Araştırma Makalesi
Helianthus annuus L. Yapraklarında Tuz Stresi, Bazı Bitki Hormonları ve SNP Uygulamalarının Sinyal Moleküllerine Etkisi
Öz
Bu çalışmada tuz stresi,
sodyum nitroprussid ve hormon uygulamalarının Helianthus annuus L. cv. Tarsan-1018 ayciçeği bitkisi yapraklarındaki bazı sinyal
moleküllerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Helianthus annuus L. cv. Tarsan-1018
tohumları Edirne Trakya Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü’nden temin edilmiştir.
Tohumlar kültür çözeltisi ile 5 hafta boyunca sulanmıştır. Beşinci haftanın
sonunda tuz, sodyum nitroprussid ve hormon uygulamaları 72 saat boyunca
yapraktan uygulamayla gerçekleştirilmiştir. 24 ve 72. saatler sonunda numuneler
alınmıştır. Ayçiçeği yaprak dokularının (Helianthus
annuus L. cv. Tarsan-1018) tüm sinyal moleküllerinin analizi, analiz kiti
kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Tuz stresi, sodyum nitroprussid ve hormon
uygulamaları NO miktarını artırmıştır. IAA ve GA'nın uygulanmasına devam
edilmesi, cGMP ve Ca+ 2 miktarında bir azalmaya neden olmuştur.
Bunların yanı sıra tuz stresi, sodyum nitroprussid ve hormon uygulamaları
kontrol grubundan daha yüksek NO, cGMP ve Ca+ 2 miktarları
sağlamıştır. Sonuçlar, hormonlar ve sinyal molekülleri arasında sinerjik bir
etki olduğunu göstermiştir. Sinyal moleküllerinin stres koşullarına karşı
düzenlendiği gözlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bitki hormonları Kalsiyum Nitrik oksit Siklik guanozin monofosfat Tuz stresi
Kaynakça
- Abd El-Samad, HM 2013. The physiological response of wheat plants to exogenous application of gibberellic acid (GA3) or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) with endogenous ethylene under salt stress conditions. In International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 5(4): 58‒64
- Beligni MV, Lamattina L 2000. Nitric oxide stimulates seed germination, deetiolation, and inhibits hypocotyl elongation, three lightinducible responses in plants. Planta, 210: 215–221.
- Chinnusamy V, Schumaker K, Zhu JK 2004. Molecular genetic perspectives on cross-talk and specificity in abiotic stress signaling in plants. Journal of Experimentha Botany, 55:225–236.
- Davies PJ, 1995. Plant Hormones, Dordrecht. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
- Davies WJ, Jones HG, 1991. Abscisic acid: physiology, biochemistry. BIOS. Scientific Publishers Ltd., Cambridge, UK.
- Donaldson L, Ludidi N, Knight MR, Gehring C, Denby K 2004. Salt and osmotic stress cause rapid increases in Arabidopsis thaliana cGMP levels. FEBS Letters, 569: 317–320.
- Gaspar T, Franck T, Bisbis B, Kevers C, Jouve L, Hausman JF, Dommes J 2002. Concepts in plant stress physiology. Application to plant tissue cultures. Plant Growth and Regulation, 37: 263–285.
- Gong B, Miao L, Kong W, Bai JG, Wang X, Wei M, Shi Q 2014. Nitric oxide, as a downstream signal, plays vital role in auxin induced cucumber tolerance to sodic alkaline stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 83: 258-266.
- Guo FQ, Crawford NM 2005. Arabidopsis nitric oxide synthase1 is targeted to mitochondria and protects against oxidative damage and dark-induced senescence. Plant Cell, 17: 3436–3450.
- Hancock JT, Neill SJ, Wilson ID 2011. Nitric oxide and ABA in the control of plant function. Plant Science, 181: 555-559.
- Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Fujita M 2013. Plant Response to Salt Stress and Role of Exogenous Protectants to Mitigate Salt-Induced Damages. In: Ahmad P, Azooz M, Prasad M. (eds) Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress. Springer, New York, NY
- He YK, Xue WX, Sun YD, Yu XH, Liu PL 2000. Leafy head formation of the progenies of transgenic plants of Chinese cabbage with exogenous auxin genes. Cell Research, 10: 151–602.
