Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli strains and fecal contamination in Orontes River, Turkey

Cevher Karaca; Tahsin Hüner; Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı

doi:10.38001/ijlsb.1262045

Research Article

Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli strains and fecal contamination in Orontes River, Turkey

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 155 - 165, 15.08.2023

Cevher Karaca Tahsin Hüner Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı

https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.1262045

Abstract

This study was to evaluate the level of contamination of surface waters by coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli, as well as to detect the fecal pollution and the antibiotic resistance patterns of E. coli strains from recovered Asi (Orentes) River in the southern region of Turkey. Total and fecal coliform results were revealed as ˃1100 MPN/100 mL and 1100 MPN/100 mL for two stations, respectively. A total of 10 E. coli isolates were screened for antibiotic susceptibility by Kirby Bauer method. Resistance to cefotaxime, tobramycin, streptomycin, trimethoprim, cefepime, cefazolin, and ampicillin was determined in 20%, 20%, 40%, 20%, 20%, 20%, and 40%, respectively. These findings point out a widespread distribution of E. coli strains produced antibiotic resistance genes in the surface waters in the southern region of Turkey, suggesting an aquatic reservoir for resistance genes. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) rates of %30 of E. coli isolates were greater than 0.200. This high index indicates exceeding the permissible water quality limits for human use and consumption and is the primary source of contamination in the discharges from domestic, agricultural, and urban.

Keywords

Orontes River, Escherichia coli, Antibiotic resistance, coliform pollution.

References

1. Paruch, L., et al., Faecal Pollution Affects Abundance and Diversity of Aquatic Microbial Community in Anthropo-Zoogenically Influenced Lotic Ecosystems. Scientific Reports, 2019. 9(1): p. 1-13.DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56058-x
2. Khan, K., et al., Prevalent Fecal Contamination in Drinking Water Resources and Potential Health Risks in Swat, Pakistan. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2018. 72: p. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.008.
3. Salamandane, A., et al., High Fecal Contamination and High Levels of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Water Consumed in The City of Maputo, Mozambique. Biology, 2021. 10(6): p.558. DOI: 10.3390/biology10060558.
4. Salim Dantas, M et al., Impact of Fecal Contamination on Surface Water Quality in The São Francisco River Hydrographic Basin in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Journal of Water and Health, 2020. 18(1): p. 48-59. DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.153.
5. Zeglin, L.H., Stream Microbial Diversity in Response to Environmental Changes: Review and Synthesis of Existing Research. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015. 6: 454. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00454 (2015).
6. Malla, B., et al., Identification of Human and Animal Fecal Contamination in Drinking Water Sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, Using Host-Associated Bacteroidales Quantitative PCR Assays. Water, 2018. 10(12): 1796. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121796.
7. Genter, F., J. Willetts, and T. Foster, Faecal Contamination of Groundwater Self-Supply in Low-and Middle İncome Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Water Research, 2021. 201: 117350. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117350
8. Holcomb, D.A., et al., Human Fecal Contamination of Water, Soil, and Surfaces in Households Sharing Poor-Quality Sanitation Facilities in Maputo, Mozambique. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2020. 226: 113496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113496
9. Américo-Pinheiro, J.H.P., et al., Iqbal, Monitoring Microbial Contamination of Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from the Surface Water of Urban Park in southeastern Brazil. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 2021. 15: 100438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100438.
10. Okotto-Okotto, J., et al., A Longitudinal Study of Long-Term Change in Contamination Hazards and Shallow Well Quality in Two Neighbourhoods of Kisumu, Kenya. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2015. 12: p. 4275–4291. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120404275.
11. Kurekci, C., et al., Characterization of Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli in Asi (Orontes) River in Turkey. Journal of Water and Health, 2017. 15(5): p. 788-798. DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.257. 12. APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, United Book Press, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA, 1998.
13. World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43428/9241546964_eng.pdf.
14. Prescott L.M., J.P. Harley, and A.K. Donald, Microbiology Laboratory Exercises. W.C. Brown Publishers, New York, 1996.
15. Bauer, A.W., et al., Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by a Standardized Single Disk Method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1966. 45: p. 493-496. https://asm.org/ASM/media/docs/105bauer.pdf
16. Krumperman, P.H., Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Indexing of Escherichia coli to identify High-Risk Sources of Fecal Contamination of Foods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1983. 46(1): p. 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.46.1.165-170.1983
17. World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking water quality. Geneva, Switzerland, 2017. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950
18. TS266 2005. Sular-insani tüketim amaçlı sular. ICS 13.060. 20. TSE, Ankara. http://infogroup.com.tr/media/files/sular.pdf
19. Buyukkaya Kayis, F., et al., An Investigation of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance and Identification of Bacteria Isolated from Gölbaşı and Azaplı Lakes (Adıyaman). Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 2017. 5(1): p. 43-47. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i1.43-47.819
20. Hulyar, O., and G. Altug, The Bacteriological Risk Transported to Seas by Rivers; The Example of Çırpıcı River, Istanbul, TR. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 2020. 7(1): p. 45-53. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.704260.
21. Mercimek Takci, H.A., S. Toplar, and M.S. Ozdenefe, Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated From the Seve Dam and Konak Pond, Kilis, Turkey. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 2021. 17(2): p. 290-297. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.801564
22. Avsar, C., Measurement of Antibiotic Resistance of Microbial Species in the Karasu River (Turkey) Using Molecular Techniques. Water and Environment Journal, 2019. 33(2): p. 179-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12388
23. Karabas, N., et al., A Research on Coliform Bacteria in The Golden Horn Estuary (Sea of Marmara, Turkey). Desalination and Water Treatment, 2018. 115: p. 199–206.
24. Yalım, F.B., et al., Karacaören I Baraj Gölü (Burdur) Mikrobiyolojik Kirlilik Düzeyinin Mevsimsel Değişimi. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 2020. 6(2): p. 120-126. DOI:10.17216/LimnoFish.633769
25. Akkan, T., S. Mehel, and C. Mutlu, Determining The Level of Bacteriological Pollution Level in Yaglıdere Stream, Giresun. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 2019. 5(2): p. 83-88. https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.450722
26. Ozgumus, O.B., et al., Class 1 and Class 2 Integrons and Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in Coliforms İsolated From Ten Rivers in Northern Turkey. Journal of Microbiology 2009. 47(1), p. 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0206-z.
27. Buyukkaya Kayis, F., Atatürk Baraj Gölünden (Adıyaman) Izole Edilen Escherichia coli Bakterilerinde Antibiyotik Dirençlilik Profili. Commagene Journal of Biology, 2022. 6(1): p. 105-109. https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1110770
28. Mercimek Takci, H.A., et al., Microbial Water Quality of Pond Alleben (Gaziantep, Turkey) in Winter and Climatic Changes in The Region. Journal of Water and Climate Change, (in press, 2023), 2023.
29. Altug, G., et al., Antibiotic And Heavy Metal Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Aegean Sea Water and Sediment in Gulluk Bay, Turkey. Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 64(4): p. 507-525. DOI: 10.1595/205651320x15953337767424.

