in commercial buildings in Dhaka: Reliability and economic analysis. Hydrology, 8(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8010009
  • Ghisi, E., Bressan, D. L., & Martini, M. (2007). Rainwater tank capacity and potential for potable water savings by using rainwater in the residential sector of southeastern Brazil. Building and Environment, 42(4), 1654-1666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.02.007
  • Aladenola, O. O., & Adeboye, O. B. (2010). Assessing the Potential for Rainwater Harvesting. Water Resources Management, 24(10), 2129-2137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9542-y
  • Basinger, M., Montalto, F., & Lall, U. (2010). A rainwater harvesting system reliability model based on nonparametric stochastic rainfall generator. Journal of Hydrology, 392(3-4), 105-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.039
  • Rahman, A., Keane, J., & Imteaz, M. A. (2012). Rainwater harvesting in Greater Sydney: Water savings, reliability and economic benefits. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 61, 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.12.002
  • Imteaz, M. A., Ahsan, A., & Shanableh, A. (2013). Reliability analysis of rainwater tanks using daily water balance model: Variations within a large city. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 77, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.05.006
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  • Campisano, A., & Modica, C. (2012). Optimal sizing of storage tanks for domestic rainwater harvesting in Sicily. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 63, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.03.007
  • Magliano, P. N., Murray, F., Baldi, G., Aurand, S., Páez, R. A., Harder, W., & Jobbágy, E. G. (2015). Rainwater harvesting in dry Chaco: Regional distribution and Local Water Balance. Journal of Arid Environments, 123, 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.03.012
  • Notaro, V., Liuzzo, L., & Freni, G. (2016). Reliability analysis of rainwater harvesting systems in southern Italy. Procedia Engineering, 162, 373–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.077
  • Jing, X., Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., & Yue, T. (2018). Analysis and modelling of stormwater volume control performance of rainwater harvesting systems in four climatic zones of China. Water Resources Management, 32(8), 2649–2664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-018-1950-4
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Rainwater Harvesting System Analysis for Semi-Arid Climate: A Daily Linear Programming Model

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 5

Mustafa Ruso Bertuğ Akıntuğ Elcin Kentel

https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1326198

Öz

Rainwater harvesting has proven to be an alternative water supply scheme for sustainable water management of regions with limited water resources. In this paper, a linear programming (LP) model with daily time steps, which minimizes a rooftop rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) cost, is developed and used to calculate the optimum RWH tank size. The developed LP model is applied to the semi-arid Northern Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean. The analysis is carried out for 33 sites which receive average annual rainfall ranging from 292 mm to 548 mm to evaluate the spatial effect of rainfall characteristic and the water cost on the financial feasibility and performance of the RWHS. At 29 out of 33 sites, RWHS investments are found to be financially feasible with discounted payback periods ranging from 12 to 28 years. The optimum RWH tank sizes are determined to be between 2 m3 and 6 m3 resulting in up to 20 % reliability with more than 50 m3 of average annual water savings per house. It is observed that the cost of water is a critical factor that affects the financial feasibility and water savings of a RWHS, especially in regions with limited rainfall. The comparison of the developed daily LP model with an LP model with monthly time steps demonstrates that the financial feasibility and the optimum tank size can only be assessed realistically when daily time steps are used. Finally, the sensitivity analysis shows that the discounted payback period is highly sensitive to the collector area.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sustainable water use rainwater harvesting optimum tank size spatial analysis semi-arid climate Northern Cyprus

Teşekkür

The authors of this study thank to the Meteorological Authority of Northern Cyprus for providing the necessary rainfall data and we would also like to thank to Prof. Dr. Hasan Güngör for his valuable discussions.