- Isner JC, Nuhse T, Maathuis FJM 2012. The cyclic nucleotide cGMP is involved in plant hormone signalling and alters phosphorylation of Arabidopsis thaliana root proteins. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(8):3199-3205.
- Jaleel AC, Manıvannan P, Wahid A, Farooq M, Al-Juburi HJ, Somasundaram R, Panneerselvam R 2009. Drought Stress in Plants: A Review on Morphological Characteristics and Pigments Composition. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11:1.
- Jones HG, Jones MB 1989. Introduction: some terminology and common mechanisms, in: Jones HG, Flowers TJ, Jones MB (Eds.), Plants Under Stress, Cambridge university Press, Cambridge.
- Jung J, Park C 2011. Auxin modulation of salt stress signaling in Arabidopsis seed germination. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 6: 1198–1200.
- Kim SG, Park CM 2008. Gibberellic acid-mediated salt signaling in seed germination. Plant Signaling & Behavier, 3:877–879.
- Leshem YY, Wills RBH, Ku VVV 1998. Evidence for the function of the free radical gas-nitric oxide (NO)-as an endogenous maturation and senescence regulating factor in higher plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 36: 825–833.
- Libourel IG, Bethke PC, De Michele R, Jones RL 2006. Nitric oxide gas stimulates germination of dormant Arabidopsis seeds: use of a flow-through apparatus for delivery of nitric oxide. Planta, 223: 813–820.
- Magome H, Yamaguchi S, Hanada A, Kamiya Y, Odadoi K 2004. Dwarf and delayed- flowering 1, a novel Arabidopsis mutant deficient in gibberellins biosynthesis because of overexpression of a putative AP2 transcription factor. Plant Journal, 37:720–729
- Mahajan S, Tuteja N 2005. Cold, salinity and drought stresses: An overview. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 444:139–158.
- Martinez-Ferri E, Manrique E, Valladares F, Balaguer L 2004. Winter photoinhibition in the field involves different processes in four co-occurring Mediterranean tree species. Tree Physiology, 24: 981-990.
- Mishina TE, Lamb C, Zeier J 2005. Expression of a nitric oxide degrading enzyme induces a senescence programme in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell & Environment, 30: 39–52.
- Montillet JL, Chamnongpol S, Rustérucci C, Dat J, Van de Cotte B, Agnel JP, Battesti C, Inzé D, Breusegem FV, Triantaphylides C 2005. Fatty acid hydroperoxides and H2O2 in the execution of hypersensitive cell death in tobacco leaves, Plant Physiology, 138:1516-1526.
- Moore TC, 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones, 2nd edn. Springer-Verlag, New York U.S.A.
- Narusaka Y, Nakashima K, Shinwari ZK, Sakuma Y, Furihata T, Abe H, Narusaka M, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K 2003. Interaction between two cisacting elements, ABRE and DRE, in ABA-dependent expression of Arabidopsis rd29A gene in response to dehydration and high-salinity stresses. Plant Journal, 34: 137–148.
- Neill S, Barros R, Bright J, Desikan R, Hancock J, Harrison J, Morris P, Ribeiro D, Wilson I 2008. Nitric oxide, stomatal closure, and abiotic stress, Journal of Experimental Botany, 59: 165–176.
- Neill S, Bright J, Hancock J, Harrison J, Barros R, Desikan R, Riberio D 2007. Nitric oxide, stomatal closure and abiotic stress. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 146: S255– S266.
- Neill SJ, Desikan R, Hancock JT 2003. Nitric Oxide Signaling in Plants. New Phytologist, 159: 11–35.
- Ni D, Yu XH, Wang LJ, Xu ZH 2002. Aberrant development of pollen in transgenic tobacco expressing bacterial iaaM gene driven by pollen and tape tum-specific promoters. Acta Biologica Experimenta Sinica, 35: 1–6.
- Orozco-Cardenas ML, Ryan CA, 2002. Nitric oxide negatively modulates wound signaling in tomato plants. Plant Physiology, 130: 487– 493.
- Parida AK, Das AB 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60(3): 324-349
- Penson SP, Schuurink RC, Fath A, Gubler F, Jacobsen JV, Jones RL 1996. cGMP is required for gibberellic acidinduced gene expression in barley aleurone. Plant Cell, 8:2325-2333
- Popko J, Hänsch R, Mendel R, Polle A, Teichmann T 2010. The role of abscisic acid and auxin in the response of poplar to abiotic stress. Plant Biology, 12, 242–258.
