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Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Water and Sediments and Polychaetes in Sinop Shores of The Black Sea

Year 2019, Volume: 22 Issue: 5, 806 - 816, 31.10.2019

Levent Bat , Fatih Şahin , Ayşah Öztekin

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.v22i45606.535882
Cited By: 8

Abstract

In this study four
Polychaetes species namely Capitella capitata, Nereis
zonata, Platynereis dumerilii and
Perinereis cultrifera were selected to
evaluate metal pollution in Karakum shores of Sinop Peninsula in the southern
Black Sea. The Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn amounts in water,
sediment as well as their existence in Polychaetes were studied to appraise the
anthropogenic impact on their environment. Metals concentrations in water were found in the
following order: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Hg, whereas the order of
abundance of these metals in sediments were as follow Zn > Cu > Pb >
Hg >Cd. There were no differences in heavy metal levels in sediment between
seasons. The concentration of metals analysed in the Polychaete species showed
same pattern. Zn showed the highest concentration in all species followed by
Cu. The results showed that the heavy metal levels in C. capitata were
much higher than those in N. zonata, P.
dumerilii and P. cultrifera.

Keywords

Polychaetes heavy metals Black Sea bio-indicator C. capitata

Thanks

The authors wish to thank the Department of Hydrobiology, Fisheries Faculty, University of Sinop for providing laboratory facilities during the study.

