The Performance of Multi-Parental Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Hybrid Genotypes
Yıl 2024,
, 901 - 909, 15.08.2024
Ferhat Çakmak
,
Volkan Mehmet Çınar
,
Şerife Balcı
,
Aydın Ünay
Öz
We aimed to evaluate the possibilities of increasing the ginning out-turn in multi-parent hybrid populations of cotton. Two genotypes with high ginning out-turn were crossed with seven F3 populations obtained from double crosses, and then fourteen F1 populations were created in 2020. The F1 populations, their grandparents, and two parents, a total of 23 genotypes, were compared by Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in 2021. Significant differences were detected among genotypes, including crosses and parents for seed cotton yield per plant, ginning out-turn, fiber fineness, and fiber strength. The orthogonal contrasts indicated that the average performance of hybrids was significantly higher than that of parents for ginning out-turn, seed cotton yield per plant, and fiber fineness. Standard heterosis was between -11.19% and 20.54% for seed cotton yield per plant; 4.71% and 16.03% for ginning out-turn. [(ST-468 × Claudia) × (Gloria × Carisma)] × Esperia should be transferred to further generations. Multi-parent hybrids could be used to create the required variance and maintain dominance for the improvement of yield and ginning out-turn.
Kaynakça
- Ahmad, M., & Azhar, F. M. (2000). Genetic correlation and path coefficient analysis of oil and protein contents and other quantitative characters in F2 generation of G. hirsutum L. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 3, 1049-1051.
- Ahuja, S. L., Ahmad, S., Saim, S. K., & Meena, R. A. (2018) Heterosis studies for high ginning out-turn percent and related traits in G. hirsutum cotton. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 10(12), 6465-6468.
- Akbar, M., Anwar, J., Hussain, M., Qureshi, M. H., & Khan, S. (2009). Line tester analysis in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Agricultural Research 47(1), 411-420.
- Arain, B. T., Baloch, M. J., Sial, P., Arain, M. A., & Baloch, A. (2015). Estimation of heterosis and combining ability in F1 hybrids of upland cotton for yield and fiber traits: upland cotton yield and fiber traits. Biological Sciences-PJSIR 58(3), 132-139.
- Ashokkumar, K., & Ravikesavan, R. (2013). Genetic variation and heterotic effects for seed oil, seed protein, and yield attributing traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). African Journal of Biotechnology 12(33), 5183-5191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2013.13016
- Balci, S., Cinar, V.M., & Unay, A. (2021a). The effects of modified recurrent selection on fiber characteristics and neps in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). ANADOLU Journal of Aegean Agricultural Research Institute 31(2), 137-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18615/anadolu.1029812
- Balci, S., Cinar, V. M., & Unay, A. (2021b). Genetic analysis for yield and ginning out turn in F1 and F2 populations of upland cotton. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 81(4), 104-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31742/ISGPB.81.4.15
- Baloch, M. J., Sial, P., Arain, B. T., & Arain, M. A. (2015). Assessment of heterotic effects in F1 hybrids of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences 31(2), 193-202.
- Bilwal, B. B., Vadodariya, K. V., Lahane, G. R., & Rajkumar, B. K. (2018). Heterosis study for seed cotton yield and its yield attributing traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7(1), 1963-1967.
- Çakmak, F., Çınar, V. M., Balcı, Ş., & Ünay, A. (2023). Yield and fiber quality balance in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) breeding. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 52(2), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v52i2.67025
- Chapara, R., & Madugula, S. (2021). Heterosis for seed fiber quality traits cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Forest Research 10, 253-258.
- Choudhari, P. N., Borole, D. N., Patil, S. D., & Narkhede, B. N. (1988). Path analysis in deshi cotton. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities 13, 54-55.
- Çoban, M., & Çiçek, S. (2017). Identification of yield and fiber quality properties of some cotton lines for Nazilli conditions. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature 20, 222-226. https://doi.org/10.18016/ ksudobil.349210
- Cohran, W. G., & Cox, G. M. (1957). Experimental designs. John Willey Sons Inc, New York.
- Constable, G., Llewellyn, D., Walford, S. A., & Clement, J. D. (2015). Cotton breeding for fiber quality improvement. In: Cruz VMV, Dierig DA (eds) Industrial Crops. Handbook of Plant Breeding, vol 9. Springer, New York, NY, pp. 191-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1447-0_10
- Desalegn, Z. (2016). High ginning out turn and the improvement of Ethiopian cotton production. World Cotton Research Conference - 6Goiânia - Goiás, Brazil, 2 - 6 May.