- Radhakrishnan R, Lee IJ 2013. Spermine promotes acclimation to osmotic stress by modifying antioxidant, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid signals in soybean. Journal of Plant Growth and Regulation, 32: 22-30.
- Ribaut JM, Pilet PE 1991. Effect of water stress on growth, osmotic potential and abscisic acid content of maize roots. Physiologia Plantarum, 81:156–162.
- She XP, Song XG, He JM 2004. Role and relationship of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in light/dark-regulated stomatal movement in Vicia faba. Acta Botanica Sinica, 46: 1292–1300.
- Swamy PM, Smith B 1999. Role of abscisic acid in plant stress tolerance. Current Science, 76:1220–1227.
- Szepesi A, Csiszar J, Gemes K, Horvarth E, Horvath F, Simon LM, Tari I 2009. Salicylic acid improves the acclimation to salt stress by stimulating abscisic aldehyde oxidase activity and abscisic acid accumulation, and increases Na+ contents of the leaves without toxicity symptoms in Solanum lycopersicum L. Journal of Plant Physiology, 166: 914–925.
- Tuteja N, 2007. Abscisic acid and abiotic stress signaling. Plant Signaling & Behavier, 2:135–138.
- Valladares F, Pearcy RW 2002. Drought can be more critical in the shade than in the sun: a field study of carbon gain and photo-inhibition in a Californian shrub during a dry El Nino year. Plant Cell & Environment, 25, 749-759.
- Wang H, Zhang S, Zhang W, Wei C, Wang P 2010. Effects of nitric oxide on the growth and antioxidant response of submerged plants Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(44): 7470-7476.
- Wang X, Li J, Liu J, He W, Bi Y 2010. Nitric oxide increases mitochondrial respiration in a cGMP-dependent manner in the callus from Arabidopsis thaliana, Nitric Oxide, 23: 242–250.
- Wendehenne D, Durner J, Klessig DF, 2004. Nitric oxide: a new player in plant signalling and defence responses. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 7: 449–455.
- Weyers JDB, Paterson NW 2001. Plant hormones and the control of physiological processes. New Phytol. 152: 375–407.
- Xiong L, Schumaker KS, Zhu JK 2002. Cell signaling during cold, drought, and salt stress. The Plant Cell, 14:165–183.
- Yordanov I, Velikova V, Tsonev T 2000. Plant responses to drought, acclimatation and stress tolerance. Photosynthetica, 38, 171-186.
- Zhao L, Zhang F, Guo J, Yang Y, Li B, Zhang L 2004. Nitric oxide functions as a signal in salt resistance in the calluses from two ecotypes of reed. Plant Physiol. 134: 849–857.
- Zhao MG, Tian QY, Zhang WH, 2007. Nitric oxide synthasedependent nitric oxide production is associated with salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 144: 206–217.
- Zhu JK, 2007. Plant Salt Stress: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Zhu XF, Jiang T, Wang ZW, Lei GJ, Shi YZ, Li GX, Zheng SJ, 2012. Gibberellic acid alleviates cadmium toxicity by reducing nitric oxide accumulation and expression of IRT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Hazardous Material, 239:302-307.
The Effect of Salts Stress, Some Plant Hormones and SNP Applications on Signal Molecules in Helianthus annuus L. Leaves
Öz
In this study, the effects of
salt stress, sodium nitoprusside and hormones applications on some signal molecules [nitric oxide (NO),
cyclic guanosine monofosfate (cGMP) and calcium (Ca+2)] of sunflower
(Helianthus annuus L. cv.
Tarsan-1018) plant leaf were investigated. Helianthus annuss L. cv. TARSAN – 1018 seeds were obtained through the
Edirne Thrace Agricultural Research Institute. Seeds were irrigated with
culture solution for 5 weeks. At the end of the fifth week salt, sodium
nitoprusside and hormone applications were performed with foliar application
for 72 hours. At the end of 24th and 72nd hours samples were taken. All of signal
molecules of leaf tissues of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Tarsan-1018) were determined by using analysis kit. Salt stress, sodium nitroprusside and hormone
applications caused an increase in the level of NO. Continuation of the
administration of IAA and GA resulted in a decrease in the amount of cGMP and
Ca+2. Besides of these, salt stress, sodium nitroprusside and
hormone applications provided higher NO, cGMP and Ca+2 levels than
the control group. The results showed that there
was a synergistic effect between hormones and signaling molecules. It has been
observed that the signal molecules were regulated against stress conditions.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Calcium Cyclic guanosine monophosphate Nitric oxide Plant hormones Salt stress
Kaynakça
- Abd El-Samad, HM 2013. The physiological response of wheat plants to exogenous application of gibberellic acid (GA3) or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) with endogenous ethylene under salt stress conditions. In International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 5(4): 58‒64
- Beligni MV, Lamattina L 2000. Nitric oxide stimulates seed germination, deetiolation, and inhibits hypocotyl elongation, three lightinducible responses in plants. Planta, 210: 215–221.