References

  • Alkan N, Alkan A, Akbas U, Fisher A 2015. Metal pollution assessment in sediments of the southeastern Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Soil Sediment Contam.: An Int. J., 24(3): 290-305.
  • Andreev G, Simeonov V, Stoikov S 1994. Occurrence and distribution of heavy metals in benthic organisms from the black sea, Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 45(3-4): 167-171.
  • Arici E, Bat L 2017. Assessment of elemental uptakes by Ulva (Chlorophyta) species collected from Sinop coasts of the Black Sea. Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, 26(1-2): 01-13.
  • Bakan G, Özkoç HB 2007. An ecological risk assessment of the impact of heavy metals in surface sediments on biota from the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 64: 45-57.
  • Balkıs N, Topcuoğlu S, Güven KC, Öztürk B, Topaloğlu B, Kırbaşoğlu C, Aksu A 2007. Heavy metals in shallow sediments from the Black Sea, Marmara Sea and Aegean Sea regions of Turkey. J. Black Sea/Medit. Environ., 13: 147-153.
  • Barnes RSK 1994. The brackish-water fauna of northwestern Europe. Cambridge University Press, Great Britain pp. 287.
  • Bat L, Arici E 2018. Chapter 5. Heavy Metal Levels in Fish, Molluscs, and Crustacea From Turkish Seas and Potential Risk of Human Health. In: Holban AM, Grumezescu AM. (Eds.) Handbook of Food Bioengineering, Volume 13, Food Quality: Balancing Health and Disease. Elsevier, Academic Press, ISBN: 978-0-12-811442-1, 159-196pp.
  • Bat L, Gökkurt O, Sezgin M, Üstün F, Sahin F 2009. Evaluation of the Black Sea land based sources of pollution the coastal region of Turkey. The Open Marine Biology Journal, 3: 112-124.
  • Bat L, Özkan EY 2015. Chapter 13. Heavy metal levels in sediment of the Turkish Black Sea coast. In: Bikarska I, Raykov V, Nikolov N. (Eds.) Progressive Engineering Practices in Marine Resource Management. IGI Global book series Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies (AEEGT) (ISSN: 2326-9162; eISSN: 2326-9170) USA, 399-419 pp.
  • Bat L, Özkan EY, Öztekin HC 2015. The contamination status of trace metals in Sinop coast of the Black Sea, Turkey. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 13 (1): 1-10.
  • Bat L, Arici E, Öztekin A, Yardim Ö 2016. A preliminary study of the heavy metal levels in Ophelia bicornis (Savigny, 1820) in the Black Sea. Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, 25 (1&2): 93-100.
  • Bat L, Öztekin A, Şahin F, Arıcı E, Özsandıkçı U 2018. An overview of the Black Sea pollution in Turkey. MedFAR., 1(2): 67-86.
  • Bat L, Sezgin M, Satılmış HH, Şahin F, Üstün F, Birinci-Özdemir Z, Gökkurt-Baki O 2011. Biological diversity of the Turkish Black Sea coast. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 11: 683-692.
  • Bat L 2005. A review of sediment toxicity bioassays using the amphipods and polychaetes. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 5:119-139.
  • Bat L 2017. The Contamination Status of Heavy Metals in Fish from the Black Sea, Turkey and Potential Risks to Human Health. In: Sezgin M, Bat L, Ürkmez D, Arıcı E, Öztürk B (Eds.) Black Sea Marine Environment: The Turkish Shelf. Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV), Publication No: 46, ISBN- 978-975-8825-38-7, Istanbul, TURKEY, 322-418 pp.
  • Bat L, Şahin F, Öztekin A 2018. Toxic Metals in Nereis diversicolor Müller, 1776 from Inner Shores in Sinop Peninsula of the Black Sea as Bio-Indicator Species. Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, 27(1): 11-20.
  • Bryan GW, Langston WJ 1992. Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries: a review. Environmental Pollution, 76: 89-131.
  • Buchanan JB 1984. Sediment analysis. In: N.A. Holme and A.D. McIntyre (Eds.), Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos. Blackwell Sci. Publ., pp. 41-65.
  • Cevik U, Damla N, Kobya AI, Bulut VN, Duran C, Dalgıc G, Bozacı R 2008. Assessment of metal element concentrations in mussel (M. galloprovincialis) in Eastern Black Sea, Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 160(2-3):396-401.
  • Coban B. Balkıs N, Aksu A 2009. Heavy metal levels in sea water and sediments of Zonguldak, Turkey. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 15(1): 23-32.
  • Davydkova IL, Fadeeva NP, Kovekovdova LT, Fadeev VI 2005. Heavy metal contents in tissues of dominant species of the benthos and in bottom sediments of Zolotoi Rog Bay, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 31(3): 176-180.
  • Dean HK 2008. The use of polychaetes (Annelida) as indicator species of marine pollution: a review. Revista de Biología Tropical, 56(4): 11-38.
  • Dora EÇ, Sunlu U, Ergen Z 2007. Heavy metal concentrations in Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta) and sediments from Homa Lagoon (Izmir Bay-Turkey). In CIESM 38th meeting (Vol. 253).
  • Ergül HA, Topcuoğlu S, Ölmez E, Kırbaşoğlu Ç 2008. Heavy metals in sinking particles and bottom sediments from the eastern Turkish coast of the Black Sea. Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 78(2): 396-402.
  • Fish JD, Fish S 1996. A student’s guide to the seashore. Second edition. Cambridge University Press, Great Britain pp. 564.
  • Gedik K, Boran M 2013. Assessment of metal accumulation and ecological risk around Rize Harbor, Turkey (southeast Black Sea) affected by copper ore loading operations by using different sediment indexes. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 90(2): 176-181.
  • Jones GP, Kaly UL 1996. Chapter 3. Criteria for selecting marine organisms in biomonitoring studies. In: Schmitt RJ, Osenberg CW. (Eds). Detecting Ecological Impacts Concepts and Applications in Coastal Habitats. Academic Press, 29-48 pp. doi:10.1016/b978-012627255-0/50005-7
  • Langston WJ, Spence SK 1994. Metal analysis. In: P. Calow (Ed.), Handbook of Ecotoxicology. Oxford Blackwell Sci. Publ., London. Vol. 2, Ch. 4, 45-78.
  • Mulayim A, Balkıs H 2015. Toxic metal (Pb,Cd,Cr, Hg) levels in Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846), Eriphia verrucosa (Forskal, 1775) and sediment samples from the Black Sea littoral (Thrace, Turkey). Mar. Pollut. Bull., 95: 215–222.
  • Noreña RDA, Arenas TAM, Murillo PE, Guío DAJ, Méndez AJJ 2012. Heavy metals (Cd, Pband Ni) in fish species commercially important from Magdalena river, Tolima tract, Colombia Revista Tumbaga, 7: 51-76.
  • Özşeker K, Erüz C 2011. Heavy metal (Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn) distribution in sediments from Trabzon in the Black Sea. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 40: 48-54.
  • Simpson SL, Batley GE 2016, Sediment quality assessment: a practical guide, Second Edition, CSIRO Publishing Australia
  • Topcuoğlu S, Kırbaşoğlu C, Güngör N 2002. Heavy metals in organisms and sediments from Turkish Coast of the Black Sea, 1997-1998. Environ. Int., 27: 521-526.
  • Topcuoğlu S, Ergül HA, Baysal A, Ölmez E, Kut D 2003. Determination of radionuclide and heavy metal concentrations in biota and sediment samples from Pazar and Rize stations in the Eastern Black Sea. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 12: 695-699.
  • Turkish Environmental Regulations Water Pollution Control Regulation, 2004–2005. http://www.cevre orman. gov.tr/yasa/yonetmelik
  • Uncumusaoglu A, Umit S, Akkan T 2016. Environmental Contamination of Heavy metals in the Yaglidere Stream (Giresun), southeastern Black Sea. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 25(12): 5492-5498.
  • Ünsal M, Bekiroğlu Y, Beşiktepe (Akdoğan) Ş, Kayıkçı Y, Alemdağ Y, Aktaş M, Yıldırım C 1995. Determination of the land-based sources of heavy pollution in the middle and eastern Black Sea Coast. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Trabzon Su Ürünleri Araştırma Enstitüsü. Project No: DEBAG–121/G; pp: 59 (in Turkish).
  • Volpi Ghirardini A, Cavallini L, Delaney E, Tagliapietra D, Ghetti PF, Bettiol C, Argese E 1999. H. diversicolor, N. succinea and P. cultrifera (Polychaeta: Nereididae) as bioaccumulators of cadmium and zinc from sediments: preliminary results in the Venetian lagoon (Italy). Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 71(3-4): 457-474.
  • Waring JS, Maher WA, Krikowa F 2006. Trace metal bioaccumulation in eight common coastal Australian polychaeta. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 8(11):1149. doi:10.1039/b612509n
  • Wentworth CK 1922. A Scale of Grade and Class Terms for Clastic Sediments, Journal of Geology, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 377-392. doi:10.1086/622910
  • Yalcin MG, Simsek G, Ocak SB, Yalcin F, Kalayci Y, Karaman ME 2013. Multivariate statistics and heavy metals contamination in beach sediments from the Sakarya Canyon, Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 25(4): 2059-2066.
  • Yiğiterhan O, Murray JW 2008. Trace metal composition of particulate matter of the Danube River and Turkish rivers draining into the Black Sea. Marine Chemistry, 111: 63–76.
  • Zar JH 1984. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall, Int, New Jersey, 718.

