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Kesirli-Frekanslı Fourier Yöntemlerle Tarımsal İstihdamın Mekanizasyon ve Krediyle İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Zaman Serisi Analizi

Year 2024, , 231 - 242, 25.12.2024

Ömer Keskin

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1438420

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki tarımsal istihdamın mekanizasyon ve krediyle ilişkisini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. 1981-2022 dönemine ait yıllık zaman serilerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada ilk olarak değişkenlerin durağanlıkları, sırasıyla kesirli-frekanslı Fourier ADF ve geleneksel ADF birim kök testleriyle sınanmıştır. Daha sonra değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi olup olmadığını belirlemek için kesirli-frekanslı Fourier ADL eşbütünleşme testi uygulanmıştır. Eşbütünleşme test sonucu, tarımsal istihdamla mekanizasyon arasında negatif, kredi arasında ise pozitif ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Buna göre tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyinde yaşanan %1 yükseliş istihdam sayısında uzun ve kısa dönemde sırasıyla %3.74 ve %0.42 düşüşe, tarımsal kredi bakiyesinde yaşanan %1 yükseliş ise istihdam sayısında uzun ve kısa dönemde sırasıyla %0.14 ve %0.02 yükselişe neden olmaktadır. Analizde son olarak kesirli-frekanslı Fourier TY nedensellik testi uygulanıp eşbütünleşme testine ait sonucu destekler nitelikte sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

Kesirli-frekanslı Fourier Tarımsal istihdam Tarımsal mekanizasyon Tarımsal kredi Zaman serisi analizi