- Dinakaran, E., Thirumeni, S., & Paramasivam, K. (2012). Yield and fiber quality components analysis in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under salinity. Annals of Biological Research 3(8), 3910-3915.
- Ekinci, R., Basbag, S., & Gencer, O. (2016). Heterotic effects for lint yield in double cross hybrids on cotton. Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics 2(1), 40-44.
- El-Hashash, E. F. (2013). Heterosis and gene action among single and double-cross hybrids performances in cotton. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 13(4), 505-516. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2013.13. 04.1955
- Erande, C. S., Kalpande, H. V., Deosarkar, D. B., Chavan, S. K., Patil, V. S., Deshmukh, J. D., ... & Puttawar, M. R. (2014). Genetic variability, correlation, and path analysis among different traits in desi cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research 9(29), 2278-2286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/ AJAR2013.7580
- Fonseca, S., & Patterson, F. L. (1968). Hybrid vigor in seven parent diallel cross in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Crop Science, 8, 85–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1968.0011183X 000800010025x
- Girish, T., Patil, S. S., & Kencharaddi, H. G. (2019). Consistency of combining ability in segregating generations of a heterotic box subjected to reciprocal selection in cotton. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 33(1), 26-35.
- Ibragimov, P. (1989). Genetic Correlations Between Characters. Khlopok, No.4, 45.
- Islam, M. S., Thyssen, G. N., Jenkins, J. N., Zeng, L., Delhom, C. D., McCarty, J. C., ... & Fang, D. D. (2016). A MAGIC population-based genome-wide association study reveals a functional association of the GhRBB1_A07 gene with superior fiber quality in cotton. BMC Genomics 17(1), 903-920. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3249-2
- Jenkins, J. N., McCarty Jr, J. C., Gutierrez, O. A., Hayes, R. W., Bowman, D. T., Watson, C. E., & Jones, D. C. (2008). Registration of RMUP-C5, a random mated population of Upland cotton germplasm. Journal of Plant Registrations 2(3), 239–242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3198/jpr2008. 02.0080crg
- JMP. (2018). SAS Institute Inc. 2018. JMP Statistical Software, Version 14. Cary, USA.
- Karademir, E., Karademir, Ç., Ekinci, R., & Gençer, O. (2010). Relationship between yield, fiber length and other fiber-related traits in advanced cotton strains. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 38(3), 111-116. https://doi.org/ 10.15835/nbha3834889
- Kumbhalkar, H. B., Gawande, V. L., Desmukh, S. B., Gotmare, V. P., & Waghmare, V. N. (2021). Stabilized heterosis studies for seed cotton yield and component traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10(7), 99-113.
- Memon, S., Jatoi, W. A., Khanzada, S., Kamboh, N., & Rajput, L. (2017). Line × tester analysis for earliness yield and yield contributing traits in Gossypium hirsutum L. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 13, 287-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2017.13.47
- Monicashree, C., Balu, P. A., & Gunasekaran, M. (2017). Combining ability and heterosis studies on yield and fiber quality traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6(8), 912-927.
- Mudhalvan, S., Rajeswari, S., Mahalingam, L., Jeyakumar, P., Muthuswami, M., & Premalatha, N. (2021). Combining ability estimates and heterosis analysis on major yield attributing traits and lint quality in American cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding 12(4), 1111-1119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37992/ 2021.1204.153
- Murthy, K. G. K., Pradeep, T., Reddy, S. S., & Krishna, K. R. (2017) Estimation of standard heterosis in multiple cross derivatives of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) for yield, plant type, and fiber quality. International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 5(6), 691-697. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-
7051.4062
- Parmar, M. B., Joshi, N. R., Patel, S. M., & Kapadia, V. N. (2015). Genetic variability studies in bt cotton hybrids (H x H). AGRES – An International e-Journal 4(2), 145-150.
- Percy, R. G., Cantrell, R. G., & Zhang, J. (2006). Genetic variation for agronomic and fiber properties in an introgressed recombinant inbred population of cotton. Crop Science, 46(3), 1311-1317. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.08-0284
- Premalatha, N., Kumar, M., & Mahalingam, L. (2020). Combining ability analysis for yield and fiber quality traits in intraspecific hybrids of Gossypium hirsutum L. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding 11(4), 1085-1092. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37992/2020.1104.176
- Ranganatha, H. M., Patil, S. S., Swathi, P., Rajeev, S., Srivalli, P., & Kanti, V. M. (2013). Development of heterotic pairs or groups of cotton genotypes based on predicted double cross performance. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 6(5), 231-235.