Karadeniz'in Sinop Kıyılarında Su, Sediman ve Poliketlerde Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2019, Volume: 22 Issue: 5, 806 - 816, 31.10.2019

Levent Bat , Fatih Şahin , Ayşah Öztekin

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.v22i45606.535882
Cited By: 8

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Karadeniz'in
güneyinde Sinop Yarımadası’nın Karakum kıyılarında metal kirliliğini
değerlendirmek için Capitella capitata, Nereis zonata, Platynereis
dumerilii ve Perinereis
cultrifera olmak üzere dört Poliket türü
seçilmiştir. Suda, sedimanda ve Poliketlerde Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu ve Zn miktarları
tespit edilerek bunların çevreleri üzerindeki antropojenik etki
değerlendirilmiştir. Sudaki metal konsantrasyonları sırasıyla: Zn> Cu>
Pb> Cd> Hg olarak, bu metallerin sedimandaki bolluğu ise sırasıyla:
Zn> Cu> Pb> Hg> Cd olarak bulunmuştur. Sedimandaki ağır metal
seviyesinde mevsimler arasında fark bulunamamıştır. Poliket türlerinde analiz
edilen metallerin konsantrasyonu da aynı düzeni göstermiştir. Zn tüm türlerde
en yüksek konsantrasyonda bulunurken bunu Cu takip etmiştir. Sonuçlar, C.
capitata türündeki ağır metal
seviyelerinin N. zonata, P.
dumerilii ve P.
cultrifera türlerindeki
birikimlerinden daha çok olduğunu göstermiştir.