Kaynakça

  • UN (United Nations). (2015). International decade for action water for life 2005-2015. Retrieved July 25, 2020, from https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/water_and_sustainable_development.shtml
  • Solomon, H., & Smith, H. H. (2007). Effectiveness of mandatory law of cistern construction for rainwater harvesting on supply and demand of public water in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Seventh Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress, University of The Virgin Islands, St. Croix, USVI (pp. 75-80).
  • Han, M., & Ki, J. (2010). Establishment of sustainable water supply system in small islands through rainwater harvesting (RWH): Case study of Guja-do. Water Science and Technology, 62(1), 148-153. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.299
  • Wallace, C. D., Bailey, R. T., & Arabi, M. (2015). Rainwater catchment system design using simulated future climate data. Journal of Hydrology, 529, 1798-1809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.006
  • Quigley, N., Beavis, S. G., & White, I. (2016). Rainwater harvesting augmentation of domestic water supply in Honiara, Solomon Islands. Australian Journal of Water Resources, 20(1), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2016.1173314
  • Donohue, M. J., Macomber, P. S., Okimoto, D., & Lerner, D. T. (2017). Survey of Rainwater Catchment Use and Practices on Hawaii Island. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 161(1), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2017.3250.x
  • Bailey, R. T., Beikmann, A., Kottermair, M., Taboroši, D., & Jenson, J. W. (2018). Sustainability of rainwater catchment systems for small island communities. Journal of Hydrology, 557, 137-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.12.016
  • Ruso, M. (2021). Rainwater Harvesting Analysis for Northern Cyprus [M.S. - Master of Science]. Middle East Technical University – Northern Cyprus Campus.
  • Jamali, B., Bach, P. M., & Deletic, A. (2020). Rainwater harvesting for urban flood management - An integrated modelling framework. Water Research, 171, 115372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115372
  • van Dijk, S., Lounsbury, A. W., Hoekstra, A. Y., & Wang, R. (2020). Strategic design and finance of rainwater harvesting to cost-effectively meet large-scale urban water infrastructure needs. Water Research, 184, 116063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116063
  • Abdulla, F. A., & Al-Shareef, A. (2009). Roof rainwater harvesting systems for household water supply in Jordan. Desalination, 243(1-3), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.013
  • Wang, C.-H., & Blackmore, J. M. (2012). Supply–Demand Risk and resilience assessment for household rainwater harvesting in Melbourne, Australia. Water Resources Management, 26(15), 4381–4396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0150-x
  • Pelak, N., & Porporato, A. (2016). Sizing a rainwater harvesting cistern by minimizing costs. Journal of Hydrology, 541, 1340-1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.036
  • Kwon, Y., Hwang, J., & Seo, Y. (2018). Performance of a RBSN under the RCP scenarios: A case study in South Korea. Sustainability, 10(4), 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041242
  • Park, D., & Um, M. J. (2018). Sustainability index evaluation of the rainwater harvesting system in six US urban cities. Sustainability, 10(2), 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010280
  • Khastagir, A., & Jayasuriya, N. (2011). Investment Evaluation of Rainwater Tanks. Water Resources Management, 25(14), 3769-3784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9883-1
  • Roebuck, R. M., Oltean-Dumbrava, C., & Tait, S. (2011). Whole life cost performance of domestic rainwater harvesting systems in the United Kingdom. Water and Environment Journal, 25(3), 355–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2010.00230.x
  • Ward, S., Memon, F., & Butler, D. (2012). Performance of a large building rainwater harvesting system. Water Research, 46(16), 5127-5134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.043
  • Fernandes, L. F., Terêncio, D. P., & Pacheco, F. A. (2015). Rainwater harvesting systems for low demanding applications. Science of The Total Environment, 529, 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.061
  • Morales-Pinzón, T., Rieradevall, J., Gasol, C. M., & Gabarrell, X. (2015). Modelling for economic cost and environmental analysis of rainwater harvesting systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 87, 613-626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.021
  • Karim, M. R., Bashar, M. Z., & Imteaz, M. A. (2015). Reliability and economic analysis of urban rainwater harvesting in a megacity in Bangladesh. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 104, 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.09.010
  • Lopes, V. A., Marques, G. F., Dornelles, F., & Medellin-Azuara, J. (2017). Performance of rainwater harvesting systems under scenarios of non-potable water demand and roof area typologies using a stochastic approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 148, 304-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.132
  • Bashar, M. Z., Karim, M. R., & Imteaz, M. A. (2018). Reliability and economic analysis of urban rainwater harvesting: A comparative study within six major cities of Bangladesh. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 133, 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.01.025
  • Karim, M. R., Sakib, B. M., Sakib, S. S., & Imteaz, M. A. (2021). Rainwater harvesting potentials in commercial buildings in Dhaka: Reliability and economic analysis. Hydrology, 8(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8010009
  • Ghisi, E., Bressan, D. L., & Martini, M. (2007). Rainwater tank capacity and potential for potable water savings by using rainwater in the residential sector of southeastern Brazil. Building and Environment, 42(4), 1654-1666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.02.007
  • Aladenola, O. O., & Adeboye, O. B. (2010). Assessing the Potential for Rainwater Harvesting. Water Resources Management, 24(10), 2129-2137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9542-y
  • Basinger, M., Montalto, F., & Lall, U. (2010). A rainwater harvesting system reliability model based on nonparametric stochastic rainfall generator. Journal of Hydrology, 392(3-4), 105-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.039
  • Rahman, A., Keane, J., & Imteaz, M. A. (2012). Rainwater harvesting in Greater Sydney: Water savings, reliability and economic benefits. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 61, 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.12.002
  • Imteaz, M. A., Ahsan, A., & Shanableh, A. (2013). Reliability analysis of rainwater tanks using daily water balance model: Variations within a large city. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 77, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.05.006
  • Bocanegra-Martínez, A., Ponce-Ortega, J. M., Nápoles-Rivera, F., Serna-González, M., Castro-Montoya, A. J., & El-Halwagi, M. M. (2014). Optimal design of rainwater collecting systems for domestic use into a residential development. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 84, 44-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.01.001
