On the Red Squill Powder (Drimia maritima) As a Botanical Rodenticide; a Preliminary Study on Wild Rattus norvegicus in Ankara Province
Öz
Rodents constitute an essential place among pest-vector animals; they also have the potential to cause economic losses and health problems. The Red squill plant, which contains scilliroside, especially in its bulbs, has been known as a rodenticide since the early 20th century. However, little research reveals the Red squill’s potential as a rodenticide. For this purpose, we produced the baits, including different amounts of red squill powder with peanut butter, and we applied them on Rattus norvegicus in the field in Ankara province and in laboratory conditions. In field studies, it was determined that there was no feed avoidance behavior against the bait containing 25 % or below Red squill powder corresponding to 400 mg kg. In laboratory trials, it was found that if Red squill is not covered with suitable material, such as paraffin wax, it deteriorates rapidly and loses its effectiveness due to contact with air. The food contains between 15 – 25 % dried Red squill powder, corresponding to 400 mg/kg, which was found to cause 50 % and more mortality percentages, and it is suitable to apply as a rodenticide.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Rodenticide Red squill Rattus norvegicus Ankara province Scilliroside
Kaynakça
- Atkinson, W. P. (2010). Vector Biology, Ecology and Control. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. New York. Barnett, S. A. (1963). The rat: A study in behaviour. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Co.
- Bozorgi, M., Amin, G., Shekarchi, M. & Rahimi, R. (2017). Traditional medical uses of Drimia species in terms of phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 37(1), 124-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0254-6272(17)30036-5.
- Brooks, J. E. & Htun, P. T. (1980). Laboratory evaluation of scilliroside used as a rodenticide against the lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis. Epidemiology & Infection 85(2), 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022172400063269.
- Buck, R. E. (1936). Chemical and Toxicological Studies on Red Squill, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 902.
- Buckle, A. P. & Smith, R. H. (1994). Rodent pest and Their Control. Solidus (Bristol) Limited Press. Cambridge.
- Byers, K. A., Lee, M. J., Bidulka, J. J., Patrick, D. M. & Himsworth, C. G. (2019). Rat in a Cage: Trappability of Urban Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7(68). https://doi.org/0.3389/fevo.2019.00068.
- Clapperton, B. K. (2006). A review of the current knowledge of rodent behaviour in relation to control devices (Vol. 263). Wellington, New Zealand: Science & Technical Pub., Department of Conservation.
- Crabtree, D., G. (1947). Red Squill-Most Specific of the Raticides. Economic Botany 1(4), 394-401.
- EMEA “The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Veterinary Medicine Evaluation Unit” (1999). Urginea maritima, Summary Report. EMEA 7 MRL / 603 / 99-FINAL.
- Gratz, N. (2006). Vectors- and Rodent –borne Diseases in Europe and North America: their distribution and public health of burden. Cambridge University Press.
- IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
- ISSG (Invasive Species Specialist Group). http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/, 23/01/2017.
- Khlyap, L. A. & Warshavsky, A. A. (2010). Synanthropic and Agrophilic Rodents as Invasive Alien Mammals. Russian Journal of Biological Invasion 4(4), 301-312. https://doi.org/10.1134/ S2075111710040089.
- Khlyap, L. A., Bobrov, V. V. & Warshavsky, A. A. (2012). Biological Invasion on Russian Territory: Mammals. Russian Journal of Biological Invasion 1(2), 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1134/S20751117 10020128.
- Kosoy, M., Khlyap, L., Cosson, J. F. & Morand, S. (2015). Aboriginal and Invasive Rats of Genus Rattus as Hosts of Infectious Agents. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 15(1), 3-12. http://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2014.1629.
- Lewis, R. J. Sr. (ed)., (2004). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ.p.3189.
- Maddock, D. R. & Schoof, H. F. (1970). New red squill derivative: laboratory and field studies on stabilized scilliroside against Norway rats. Pest Control 38 (8), 32–5, 45–6.
- McNeely, J. A., Mooney, H. A., Neville, L. E., Schei, P. & Waage, J.K. (eds.) (2001). A Global Strategy on Invasive Alien Species. IUCN Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. x + 50 pp.
- Meerburg, B.G., Singleton, G. R. &Kijlstra, A. (2009). Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 35(3), 221-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408410902989 837.
- Munch, J. C., Silver, J. & Horn, E. E. (1929). Red Squill Powders As a Raticide. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No.134.
- Pelz, H. J., Hänisch, D. & Lauenstein, G.(1995). Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides in Germany and future strategies to control Rattus norvegicus. Pest management science 43(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780430110.
- Pelz, H. J., Rost, S., Hünerberg, M., Fregin, A., Heiberg, A. C., Baert, K., MacNicoll, A. D., Prescott, C. V., Walker, A. S., Oldenburg, J. & Müller, C. R. (2005). The Genetic Basis of Resistance to Anticoagulants in Rodents. Genetics 170, 1839–1847. ps://doi.org/10.1534/genetics. 104.040360.
- Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 of The European Parliament and of The Council of 22 May (2012). The European Parliament and of The Council concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products
- Robins, J. H., McLenachan, P. A., Phillips, M. J., Craig, L., Ross, H. A. & Matissoo-Smith, E. (2008). Dating of Divergences within the Rattus Genus Phylogeny Using Whole Mitochondrial Genomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49, 460–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev. 2008.08.001.
- Rowe, F. P., Greaves, J. H., Redfern, R. & Martin, A. D. (1970). Rodenticides- problems and current research. Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference, 126-128.
- Runge, M., Keyserlingk, M.V., Braune, S., Becker, D., Plenge-Bönig, A., Freise, J.F., Pelz, H.J. & Estherd, A. (2013). Distribution of Rodenticide Resistance and Zoonotic Pathogens in Norway Rats in Lower Saxony and Hamburg, Germany.Pest Management Science, 69, 403-408.
- Steppan, S. J., Adkins, R. M., Spinks, P. Q. & Hale, C. (2005). Multigene phylogeny of the Old World mice, Murinae, reveals distinct geographic lineages and the declining utility of mitochondrial genes compared to nuclear genes. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 37(2), 370-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.016.
- Verbiscar, A. J., Banagan, T. F. & Gentry, H. S. (1986). Recent Research on Red Squill As a Rodenticide. Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference, 26.
- Wilson D. E., Lacher T. E., Jr. & Mittermeier R. A. (2016). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol 6. Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Lynx Edition, Barcelona.
- WHO (World Health Organization). (2006). Pesticides and their application for the Control of Vectors and Pests of Public Health Importance. Sixth edition.
- Yiğit, N., Çolak, E., Sözen, M. & Özkurt, Ş. (1998). The taxonomy and karyology of Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) and Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Rodentia: Muridae) in Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Zoology. 22(3), 203-212.
- Yiğit, N., Çolak, E., Sözen, M. & Karataş, A. (2006). Rodent of Türkiye.Meteksan Co. Ankara. ISBN 9944-5560-0-9.
Botanik Rodentisiti Olarak Ada Soğanı Tozu (Drimia maritima) Üzerinde; Ankara İli’nde Yabani Rattus norvegicus Üzerine Bir Ön Çalışma
Öz
Zararlı vektör hayvanlar arasında önemli bir yer tutan kemirgenler, ekonomik kayıplara ve sağlık sorunlarına da neden olma potansiyeline sahiptir. Özellikle soğanında scilliroside içeren ada soğanı bitkisi, 20. yüzyılın başlarından beri kemirgen öldürücü etkiye sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Bununla birlikte, ada soğanının bir kemirgen öldürücü olarak potansiyeline ışık tutan çok az araştırma bulunmaktadır. Bu amaçla fıstık ezmesi ile farklı miktarlarda ada soğanı tozu içeren yemler hazırlanarak Ankara ilinde Norveç sıçanı (Rattus norvegicus) üzerinde sahada ve laboratuvar koşullarında uygulanmıştır. Saha çalışmalarında % 25 ada soğanı tozu içeren yemlere karşı yemden kaçınma davranışının olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Yapılan laboratuvar denemelerinde ada soğanının parafin mumu gibi uygun bir malzeme ile kaplanmadığı takdirde hızla bozulduğu ve hava ile temasından dolayı etkinliğini kaybettiği görülmüştür. 400 mg/kg veya daha fazlasına tekabül eden %15 – 25 arasında kurutulmuş ada soğanı tozu içeren yemlerin %50 ve daha fazla ölüm oranına neden olduğu ve bitkisel rodentisit olarak kullanılabileceği saptanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Rodentisit Ada soğanı Scilliroside Rattus norvegicus Ankara ili
Kaynakça
- Atkinson, W. P. (2010). Vector Biology, Ecology and Control. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. New York. Barnett, S. A. (1963). The rat: A study in behaviour. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Co.
- Bozorgi, M., Amin, G., Shekarchi, M. & Rahimi, R. (2017). Traditional medical uses of Drimia species in terms of phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 37(1), 124-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0254-6272(17)30036-5.
- Brooks, J. E. & Htun, P. T. (1980). Laboratory evaluation of scilliroside used as a rodenticide against the lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis. Epidemiology & Infection 85(2), 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022172400063269.
- Buck, R. E. (1936). Chemical and Toxicological Studies on Red Squill, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 902.
- Buckle, A. P. & Smith, R. H. (1994). Rodent pest and Their Control. Solidus (Bristol) Limited Press. Cambridge.
- Byers, K. A., Lee, M. J., Bidulka, J. J., Patrick, D. M. & Himsworth, C. G. (2019). Rat in a Cage: Trappability of Urban Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7(68). https://doi.org/0.3389/fevo.2019.00068.