Keywords

Poliketler Karadeniz Ağır metaller Biyo-indikatör C. capitata

References

  • Alkan N, Alkan A, Akbas U, Fisher A 2015. Metal pollution assessment in sediments of the southeastern Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Soil Sediment Contam.: An Int. J., 24(3): 290-305.
  • Andreev G, Simeonov V, Stoikov S 1994. Occurrence and distribution of heavy metals in benthic organisms from the black sea, Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 45(3-4): 167-171.
  • Arici E, Bat L 2017. Assessment of elemental uptakes by Ulva (Chlorophyta) species collected from Sinop coasts of the Black Sea. Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, 26(1-2): 01-13.
  • Bakan G, Özkoç HB 2007. An ecological risk assessment of the impact of heavy metals in surface sediments on biota from the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 64: 45-57.
  • Balkıs N, Topcuoğlu S, Güven KC, Öztürk B, Topaloğlu B, Kırbaşoğlu C, Aksu A 2007. Heavy metals in shallow sediments from the Black Sea, Marmara Sea and Aegean Sea regions of Turkey. J. Black Sea/Medit. Environ., 13: 147-153.
  • Barnes RSK 1994. The brackish-water fauna of northwestern Europe. Cambridge University Press, Great Britain pp. 287.
  • Bat L, Arici E 2018. Chapter 5. Heavy Metal Levels in Fish, Molluscs, and Crustacea From Turkish Seas and Potential Risk of Human Health. In: Holban AM, Grumezescu AM. (Eds.) Handbook of Food Bioengineering, Volume 13, Food Quality: Balancing Health and Disease. Elsevier, Academic Press, ISBN: 978-0-12-811442-1, 159-196pp.
  • Bat L, Gökkurt O, Sezgin M, Üstün F, Sahin F 2009. Evaluation of the Black Sea land based sources of pollution the coastal region of Turkey. The Open Marine Biology Journal, 3: 112-124.
  • Bat L, Özkan EY 2015. Chapter 13. Heavy metal levels in sediment of the Turkish Black Sea coast. In: Bikarska I, Raykov V, Nikolov N. (Eds.) Progressive Engineering Practices in Marine Resource Management. IGI Global book series Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies (AEEGT) (ISSN: 2326-9162; eISSN: 2326-9170) USA, 399-419 pp.
  • Bat L, Özkan EY, Öztekin HC 2015. The contamination status of trace metals in Sinop coast of the Black Sea, Turkey. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 13 (1): 1-10.
  • Bat L, Arici E, Öztekin A, Yardim Ö 2016. A preliminary study of the heavy metal levels in Ophelia bicornis (Savigny, 1820) in the Black Sea. Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, 25 (1&2): 93-100.
  • Bat L, Öztekin A, Şahin F, Arıcı E, Özsandıkçı U 2018. An overview of the Black Sea pollution in Turkey. MedFAR., 1(2): 67-86.
  • Bat L, Sezgin M, Satılmış HH, Şahin F, Üstün F, Birinci-Özdemir Z, Gökkurt-Baki O 2011. Biological diversity of the Turkish Black Sea coast. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 11: 683-692.
  • Bat L 2005. A review of sediment toxicity bioassays using the amphipods and polychaetes. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 5:119-139.
  • Bat L 2017. The Contamination Status of Heavy Metals in Fish from the Black Sea, Turkey and Potential Risks to Human Health. In: Sezgin M, Bat L, Ürkmez D, Arıcı E, Öztürk B (Eds.) Black Sea Marine Environment: The Turkish Shelf. Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV), Publication No: 46, ISBN- 978-975-8825-38-7, Istanbul, TURKEY, 322-418 pp.
  • Bat L, Şahin F, Öztekin A 2018. Toxic Metals in Nereis diversicolor Müller, 1776 from Inner Shores in Sinop Peninsula of the Black Sea as Bio-Indicator Species. Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, 27(1): 11-20.
  • Bryan GW, Langston WJ 1992. Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries: a review. Environmental Pollution, 76: 89-131.
  • Buchanan JB 1984. Sediment analysis. In: N.A. Holme and A.D. McIntyre (Eds.), Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos. Blackwell Sci. Publ., pp. 41-65.
  • Cevik U, Damla N, Kobya AI, Bulut VN, Duran C, Dalgıc G, Bozacı R 2008. Assessment of metal element concentrations in mussel (M. galloprovincialis) in Eastern Black Sea, Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 160(2-3):396-401.
  • Coban B. Balkıs N, Aksu A 2009. Heavy metal levels in sea water and sediments of Zonguldak, Turkey. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 15(1): 23-32.
  • Davydkova IL, Fadeeva NP, Kovekovdova LT, Fadeev VI 2005. Heavy metal contents in tissues of dominant species of the benthos and in bottom sediments of Zolotoi Rog Bay, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 31(3): 176-180.
  • Dean HK 2008. The use of polychaetes (Annelida) as indicator species of marine pollution: a review. Revista de Biología Tropical, 56(4): 11-38.
  • Dora EÇ, Sunlu U, Ergen Z 2007. Heavy metal concentrations in Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta) and sediments from Homa Lagoon (Izmir Bay-Turkey). In CIESM 38th meeting (Vol. 253).