- Rathava, P., Patel, S. R., Patel, D. M., Patel, H. N., Dinisha, A., & Patil, S. S. (2018). Heterosis studies for seed cotton yield and other traits in tetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7(4), 1642-1648.
- Saeed, F., Farooq, J., Mahmood, A., Riaz, M., Hussain, T., & Majeed, A. (2014). Assessment of genetic diversity for Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuD), fiber quality and some morphological traits using different statistical procedures in Gossypium hirsutum L. Australian Journal of Crop Science 8(3), 442-447.
- Salahuddin, S., Abro, S., Kandhro, M. M., Salahuddin, L., & Laghari, S. (2010). Correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield components of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) sympodial. World Applied Sciences Journal 8(8), 71-75.
- Shahzad, K., Li, X., Qi, T., Guo, L., Tang, H., Zhang, X., Wang, H., Zhang, M., Zhang, B., Qiao, X., & Xing, C. (2019). Genetic analysis of yield and fiber quality traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivated in different ecological regions of China. Journal of Cotton Research 2(1), 14-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42397-019-0031-4
- Shashibhushan, D., & Patel, U. G. (2019). Heterosis for seed cotton yield and other agro morphological traits in GMS-based hybrids of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 8(5), 572-576.
- Simpson, J., & Murray, M. F. (1978). Effect of cotton fiber fineness and strength on mechanical processing, open-end spinning, and yarn properties. Textile Research Journal 48(5), 270-276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517578048 00505
- Sirisha, A. B. M., Ahamed, M. L., Kumar, P. R., Kumari, S. R., & Rao, V. S. (2019). Heterosis studies for fiber quality traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The Andhra Agricultural Journal, 66(2), 293-295.
- Steadman, R. G. (1997). Cotton testing. Textile Progress 27(1), 1-63. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00405169708688868
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Çok Ebeveynli Pamuk (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Melez Genotiplerinin Performansı
Yıl 2024,
, 901 - 909, 15.08.2024
Ferhat Çakmak
,
Volkan Mehmet Çınar
,
Şerife Balcı
,
Aydın Ünay
Öz
Çok ebeveynli melez pamuk popülasyonlarında çırçır randımanını artırma olanakları değerlendirilmiştir. Sekiz adet çift melez F3 melez popülasyonu ile yüksek çırçır randımanına sahip iki genotip melezlenmiş ve 14 farklı F1 melez popülasyonu elde edilmiştir. Melezlerden ve ebeveynlerden oluşan genotipik farklılık tek bitki kütlü pamuk verimi, çırçır randımanı, lif inceliği ve lif dayanıklılığı yönünden önemli bulunmuştur. Ortogonal karşılaştırmalar melezlerin ortalama performansının çırçır randımanı, tek bitki kütlü pamuk verimi ve lif inceliği yönünden ebeveyn ortalamasından önemli düzeyde farklı olduğunu göstermiştir. Standart heterosis tek bitki kütlü pamuk için %-11.19 ile %20.54; çırçır randımanı için %4.71 ile %16.03 arasında değişmiştir. [(ST-468 × Claudia) × (Gloria × Carisma)] × Esperya melez kombinasyonunun ileri generasyonlara aktarılması gerektiği saptanmıştır. Çırçır randımanı ve kütlü pamuk verimini artırmayı amaçlayan ıslah çalışmalarında dominantlığı sürdürmek ve varyasyonu oluşturmak için çok ebeveynli melezlerin kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Ahmad, M., & Azhar, F. M. (2000). Genetic correlation and path coefficient analysis of oil and protein contents and other quantitative characters in F2 generation of G. hirsutum L. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 3, 1049-1051.
- Ahuja, S. L., Ahmad, S., Saim, S. K., & Meena, R. A. (2018) Heterosis studies for high ginning out-turn percent and related traits in G. hirsutum cotton. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 10(12), 6465-6468.
- Akbar, M., Anwar, J., Hussain, M., Qureshi, M. H., & Khan, S. (2009). Line tester analysis in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Agricultural Research 47(1), 411-420.