Türkiye, Asi Nehri'ndeki Escherichia coli suşlarının antibiyotik duyarlılık profilleri ve fekal kontaminasyonu

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 155 - 165, 15.08.2023

Cevher Karaca Tahsin Hüner Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı

https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.1262045

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin güney bölgesindeki Asi (Orentes) Nehri'nden izole edilen E. coli suşlarının antibiyotik direnç modelleri ve fekal kirlenmenin yanı sıra yüzey sularının koliform bakteriler ve Escherichia coli tarafından kirlenme seviyelerini değerlendirmektedir. Toplam ve fekal koliform sonuçları iki istasyon için sırasıyla ˃1100 EMS/100 mL ve 1100 EMS/100 mL olarak ortaya konmuştur. Toplam 10 E. coli izolatında antibiyotik duyarlılığı Kirby Bauer yöntemi ile taranmıştır. Sefotaksim, tobramisin, streptomisin, trimetoprim, sefepim, sefazolin ve ampisiline direnç sırasıyla %20, %20, %40, %20, %20, %20 ve %40 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu bulgular, Türkiye'nin güney bölgesindeki yüzey sularında antibiyotik direnç genleri üreten E. coli suşlarının yaygın bir dağılımına işaret etmekte ve direnç genleri için sucul bir rezervuar olduğunu düşündürmektedir. E. coli izolatlarının %30'unda çoklu antibiyotik direnci (MAR) oranları 0.2'den büyük bulunmuştur. Bu yüksek oran, insan kullanımı ve tüketimi için izin verilen su kalitesi sınırlarının aşıldığını gösterir ve evsel, tarımsal ve kentsel deşarjlarda birincil kirlilik kaynağıdır.