References

  • Adu-Baffour, F., Daum, T., & Birner, R. (2019). Can small farms benefit from big companies’ initiatives to promote mechanization in Africa? A case study from Zambia. Food Policy, 84, 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.03.007
  • Afridi, F., Bishnu, M., & Mahajan, K. (2020). Gendering technological change: Evidence from agricultural mechanization. https://www.iza.org/ publications/dp/13712/gendering-technological-change-evidence-from-agricultural-mechanization (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Aydoğuş, O. (2011). Bir muamma: Tarımsal istihdam artışı. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi, 2(14), 18-24.
  • Banerjee, P., Arčabić, V., & Lee, H. (2017). Fourier adl cointegration test to approximate smooth breaks with new evidence from crude oil market. Economic Modelling, 67, 114-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.11.004
  • Barman S., & Deka, N. (2019). Effect of farm mechanization in human labour employment. International Journal of Agricultural Science, 4, 16-22.
  • Behera, D. K. (2016). Employment potential in Indian agriculture: An econometric investigation. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 16(2), 129-140.
  • Binswanger, H. P., & Pingali, P. L. (1984). The evolution of farming systems and agricultural technology in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington D.C.: World Bank. https://documents. worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/443761468913796233/the-evolution-of-farming-systems-and-agricultural-technology-in-sub-saharan-africa (Alınma Tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Bozoklu, Ş., Yılancı, V., & Görüş, M. Ş. (2020). Persistence in per capita energy consumption: A fractional integration approach with a fourier function. Energy Economics, 91, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104926
  • Caunedo, J., & Kala, N. (2022). Mechanizing agriculture. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w29061/w29061.pdf (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Daum, T., Adegbola, Y. P., Kamau, G., Kergna, A. O., Daudu, C., Zossou, R. C., . . . Oluwole, F. A. (2020). Impacts of agricultural mechanization: Evidence from four African countries. Stuttgart: Universität Hohenheim. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3672085 (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Doğan, M. (2012). Türkiye ziraatinde makineleşme: Traktör ve biçerdöverin etkileri. Coğrafya Dergisi, (14), 66-75.
  • Doğan, Z., Arslan, S., & Berkman, A. N. (2015). Türkiye’de tarım sektörünün iktisadi gelişimi ve sorunları. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 29-41.
  • Durgun, Ö. (2012). Tarımsal istihdamda çözülme devam ediyor mu? Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 33(2), 129-144.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The flexible fourier form and dickey-fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.econlet.2012.04.081
  • Felipe, J., Dacuycuy, C., & Lanzafame, M. (2014). The declining share of agricultural employment in the people’s Republic of China: How fast? https://www.adb.org/publications/declining-share-agricultural-employment-prc-how-fast#:~:text =Results %20indicate%20that%20the% 20share, as%20in%20advanced%20economies%20today (Alınma Tarihi: 21.01.2024).
  • Fink, G., Jack, B. K., & Masiye, F. (2014). Seasonal credit constraints and agricultural labour supply: Evidence from Zambia. Bonn: IZA-Institute of Labor Economics. https://g2lm-lic.iza.org/ publications/wp/wp01/ (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Hamilton, S. F., Richards, T. J., Shafran, A. P., & Vasilaky, K. N. (2022). Farm labor productivity and the impact of mechanization. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 104(4), 1435-1459. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12273
  • Hayami, Y., & Ruttan, V. W. (1970). Factor prices and technical change in agricultural development: The United States and Japan, 1880-1960. Journal of Political Economy, 78(5), 1115-1141.
  • Hekimoğlu, B., & Baş, E. (2018). Ülkemizde ve Samsun’da tarımsal değişimler-tarımsal istihdam için öneriler. https://samsun.tarimorman.gov.tr/Belgeler/Yayinlar/Tarimsal_strateji/Tarimsal_istihdam_için_oneriler.pdf (Alınma Tarihi: 21.01.2024).
  • Houssou, N., & Chapoto, A. (2015). Adoption of farm mechanization, cropland expansion, and intensification in Ghana (Paper presentation). International Conference of Agricultural Economists, Milan, Italy, August 8-14, pp. 29.
  • İlkay, S. Ç., Yılancı, V., Ulucak, R., & Jones, K. (2021). Technology spillovers and sustainable environment: Evidence from time-series analyses with fourier extension. Journal of Environmental Management, 294, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jenvman.2021.113033
  • Işın, F., Keskin, G., Kılıç, M., Türkekul, B., & Ateş, H. Ç. (2010). Türkiye’de tarımsal işgücü piyasası ve sosyal güvenlik politikaları (Sözlü bildiri). Ziraat Mühendisliği VII. Teknik Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye, 11-15 Ocak 2010, ss. 22.
  • Keikha, A., Alipour, F., & Mohammadi, H. (2014). The nonlinear relationship between bank credits and agricultural employment in Mazandaran province. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 4(4), 309-312.