  • Ergül HA, Topcuoğlu S, Ölmez E, Kırbaşoğlu Ç 2008. Heavy metals in sinking particles and bottom sediments from the eastern Turkish coast of the Black Sea. Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 78(2): 396-402.
  • Fish JD, Fish S 1996. A student’s guide to the seashore. Second edition. Cambridge University Press, Great Britain pp. 564.
  • Gedik K, Boran M 2013. Assessment of metal accumulation and ecological risk around Rize Harbor, Turkey (southeast Black Sea) affected by copper ore loading operations by using different sediment indexes. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 90(2): 176-181.
  • Jones GP, Kaly UL 1996. Chapter 3. Criteria for selecting marine organisms in biomonitoring studies. In: Schmitt RJ, Osenberg CW. (Eds). Detecting Ecological Impacts Concepts and Applications in Coastal Habitats. Academic Press, 29-48 pp. doi:10.1016/b978-012627255-0/50005-7
  • Langston WJ, Spence SK 1994. Metal analysis. In: P. Calow (Ed.), Handbook of Ecotoxicology. Oxford Blackwell Sci. Publ., London. Vol. 2, Ch. 4, 45-78.
  • Mulayim A, Balkıs H 2015. Toxic metal (Pb,Cd,Cr, Hg) levels in Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846), Eriphia verrucosa (Forskal, 1775) and sediment samples from the Black Sea littoral (Thrace, Turkey). Mar. Pollut. Bull., 95: 215–222.
  • Noreña RDA, Arenas TAM, Murillo PE, Guío DAJ, Méndez AJJ 2012. Heavy metals (Cd, Pband Ni) in fish species commercially important from Magdalena river, Tolima tract, Colombia Revista Tumbaga, 7: 51-76.
  • Özşeker K, Erüz C 2011. Heavy metal (Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn) distribution in sediments from Trabzon in the Black Sea. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 40: 48-54.
  • Simpson SL, Batley GE 2016, Sediment quality assessment: a practical guide, Second Edition, CSIRO Publishing Australia
  • Topcuoğlu S, Kırbaşoğlu C, Güngör N 2002. Heavy metals in organisms and sediments from Turkish Coast of the Black Sea, 1997-1998. Environ. Int., 27: 521-526.
  • Topcuoğlu S, Ergül HA, Baysal A, Ölmez E, Kut D 2003. Determination of radionuclide and heavy metal concentrations in biota and sediment samples from Pazar and Rize stations in the Eastern Black Sea. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 12: 695-699.
  • Turkish Environmental Regulations Water Pollution Control Regulation, 2004–2005. http://www.cevre orman. gov.tr/yasa/yonetmelik
  • Uncumusaoglu A, Umit S, Akkan T 2016. Environmental Contamination of Heavy metals in the Yaglidere Stream (Giresun), southeastern Black Sea. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 25(12): 5492-5498.
  • Ünsal M, Bekiroğlu Y, Beşiktepe (Akdoğan) Ş, Kayıkçı Y, Alemdağ Y, Aktaş M, Yıldırım C 1995. Determination of the land-based sources of heavy pollution in the middle and eastern Black Sea Coast. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Trabzon Su Ürünleri Araştırma Enstitüsü. Project No: DEBAG–121/G; pp: 59 (in Turkish).
  • Volpi Ghirardini A, Cavallini L, Delaney E, Tagliapietra D, Ghetti PF, Bettiol C, Argese E 1999. H. diversicolor, N. succinea and P. cultrifera (Polychaeta: Nereididae) as bioaccumulators of cadmium and zinc from sediments: preliminary results in the Venetian lagoon (Italy). Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 71(3-4): 457-474.
  • Waring JS, Maher WA, Krikowa F 2006. Trace metal bioaccumulation in eight common coastal Australian polychaeta. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 8(11):1149. doi:10.1039/b612509n
  • Wentworth CK 1922. A Scale of Grade and Class Terms for Clastic Sediments, Journal of Geology, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 377-392. doi:10.1086/622910
  • Yalcin MG, Simsek G, Ocak SB, Yalcin F, Kalayci Y, Karaman ME 2013. Multivariate statistics and heavy metals contamination in beach sediments from the Sakarya Canyon, Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 25(4): 2059-2066.
  • Yiğiterhan O, Murray JW 2008. Trace metal composition of particulate matter of the Danube River and Turkish rivers draining into the Black Sea. Marine Chemistry, 111: 63–76.
  • Zar JH 1984. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall, Int, New Jersey, 718.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors

Levent Bat 0000-0002-2289-6691

Fatih Şahin 0000-0003-0605-2672

Ayşah Öztekin 0000-0002-3726-7134

Publication Date October 31, 2019
Submission Date March 5, 2019
Acceptance Date May 9, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019Volume: 22 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Bat, L., Şahin, F., & Öztekin, A. (2019). Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Water and Sediments and Polychaetes in Sinop Shores of The Black Sea. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 22(5), 806-816. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.v22i45606.535882

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