Keywords

Escherichia coli, Asi Nehri, antibiyotik direnci, koliform kirlenme

References

1. Paruch, L., et al., Faecal Pollution Affects Abundance and Diversity of Aquatic Microbial Community in Anthropo-Zoogenically Influenced Lotic Ecosystems. Scientific Reports, 2019. 9(1): p. 1-13.DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56058-x
2. Khan, K., et al., Prevalent Fecal Contamination in Drinking Water Resources and Potential Health Risks in Swat, Pakistan. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2018. 72: p. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.008.
3. Salamandane, A., et al., High Fecal Contamination and High Levels of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Water Consumed in The City of Maputo, Mozambique. Biology, 2021. 10(6): p.558. DOI: 10.3390/biology10060558.
4. Salim Dantas, M et al., Impact of Fecal Contamination on Surface Water Quality in The São Francisco River Hydrographic Basin in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Journal of Water and Health, 2020. 18(1): p. 48-59. DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.153.
5. Zeglin, L.H., Stream Microbial Diversity in Response to Environmental Changes: Review and Synthesis of Existing Research. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015. 6: 454. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00454 (2015).
6. Malla, B., et al., Identification of Human and Animal Fecal Contamination in Drinking Water Sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, Using Host-Associated Bacteroidales Quantitative PCR Assays. Water, 2018. 10(12): 1796. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121796.
7. Genter, F., J. Willetts, and T. Foster, Faecal Contamination of Groundwater Self-Supply in Low-and Middle İncome Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Water Research, 2021. 201: 117350. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117350
8. Holcomb, D.A., et al., Human Fecal Contamination of Water, Soil, and Surfaces in Households Sharing Poor-Quality Sanitation Facilities in Maputo, Mozambique. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2020. 226: 113496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113496
9. Américo-Pinheiro, J.H.P., et al., Iqbal, Monitoring Microbial Contamination of Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from the Surface Water of Urban Park in southeastern Brazil. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 2021. 15: 100438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100438.
10. Okotto-Okotto, J., et al., A Longitudinal Study of Long-Term Change in Contamination Hazards and Shallow Well Quality in Two Neighbourhoods of Kisumu, Kenya. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2015. 12: p. 4275–4291. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120404275.
11. Kurekci, C., et al., Characterization of Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli in Asi (Orontes) River in Turkey. Journal of Water and Health, 2017. 15(5): p. 788-798. DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.257. 12. APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, United Book Press, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA, 1998.
13. World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43428/9241546964_eng.pdf.
14. Prescott L.M., J.P. Harley, and A.K. Donald, Microbiology Laboratory Exercises. W.C. Brown Publishers, New York, 1996.
15. Bauer, A.W., et al., Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by a Standardized Single Disk Method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1966. 45: p. 493-496. https://asm.org/ASM/media/docs/105bauer.pdf
16. Krumperman, P.H., Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Indexing of Escherichia coli to identify High-Risk Sources of Fecal Contamination of Foods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1983. 46(1): p. 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.46.1.165-170.1983
17. World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking water quality. Geneva, Switzerland, 2017. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950
18. TS266 2005. Sular-insani tüketim amaçlı sular. ICS 13.060. 20. TSE, Ankara. http://infogroup.com.tr/media/files/sular.pdf
19. Buyukkaya Kayis, F., et al., An Investigation of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance and Identification of Bacteria Isolated from Gölbaşı and Azaplı Lakes (Adıyaman). Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 2017. 5(1): p. 43-47. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i1.43-47.819
20. Hulyar, O., and G. Altug, The Bacteriological Risk Transported to Seas by Rivers; The Example of Çırpıcı River, Istanbul, TR. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 2020. 7(1): p. 45-53. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.704260.
21. Mercimek Takci, H.A., S. Toplar, and M.S. Ozdenefe, Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated From the Seve Dam and Konak Pond, Kilis, Turkey. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 2021. 17(2): p. 290-297. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.801564
22. Avsar, C., Measurement of Antibiotic Resistance of Microbial Species in the Karasu River (Turkey) Using Molecular Techniques. Water and Environment Journal, 2019. 33(2): p. 179-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12388
23. Karabas, N., et al., A Research on Coliform Bacteria in The Golden Horn Estuary (Sea of Marmara, Turkey). Desalination and Water Treatment, 2018. 115: p. 199–206.
24. Yalım, F.B., et al., Karacaören I Baraj Gölü (Burdur) Mikrobiyolojik Kirlilik Düzeyinin Mevsimsel Değişimi. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 2020. 6(2): p. 120-126. DOI:10.17216/LimnoFish.633769
25. Akkan, T., S. Mehel, and C. Mutlu, Determining The Level of Bacteriological Pollution Level in Yaglıdere Stream, Giresun. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 2019. 5(2): p. 83-88. https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.450722
26. Ozgumus, O.B., et al., Class 1 and Class 2 Integrons and Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in Coliforms İsolated From Ten Rivers in Northern Turkey. Journal of Microbiology 2009. 47(1), p. 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0206-z.
27. Buyukkaya Kayis, F., Atatürk Baraj Gölünden (Adıyaman) Izole Edilen Escherichia coli Bakterilerinde Antibiyotik Dirençlilik Profili. Commagene Journal of Biology, 2022. 6(1): p. 105-109. https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1110770
28. Mercimek Takci, H.A., et al., Microbial Water Quality of Pond Alleben (Gaziantep, Turkey) in Winter and Climatic Changes in The Region. Journal of Water and Climate Change, (in press, 2023), 2023.
29. Altug, G., et al., Antibiotic And Heavy Metal Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Aegean Sea Water and Sediment in Gulluk Bay, Turkey. Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 64(4): p. 507-525. DOI: 10.1595/205651320x15953337767424.

There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Structural Biology
Journal Section	Research Articles
Authors	Cevher Karaca 0000-0003-4124-424X Tahsin Hüner 0009-0009-9649-7712 Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı 0000-0002-5394-4959
Early Pub Date	July 30, 2023
Publication Date	August 15, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

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EndNote	Karaca C, Hüner T, Mercimek Takcı HA (August 1, 2023) Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli strains and fecal contamination in Orontes River, Turkey. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology 6 2 155–165.

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