  • Kirui, O. K. (2019). The agricultural mechanization in Africa: Micro-level analysis of state drivers and effects. Bonn: ZEF-Center for Development Research. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm? abstract_id=3368103 (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Lingard, J., & Bagyo, A. S. (1983). The impact of agricultural mechanisation on production and employment in rice areas of West Java. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 19(1), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918312331334299
  • Mano, Y. Y., Takahashi, K., & Otsuka, K. (2017). Contract farming, farm mechanization, and agricultural intensification: The case of rice farming in Cote d’Ivoire. Tokyo: Jica Research Institute. https://www.jica.go.jp/english/jica_ri/ publication/workingpaper/wp_157.html (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Orji, A., Ogbuabor, J. E., Alisigwe, J. N., & Anthony-Orji, O. I. (2021). Agricultural financing, agricultural output growth, and employment generation in Nigeria. European Journal of Business Science and Technology, 7(1), 74-90. https://doi.org/10.11118/ejobsat.2021.002
  • Pablo, D. J. (2016). The bad business of agriculture. A correlation analysis on employment share and agriculture added value share in Ecuador. Revista Politécnica, 37(2), 108-111.
  • Pata, U. K., & Yılancı, V. (2020). Financial development, globalization, and ecological footprint in G7: Further evidence from threshold cointegration and fractional frequency causality tests. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 27(4), 803-825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-020-00467-z
  • Prilliadi, H. (2023). The impacts of renewable energy, exchange rate, and inflation on agricultural sector employment in Turkey. Research in Agricultural Sciences, 54(3), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.5152/AUAF.2023.22018
  • Rajkhowa, P., & Kubik, Z. (2021). Revisiting the relationship between farm mechanization and labour requirement in India. Indian Economic Review, 56, 487-513. https://doi.org/10.1007/ 41775-021-00120-x
  • Senanayake, S. M. (2002). Who have more access to cheap credit in Vietnam? Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 57(2), 241-246.
  • Seven, Ü., & Tümen, S. (2020). Agricultural credits and agricultural productivity: Cross-country evidence. Bonn: IZA-Institute of Labor Economics. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/12930/agricultural-credits-and-agricultural-productivity-cross-country-evidence (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Shani, B. B., & Musa, A. (2021). The effect of mechanization on labour employment and cropland expansion in northern Nigeria. Agro-Science, 20(3), 24-29.
  • Şahin, G. (2023). Türkiye ve seçilmiş ülkelerde tarımsal istihdamın durumu ve yapılması gerekenler. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 10(93), 600-615. https://doi.org/ 10.26450/jshsr.3549
  • Şimşir, N. C. (2012). An econometric analysis of the relationships between economic growth and agricultural credits for propoor growth in Turkey. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 4(2), 355-364.
  • Tandoğan, N. S. (2022). How does agricultural mechanization affect agricultural production? A panel data analysis. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 28(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.24181/ tarekoder.1013081
  • Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. (2019). Kırsal kalkınma ve kırsalda istihdam grubu çalışma belgesi. https://cdniys.tarimorman.gov.tr/api/File/GetFile/330/Sayfa/1416/1778/DosyaGaleri/iii._tarim_orman_surasi_calisma_grup_belgeleri_3._cilt.pdf (Alınma Tarihi: 21.01.2024).
  • TBB. (2023). İller ve bölgeler-kredi-tarım ihtisas kredileri. Türkiye Bankalar Birliği Veri Sistemi. https://verisistemi.tbb.org.tr/index.php?/tbb/report_bolgeler (Alınma Tarihi: 25.01.2024).
  • Toyin, M. E., Sola, O. O., & John, O. T. (2017). Agro-processing output and agricultural sector employment: Evidence from South Africa. Acta Universitatis Danubius Œconomica, 13(2), 174-184.
  • TÜİK. (2023a). 100 yılın göstergeleri. https://biruni. tuik.gov.tr/yayin/views/visitorPages/yayinGoruntuleme.zul?yayin_no=618 (Alınma Tarihi: 25.01.2024).
  • TÜİK. (2023b). Mevsim etkisinden arındırılmış temel işgücü göstergeleri 3. çeyrek: Temmuz-Eylül, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-III.-Ceyrek:-Temmuz---Eylul,-2023-49381 (Alınma Tarihi: 18.01.2024).
  • TÜİK. (2023c). Tarım istatistikleri özeti başlıklı 1981-2002 dönemine ait raporlar. Tarımsal Alet ve Makineler. https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/ yordambt/yordam.php (Alınma Tarihi: 25.01.2024).
  • TÜİK. (2023d). Tarım-tarımsal alet ve makine istatistikleri (2003-2022). İstatistik Veri Portalı. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=1 (Alınma Tarihi: 25.01.2024).
  • Üçler, Y. T. (2022). Türkiye’de sektörler itibari ile istihdam büyüme ilişkisi. Pearson Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 7(21), 148-160. https://doi.org/10.46872/pj.590
  • Yücel, M. H., & Çalışkan, Z. (2020). Tarımda verimlilik ve makineleşmenin tarımsal istihdam üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 31(117), 525-554. https://doi.org/10.5455/ey.17303