- Arain, B. T., Baloch, M. J., Sial, P., Arain, M. A., & Baloch, A. (2015). Estimation of heterosis and combining ability in F1 hybrids of upland cotton for yield and fiber traits: upland cotton yield and fiber traits. Biological Sciences-PJSIR 58(3), 132-139.
- Ashokkumar, K., & Ravikesavan, R. (2013). Genetic variation and heterotic effects for seed oil, seed protein, and yield attributing traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). African Journal of Biotechnology 12(33), 5183-5191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2013.13016
- Balci, S., Cinar, V.M., & Unay, A. (2021a). The effects of modified recurrent selection on fiber characteristics and neps in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). ANADOLU Journal of Aegean Agricultural Research Institute 31(2), 137-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18615/anadolu.1029812
- Balci, S., Cinar, V. M., & Unay, A. (2021b). Genetic analysis for yield and ginning out turn in F1 and F2 populations of upland cotton. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 81(4), 104-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31742/ISGPB.81.4.15
- Baloch, M. J., Sial, P., Arain, B. T., & Arain, M. A. (2015). Assessment of heterotic effects in F1 hybrids of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences 31(2), 193-202.
- Bilwal, B. B., Vadodariya, K. V., Lahane, G. R., & Rajkumar, B. K. (2018). Heterosis study for seed cotton yield and its yield attributing traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7(1), 1963-1967.
- Çakmak, F., Çınar, V. M., Balcı, Ş., & Ünay, A. (2023). Yield and fiber quality balance in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) breeding. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 52(2), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v52i2.67025
- Chapara, R., & Madugula, S. (2021). Heterosis for seed fiber quality traits cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Forest Research 10, 253-258.
- Choudhari, P. N., Borole, D. N., Patil, S. D., & Narkhede, B. N. (1988). Path analysis in deshi cotton. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities 13, 54-55.
- Çoban, M., & Çiçek, S. (2017). Identification of yield and fiber quality properties of some cotton lines for Nazilli conditions. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature 20, 222-226. https://doi.org/10.18016/ ksudobil.349210
- Cohran, W. G., & Cox, G. M. (1957). Experimental designs. John Willey Sons Inc, New York.
- Constable, G., Llewellyn, D., Walford, S. A., & Clement, J. D. (2015). Cotton breeding for fiber quality improvement. In: Cruz VMV, Dierig DA (eds) Industrial Crops. Handbook of Plant Breeding, vol 9. Springer, New York, NY, pp. 191-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1447-0_10
- Desalegn, Z. (2016). High ginning out turn and the improvement of Ethiopian cotton production. World Cotton Research Conference - 6Goiânia - Goiás, Brazil, 2 - 6 May.
- Dinakaran, E., Thirumeni, S., & Paramasivam, K. (2012). Yield and fiber quality components analysis in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under salinity. Annals of Biological Research 3(8), 3910-3915.
- Ekinci, R., Basbag, S., & Gencer, O. (2016). Heterotic effects for lint yield in double cross hybrids on cotton. Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics 2(1), 40-44.
- El-Hashash, E. F. (2013). Heterosis and gene action among single and double-cross hybrids performances in cotton. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 13(4), 505-516. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2013.13. 04.1955
- Erande, C. S., Kalpande, H. V., Deosarkar, D. B., Chavan, S. K., Patil, V. S., Deshmukh, J. D., ... & Puttawar, M. R. (2014). Genetic variability, correlation, and path analysis among different traits in desi cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research 9(29), 2278-2286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/ AJAR2013.7580
- Fonseca, S., & Patterson, F. L. (1968). Hybrid vigor in seven parent diallel cross in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Crop Science, 8, 85–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1968.0011183X 000800010025x
- Girish, T., Patil, S. S., & Kencharaddi, H. G. (2019). Consistency of combining ability in segregating generations of a heterotic box subjected to reciprocal selection in cotton. Journal of Cotton Research and Development 33(1), 26-35.
- Ibragimov, P. (1989). Genetic Correlations Between Characters. Khlopok, No.4, 45.