  • García-Montoya, M., Bocanegra-Martínez, A., Nápoles-Rivera, F., Serna-González, M., Ponce-Ortega, J. M., & El-Halwagi, M. M. (2015). Simultaneous design of water reusing and rainwater harvesting systems in a residential complex. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 76, 104-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2015.02.011
  • Sample, D. J., & Liu, J. (2014). Optimizing rainwater harvesting systems for the dual purposes of water supply and runoff capture. Journal of Cleaner Production, 75, 174-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.075
  • Emami Javanmard, M., Ghaderi, S. F., & Sangari, M. S. (2020). Integrating energy and water optimization in buildings using multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62, 102409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102409
  • Zhang, L., Njepu, A., & Xia, X. (2021). Minimum cost solution to residential energy-water nexus through rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling. Journal of Cleaner Production, 298, 126742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126742
  • Okoye, C. O., Solyalı, O., & Akıntuğ, B. (2015). Optimal sizing of storage tanks in domestic rainwater harvesting systems: A linear programming approach. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 104, 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.08.015
  • Ruso, M., Akıntuğ, B., & Kentel, E. (2019). Optimum tank size for a rainwater harvesting system: Case study for Northern Cyprus. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 297, 012026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/297/1/012026
  • Lucas, S. A., Geary, P. M., Hardy, M. J., & Coombes, P. J. (2006). Rainwater harvesting: revealing the detail. Water: Journal of the Australian Water Association, 33, 89-94. Retrieved from https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=200709850;res=IELAPA. ISSN: 0310-0367.
  • Coombes, P., & Barry, M. (2007). The effect of selection of time steps and average assumptions on the continuous simulation of rainwater harvesting strategies. Water Science and Technology, 55(4), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.102
  • Ndiritu, J., Odiyo, J. O., Makungo, R., Ntuli, C., & Mwaka, B. (2011). Yield–reliability analysis for rural domestic water supply from combined rainwater harvesting and run-of-river abstraction. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 56(2), 238-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2011.555766
  • Campisano, A., & Modica, C. (2015). Appropriate resolution timescale to evaluate water saving and retention potential of rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing in single houses. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 17(3), 331-346. https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2015.022
  • Zhang, S., Jing, X., Yue, T., & Wang, J. (2020). Performance assessment of rainwater harvesting systems: Influence of operating algorithm, length and temporal scale of rainfall time series. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 120044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120044
  • Campisano, A., & Modica, C. (2012). Optimal sizing of storage tanks for domestic rainwater harvesting in Sicily. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 63, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.03.007
  • Magliano, P. N., Murray, F., Baldi, G., Aurand, S., Páez, R. A., Harder, W., & Jobbágy, E. G. (2015). Rainwater harvesting in dry Chaco: Regional distribution and Local Water Balance. Journal of Arid Environments, 123, 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.03.012
  • Notaro, V., Liuzzo, L., & Freni, G. (2016). Reliability analysis of rainwater harvesting systems in southern Italy. Procedia Engineering, 162, 373–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.077
  • Jing, X., Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., & Yue, T. (2018). Analysis and modelling of stormwater volume control performance of rainwater harvesting systems in four climatic zones of China. Water Resources Management, 32(8), 2649–2664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-018-1950-4
  • Musayev, S., Burgess, E., & Mellor, J. (2018). A global performance assessment of rainwater harvesting under climate change. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 132, 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.01.023
  • Ali, S., Zhang, S., & Yue, T. (2020). Environmental and economic assessment of rainwater harvesting systems under five climatic conditions of Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 259, 120829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120829
  • Preeti, P., & Rahman, A. (2021). A case study on reliability, water demand and economic analysis of rainwater harvesting in Australian Capital Cities. Water, 13(19), 2606. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192606
  • Ghisi, E., Montibeller, A., & Schmidt, R. W. (2006). Potential for potable water savings by using rainwater: An analysis over 62 cities in southern Brazil. Building and Environment, 41(2), 204-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.01.014
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  • California State Water Resources Control Board. (2011). The Clean Water Team Guidance Compendium for Watershed Monitoring and Assessment State Water Resources Control Board 5.1.3. Runoff Coefficient (C) Fact Sheet. Retrieved July 25, 2020, from https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp/docs/cwt/guidance/513.pdf
  • Paralik Group. (2020). Main Products Cold Water Tanks. Retrieved July 25, 2020, from https://www.paralikgroup.com/water_tanks.html
  • Northern Cyprus Central Bank. (2021). Discount Rate. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from http://www.kktcmerkezbankasi.org/tr/oranlar/mevduat-faiz
  • Rashidi Mehrabadi, M. H., Saghafian, B., & Haghighi Fashi, F. (2013). Assessment of residential rainwater harvesting efficiency for meeting non-potable water demands in three climate conditions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 73, 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.01.015
  • Coombes, P. J., & Barry, M. E. (2009). The spatial variation of climate, household water use, and the performance of rainwater tanks across Greater Melbourne. In WSUD09 Conference. Engineers Australia. Perth.
  • Özdağlar, D., Benzeden, E. & Kahraman, A. M. (2006). Kompleks Su Dağıtım Şebekelerinin Genetik Algoritma ile Optimizasyonu [Optimization of Complex Water Distribution Networks with Genetic Algorithm]. Teknik Dergi, 17(82), 3851-3867. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tekderg/issue/12775/155306
  • Nachson, U., Silva, C. M., Sousa, V., Ben-Hur, M., Kurtzman, D., Netzer, L., & Livshitz, Y. (2022). New modelling approach to optimize rainwater harvesting system for non-potable uses and groundwater recharge: A case study from Israel. Sustainable Cities and Society, 85, 104097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104097
  • Campisano, A., Butler, D., Ward, S., Burns, M. J., Friedler, E., DeBusk, K., Fisher-Jeffes, L. N., Ghisi, E., Rahman, A., Furumai, H., & Han, M. (2017). Corrigendum to “urban rainwater harvesting systems: Research, implementation and future perspectives” [water res. 115 (2017) 195–209]. Water Research, 121, 386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.002
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Su Hasadı, Su Kaynakları Mühendisliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mustafa Ruso 0000-0002-7694-3131