A Time Series Analysis on the Relationship of Agricultural Employment with Mechanization and Credit Using Fractional-Frequency Fourier Methods

Year 2024, , 231 - 242, 25.12.2024

Ömer Keskin

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1438420

Abstract

The present study investigates the relationship between agricultural employment with mechanization and credit in Türkiye. Firstly, the stationarities of the variables are examined by applying the fractional-frequency Fourier ADF and conventional ADF unit root tests in the study, which covers the annual time series from 1981 to 2022, respectively. Then, the fractional-frequency Fourier ADL cointegration test was applied to assess the existence of the cointegration relationship between the variables. The findings of the fractional-frequency Fourier bootstrap ADL procedure revealed that there is a negative relationship between agricultural employment and mechanization and a positive relationship between credit. According to this finding, a 1% increase in the agricultural mechanization level causes a 3.74% and 0.42% decrease in the number of employments in the long and short run, respectively, and a 1% increase in the agricultural credit balance causes a 0.14% and 0.02% increase in the number of employments in the long and short run, respectively. Finally, the fractional-frequency Fourier TY causality test was applied, with the findings supporting the cointegration test finding.

Keywords

Fractional-frequency Fourier Agricultural employment Agricultural mechanization Agricultural credit Time series analysis

References

  • Adu-Baffour, F., Daum, T., & Birner, R. (2019). Can small farms benefit from big companies’ initiatives to promote mechanization in Africa? A case study from Zambia. Food Policy, 84, 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.03.007
  • Afridi, F., Bishnu, M., & Mahajan, K. (2020). Gendering technological change: Evidence from agricultural mechanization. https://www.iza.org/ publications/dp/13712/gendering-technological-change-evidence-from-agricultural-mechanization (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Aydoğuş, O. (2011). Bir muamma: Tarımsal istihdam artışı. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi, 2(14), 18-24.
  • Banerjee, P., Arčabić, V., & Lee, H. (2017). Fourier adl cointegration test to approximate smooth breaks with new evidence from crude oil market. Economic Modelling, 67, 114-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.11.004
  • Barman S., & Deka, N. (2019). Effect of farm mechanization in human labour employment. International Journal of Agricultural Science, 4, 16-22.
  • Behera, D. K. (2016). Employment potential in Indian agriculture: An econometric investigation. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 16(2), 129-140.
  • Binswanger, H. P., & Pingali, P. L. (1984). The evolution of farming systems and agricultural technology in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington D.C.: World Bank. https://documents. worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/443761468913796233/the-evolution-of-farming-systems-and-agricultural-technology-in-sub-saharan-africa (Alınma Tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Bozoklu, Ş., Yılancı, V., & Görüş, M. Ş. (2020). Persistence in per capita energy consumption: A fractional integration approach with a fourier function. Energy Economics, 91, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104926
  • Caunedo, J., & Kala, N. (2022). Mechanizing agriculture. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w29061/w29061.pdf (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Daum, T., Adegbola, Y. P., Kamau, G., Kergna, A. O., Daudu, C., Zossou, R. C., . . . Oluwole, F. A. (2020). Impacts of agricultural mechanization: Evidence from four African countries. Stuttgart: Universität Hohenheim. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3672085 (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Doğan, M. (2012). Türkiye ziraatinde makineleşme: Traktör ve biçerdöverin etkileri. Coğrafya Dergisi, (14), 66-75.
  • Doğan, Z., Arslan, S., & Berkman, A. N. (2015). Türkiye’de tarım sektörünün iktisadi gelişimi ve sorunları. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 29-41.
  • Durgun, Ö. (2012). Tarımsal istihdamda çözülme devam ediyor mu? Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 33(2), 129-144.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The flexible fourier form and dickey-fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.econlet.2012.04.081
  • Felipe, J., Dacuycuy, C., & Lanzafame, M. (2014). The declining share of agricultural employment in the people’s Republic of China: How fast? https://www.adb.org/publications/declining-share-agricultural-employment-prc-how-fast#:~:text =Results %20indicate%20that%20the% 20share, as%20in%20advanced%20economies%20today (Alınma Tarihi: 21.01.2024).
  • Fink, G., Jack, B. K., & Masiye, F. (2014). Seasonal credit constraints and agricultural labour supply: Evidence from Zambia. Bonn: IZA-Institute of Labor Economics. https://g2lm-lic.iza.org/ publications/wp/wp01/ (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Hamilton, S. F., Richards, T. J., Shafran, A. P., & Vasilaky, K. N. (2022). Farm labor productivity and the impact of mechanization. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 104(4), 1435-1459. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12273
  • Hayami, Y., & Ruttan, V. W. (1970). Factor prices and technical change in agricultural development: The United States and Japan, 1880-1960. Journal of Political Economy, 78(5), 1115-1141.
  • Hekimoğlu, B., & Baş, E. (2018). Ülkemizde ve Samsun’da tarımsal değişimler-tarımsal istihdam için öneriler. https://samsun.tarimorman.gov.tr/Belgeler/Yayinlar/Tarimsal_strateji/Tarimsal_istihdam_için_oneriler.pdf (Alınma Tarihi: 21.01.2024).
  • Houssou, N., & Chapoto, A. (2015). Adoption of farm mechanization, cropland expansion, and intensification in Ghana (Paper presentation). International Conference of Agricultural Economists, Milan, Italy, August 8-14, pp. 29.