- Islam, M. S., Thyssen, G. N., Jenkins, J. N., Zeng, L., Delhom, C. D., McCarty, J. C., ... & Fang, D. D. (2016). A MAGIC population-based genome-wide association study reveals a functional association of the GhRBB1_A07 gene with superior fiber quality in cotton. BMC Genomics 17(1), 903-920. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3249-2
- Jenkins, J. N., McCarty Jr, J. C., Gutierrez, O. A., Hayes, R. W., Bowman, D. T., Watson, C. E., & Jones, D. C. (2008). Registration of RMUP-C5, a random mated population of Upland cotton germplasm. Journal of Plant Registrations 2(3), 239–242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3198/jpr2008. 02.0080crg
- JMP. (2018). SAS Institute Inc. 2018. JMP Statistical Software, Version 14. Cary, USA.
- Karademir, E., Karademir, Ç., Ekinci, R., & Gençer, O. (2010). Relationship between yield, fiber length and other fiber-related traits in advanced cotton strains. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 38(3), 111-116. https://doi.org/ 10.15835/nbha3834889
- Kumbhalkar, H. B., Gawande, V. L., Desmukh, S. B., Gotmare, V. P., & Waghmare, V. N. (2021). Stabilized heterosis studies for seed cotton yield and component traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10(7), 99-113.
- Memon, S., Jatoi, W. A., Khanzada, S., Kamboh, N., & Rajput, L. (2017). Line × tester analysis for earliness yield and yield contributing traits in Gossypium hirsutum L. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 13, 287-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2017.13.47
- Monicashree, C., Balu, P. A., & Gunasekaran, M. (2017). Combining ability and heterosis studies on yield and fiber quality traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6(8), 912-927.
- Mudhalvan, S., Rajeswari, S., Mahalingam, L., Jeyakumar, P., Muthuswami, M., & Premalatha, N. (2021). Combining ability estimates and heterosis analysis on major yield attributing traits and lint quality in American cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding 12(4), 1111-1119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37992/ 2021.1204.153
- Murthy, K. G. K., Pradeep, T., Reddy, S. S., & Krishna, K. R. (2017) Estimation of standard heterosis in multiple cross derivatives of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) for yield, plant type, and fiber quality. International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 5(6), 691-697. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-
7051.4062
- Parmar, M. B., Joshi, N. R., Patel, S. M., & Kapadia, V. N. (2015). Genetic variability studies in bt cotton hybrids (H x H). AGRES – An International e-Journal 4(2), 145-150.
- Percy, R. G., Cantrell, R. G., & Zhang, J. (2006). Genetic variation for agronomic and fiber properties in an introgressed recombinant inbred population of cotton. Crop Science, 46(3), 1311-1317. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.08-0284
- Premalatha, N., Kumar, M., & Mahalingam, L. (2020). Combining ability analysis for yield and fiber quality traits in intraspecific hybrids of Gossypium hirsutum L. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding 11(4), 1085-1092. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37992/2020.1104.176
- Ranganatha, H. M., Patil, S. S., Swathi, P., Rajeev, S., Srivalli, P., & Kanti, V. M. (2013). Development of heterotic pairs or groups of cotton genotypes based on predicted double cross performance. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 6(5), 231-235.
- Rathava, P., Patel, S. R., Patel, D. M., Patel, H. N., Dinisha, A., & Patil, S. S. (2018). Heterosis studies for seed cotton yield and other traits in tetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7(4), 1642-1648.
- Saeed, F., Farooq, J., Mahmood, A., Riaz, M., Hussain, T., & Majeed, A. (2014). Assessment of genetic diversity for Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuD), fiber quality and some morphological traits using different statistical procedures in Gossypium hirsutum L. Australian Journal of Crop Science 8(3), 442-447.
- Salahuddin, S., Abro, S., Kandhro, M. M., Salahuddin, L., & Laghari, S. (2010). Correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield components of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) sympodial. World Applied Sciences Journal 8(8), 71-75.
- Shahzad, K., Li, X., Qi, T., Guo, L., Tang, H., Zhang, X., Wang, H., Zhang, M., Zhang, B., Qiao, X., & Xing, C. (2019). Genetic analysis of yield and fiber quality traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivated in different ecological regions of China. Journal of Cotton Research 2(1), 14-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42397-019-0031-4
- Shashibhushan, D., & Patel, U. G. (2019). Heterosis for seed cotton yield and other agro morphological traits in GMS-based hybrids of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 8(5), 572-576.
- Simpson, J., & Murray, M. F. (1978). Effect of cotton fiber fineness and strength on mechanical processing, open-end spinning, and yarn properties. Textile Research Journal 48(5), 270-276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517578048 00505
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