Bertuğ Akıntuğ 0000-0001-6206-4315

Elcin Kentel 0000-0002-7477-0345

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 22 Nisan 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 35 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Ruso, M., Akıntuğ, B., & Kentel, E. (2024). Rainwater Harvesting System Analysis for Semi-Arid Climate: A Daily Linear Programming Model. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, 35(5). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1326198
AMA Ruso M, Akıntuğ B, Kentel E. Rainwater Harvesting System Analysis for Semi-Arid Climate: A Daily Linear Programming Model. tjce. Nisan 2024;35(5). doi:10.18400/tjce.1326198
Chicago Ruso, Mustafa, Bertuğ Akıntuğ, ve Elcin Kentel. “Rainwater Harvesting System Analysis for Semi-Arid Climate: A Daily Linear Programming Model”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 35, sy. 5 (Nisan 2024). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1326198.
EndNote Ruso M, Akıntuğ B, Kentel E (01 Nisan 2024) Rainwater Harvesting System Analysis for Semi-Arid Climate: A Daily Linear Programming Model. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 35 5
IEEE M. Ruso, B. Akıntuğ, ve E. Kentel, “Rainwater Harvesting System Analysis for Semi-Arid Climate: A Daily Linear Programming Model”, tjce, c. 35, sy. 5, 2024, doi: 10.18400/tjce.1326198.
ISNAD Ruso, Mustafa vd. “Rainwater Harvesting System Analysis for Semi-Arid Climate: A Daily Linear Programming Model”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 35/5 (Nisan 2024). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1326198.
JAMA Ruso M, Akıntuğ B, Kentel E. Rainwater Harvesting System Analysis for Semi-Arid Climate: A Daily Linear Programming Model. tjce. 2024;35. doi:10.18400/tjce.1326198.
MLA Ruso, Mustafa vd. “Rainwater Harvesting System Analysis for Semi-Arid Climate: A Daily Linear Programming Model”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, c. 35, sy. 5, 2024, doi:10.18400/tjce.1326198.
Vancouver Ruso M, Akıntuğ B, Kentel E. Rainwater Harvesting System Analysis for Semi-Arid Climate: A Daily Linear Programming Model. tjce. 2024;35(5).