  • İlkay, S. Ç., Yılancı, V., Ulucak, R., & Jones, K. (2021). Technology spillovers and sustainable environment: Evidence from time-series analyses with fourier extension. Journal of Environmental Management, 294, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jenvman.2021.113033
  • Işın, F., Keskin, G., Kılıç, M., Türkekul, B., & Ateş, H. Ç. (2010). Türkiye’de tarımsal işgücü piyasası ve sosyal güvenlik politikaları (Sözlü bildiri). Ziraat Mühendisliği VII. Teknik Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye, 11-15 Ocak 2010, ss. 22.
  • Keikha, A., Alipour, F., & Mohammadi, H. (2014). The nonlinear relationship between bank credits and agricultural employment in Mazandaran province. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 4(4), 309-312.
  • Kirui, O. K. (2019). The agricultural mechanization in Africa: Micro-level analysis of state drivers and effects. Bonn: ZEF-Center for Development Research. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm? abstract_id=3368103 (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Lingard, J., & Bagyo, A. S. (1983). The impact of agricultural mechanisation on production and employment in rice areas of West Java. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 19(1), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918312331334299
  • Mano, Y. Y., Takahashi, K., & Otsuka, K. (2017). Contract farming, farm mechanization, and agricultural intensification: The case of rice farming in Cote d’Ivoire. Tokyo: Jica Research Institute. https://www.jica.go.jp/english/jica_ri/ publication/workingpaper/wp_157.html (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Orji, A., Ogbuabor, J. E., Alisigwe, J. N., & Anthony-Orji, O. I. (2021). Agricultural financing, agricultural output growth, and employment generation in Nigeria. European Journal of Business Science and Technology, 7(1), 74-90. https://doi.org/10.11118/ejobsat.2021.002
  • Pablo, D. J. (2016). The bad business of agriculture. A correlation analysis on employment share and agriculture added value share in Ecuador. Revista Politécnica, 37(2), 108-111.
  • Pata, U. K., & Yılancı, V. (2020). Financial development, globalization, and ecological footprint in G7: Further evidence from threshold cointegration and fractional frequency causality tests. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 27(4), 803-825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-020-00467-z
  • Prilliadi, H. (2023). The impacts of renewable energy, exchange rate, and inflation on agricultural sector employment in Turkey. Research in Agricultural Sciences, 54(3), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.5152/AUAF.2023.22018
  • Rajkhowa, P., & Kubik, Z. (2021). Revisiting the relationship between farm mechanization and labour requirement in India. Indian Economic Review, 56, 487-513. https://doi.org/10.1007/ 41775-021-00120-x
  • Senanayake, S. M. (2002). Who have more access to cheap credit in Vietnam? Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 57(2), 241-246.
  • Seven, Ü., & Tümen, S. (2020). Agricultural credits and agricultural productivity: Cross-country evidence. Bonn: IZA-Institute of Labor Economics. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/12930/agricultural-credits-and-agricultural-productivity-cross-country-evidence (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Shani, B. B., & Musa, A. (2021). The effect of mechanization on labour employment and cropland expansion in northern Nigeria. Agro-Science, 20(3), 24-29.
  • Şahin, G. (2023). Türkiye ve seçilmiş ülkelerde tarımsal istihdamın durumu ve yapılması gerekenler. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 10(93), 600-615. https://doi.org/ 10.26450/jshsr.3549
  • Şimşir, N. C. (2012). An econometric analysis of the relationships between economic growth and agricultural credits for propoor growth in Turkey. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 4(2), 355-364.
  • Tandoğan, N. S. (2022). How does agricultural mechanization affect agricultural production? A panel data analysis. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 28(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.24181/ tarekoder.1013081
  • Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. (2019). Kırsal kalkınma ve kırsalda istihdam grubu çalışma belgesi. https://cdniys.tarimorman.gov.tr/api/File/GetFile/330/Sayfa/1416/1778/DosyaGaleri/iii._tarim_orman_surasi_calisma_grup_belgeleri_3._cilt.pdf (Alınma Tarihi: 21.01.2024).
  • TBB. (2023). İller ve bölgeler-kredi-tarım ihtisas kredileri. Türkiye Bankalar Birliği Veri Sistemi. https://verisistemi.tbb.org.tr/index.php?/tbb/report_bolgeler (Alınma Tarihi: 25.01.2024).
  • Toyin, M. E., Sola, O. O., & John, O. T. (2017). Agro-processing output and agricultural sector employment: Evidence from South Africa. Acta Universitatis Danubius Œconomica, 13(2), 174-184.
  • TÜİK. (2023a). 100 yılın göstergeleri. https://biruni. tuik.gov.tr/yayin/views/visitorPages/yayinGoruntuleme.zul?yayin_no=618 (Alınma Tarihi: 25.01.2024).
  • TÜİK. (2023b). Mevsim etkisinden arındırılmış temel işgücü göstergeleri 3. çeyrek: Temmuz-Eylül, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-III.-Ceyrek:-Temmuz---Eylul,-2023-49381 (Alınma Tarihi: 18.01.2024).
  • TÜİK. (2023c). Tarım istatistikleri özeti başlıklı 1981-2002 dönemine ait raporlar. Tarımsal Alet ve Makineler. https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/ yordambt/yordam.php (Alınma Tarihi: 25.01.2024).
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There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Agricultural Policy
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors

Ömer Keskin 0000-0002-1939-2791

Early Pub Date September 15, 2024
Publication Date December 25, 2024
Submission Date February 16, 2024
Acceptance Date August 1, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Keskin, Ö. (2024). Kesirli-Frekanslı Fourier Yöntemlerle Tarımsal İstihdamın Mekanizasyon ve Krediyle İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Zaman Serisi Analizi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 27(Ek Sayı 1 (Suppl 1), 231-242. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1438420

21082



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