- Clapperton, B. K. (2006). A review of the current knowledge of rodent behaviour in relation to control devices (Vol. 263). Wellington, New Zealand: Science & Technical Pub., Department of Conservation.
- Crabtree, D., G. (1947). Red Squill-Most Specific of the Raticides. Economic Botany 1(4), 394-401.
- EMEA “The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Veterinary Medicine Evaluation Unit” (1999). Urginea maritima, Summary Report. EMEA 7 MRL / 603 / 99-FINAL.
- Gratz, N. (2006). Vectors- and Rodent –borne Diseases in Europe and North America: their distribution and public health of burden. Cambridge University Press.
- IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
- ISSG (Invasive Species Specialist Group). http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/, 23/01/2017.
- Khlyap, L. A. & Warshavsky, A. A. (2010). Synanthropic and Agrophilic Rodents as Invasive Alien Mammals. Russian Journal of Biological Invasion 4(4), 301-312. https://doi.org/10.1134/ S2075111710040089.
- Khlyap, L. A., Bobrov, V. V. & Warshavsky, A. A. (2012). Biological Invasion on Russian Territory: Mammals. Russian Journal of Biological Invasion 1(2), 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1134/S20751117 10020128.
- Kosoy, M., Khlyap, L., Cosson, J. F. & Morand, S. (2015). Aboriginal and Invasive Rats of Genus Rattus as Hosts of Infectious Agents. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 15(1), 3-12. http://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2014.1629.
- Lewis, R. J. Sr. (ed)., (2004). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ.p.3189.
- Maddock, D. R. & Schoof, H. F. (1970). New red squill derivative: laboratory and field studies on stabilized scilliroside against Norway rats. Pest Control 38 (8), 32–5, 45–6.
- McNeely, J. A., Mooney, H. A., Neville, L. E., Schei, P. & Waage, J.K. (eds.) (2001). A Global Strategy on Invasive Alien Species. IUCN Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. x + 50 pp.
- Meerburg, B.G., Singleton, G. R. &Kijlstra, A. (2009). Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 35(3), 221-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408410902989 837.
- Munch, J. C., Silver, J. & Horn, E. E. (1929). Red Squill Powders As a Raticide. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No.134.
- Pelz, H. J., Hänisch, D. & Lauenstein, G.(1995). Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides in Germany and future strategies to control Rattus norvegicus. Pest management science 43(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780430110.
- Pelz, H. J., Rost, S., Hünerberg, M., Fregin, A., Heiberg, A. C., Baert, K., MacNicoll, A. D., Prescott, C. V., Walker, A. S., Oldenburg, J. & Müller, C. R. (2005). The Genetic Basis of Resistance to Anticoagulants in Rodents. Genetics 170, 1839–1847. ps://doi.org/10.1534/genetics. 104.040360.
- Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 of The European Parliament and of The Council of 22 May (2012). The European Parliament and of The Council concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products
- Robins, J. H., McLenachan, P. A., Phillips, M. J., Craig, L., Ross, H. A. & Matissoo-Smith, E. (2008). Dating of Divergences within the Rattus Genus Phylogeny Using Whole Mitochondrial Genomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49, 460–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev. 2008.08.001.
- Rowe, F. P., Greaves, J. H., Redfern, R. & Martin, A. D. (1970). Rodenticides- problems and current research. Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference, 126-128.
- Runge, M., Keyserlingk, M.V., Braune, S., Becker, D., Plenge-Bönig, A., Freise, J.F., Pelz, H.J. & Estherd, A. (2013). Distribution of Rodenticide Resistance and Zoonotic Pathogens in Norway Rats in Lower Saxony and Hamburg, Germany.Pest Management Science, 69, 403-408.
- Steppan, S. J., Adkins, R. M., Spinks, P. Q. & Hale, C. (2005). Multigene phylogeny of the Old World mice, Murinae, reveals distinct geographic lineages and the declining utility of mitochondrial genes compared to nuclear genes. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 37(2), 370-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.016.
- Verbiscar, A. J., Banagan, T. F. & Gentry, H. S. (1986). Recent Research on Red Squill As a Rodenticide. Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference, 26.
- Wilson D. E., Lacher T. E., Jr. & Mittermeier R. A. (2016). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol 6. Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Lynx Edition, Barcelona.
- WHO (World Health Organization). (2006). Pesticides and their application for the Control of Vectors and Pests of Public Health Importance. Sixth edition.
- Yiğit, N., Çolak, E., Sözen, M. & Özkurt, Ş. (1998). The taxonomy and karyology of Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) and Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Rodentia: Muridae) in Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Zoology. 22(3), 203-212.
- Yiğit, N., Çolak, E., Sözen, M. & Karataş, A. (2006). Rodent of Türkiye.Meteksan Co. Ankara. ISBN 9944-5560-0-9.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Omurgalı Biyolojisi |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 11 Mart 2024 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 18 Eylül 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 17 Kasım 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 |
Kaynak Göster
2022-JIF = 0.500
2022-JCI = 0.170
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