- Chinnusamy V, Schumaker K, Zhu JK 2004. Molecular genetic perspectives on cross-talk and specificity in abiotic stress signaling in plants. Journal of Experimentha Botany, 55:225–236.
- Davies PJ, 1995. Plant Hormones, Dordrecht. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
- Davies WJ, Jones HG, 1991. Abscisic acid: physiology, biochemistry. BIOS. Scientific Publishers Ltd., Cambridge, UK.
- Donaldson L, Ludidi N, Knight MR, Gehring C, Denby K 2004. Salt and osmotic stress cause rapid increases in Arabidopsis thaliana cGMP levels. FEBS Letters, 569: 317–320.
- Gaspar T, Franck T, Bisbis B, Kevers C, Jouve L, Hausman JF, Dommes J 2002. Concepts in plant stress physiology. Application to plant tissue cultures. Plant Growth and Regulation, 37: 263–285.
- Gong B, Miao L, Kong W, Bai JG, Wang X, Wei M, Shi Q 2014. Nitric oxide, as a downstream signal, plays vital role in auxin induced cucumber tolerance to sodic alkaline stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 83: 258-266.
- Guo FQ, Crawford NM 2005. Arabidopsis nitric oxide synthase1 is targeted to mitochondria and protects against oxidative damage and dark-induced senescence. Plant Cell, 17: 3436–3450.
- Hancock JT, Neill SJ, Wilson ID 2011. Nitric oxide and ABA in the control of plant function. Plant Science, 181: 555-559.
- Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Fujita M 2013. Plant Response to Salt Stress and Role of Exogenous Protectants to Mitigate Salt-Induced Damages. In: Ahmad P, Azooz M, Prasad M. (eds) Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress. Springer, New York, NY
- He YK, Xue WX, Sun YD, Yu XH, Liu PL 2000. Leafy head formation of the progenies of transgenic plants of Chinese cabbage with exogenous auxin genes. Cell Research, 10: 151–602.
- Isner JC, Nuhse T, Maathuis FJM 2012. The cyclic nucleotide cGMP is involved in plant hormone signalling and alters phosphorylation of Arabidopsis thaliana root proteins. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(8):3199-3205.
- Jaleel AC, Manıvannan P, Wahid A, Farooq M, Al-Juburi HJ, Somasundaram R, Panneerselvam R 2009. Drought Stress in Plants: A Review on Morphological Characteristics and Pigments Composition. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11:1.
- Jones HG, Jones MB 1989. Introduction: some terminology and common mechanisms, in: Jones HG, Flowers TJ, Jones MB (Eds.), Plants Under Stress, Cambridge university Press, Cambridge.
- Jung J, Park C 2011. Auxin modulation of salt stress signaling in Arabidopsis seed germination. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 6: 1198–1200.
- Kim SG, Park CM 2008. Gibberellic acid-mediated salt signaling in seed germination. Plant Signaling & Behavier, 3:877–879.
- Leshem YY, Wills RBH, Ku VVV 1998. Evidence for the function of the free radical gas-nitric oxide (NO)-as an endogenous maturation and senescence regulating factor in higher plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 36: 825–833.
- Libourel IG, Bethke PC, De Michele R, Jones RL 2006. Nitric oxide gas stimulates germination of dormant Arabidopsis seeds: use of a flow-through apparatus for delivery of nitric oxide. Planta, 223: 813–820.
- Magome H, Yamaguchi S, Hanada A, Kamiya Y, Odadoi K 2004. Dwarf and delayed- flowering 1, a novel Arabidopsis mutant deficient in gibberellins biosynthesis because of overexpression of a putative AP2 transcription factor. Plant Journal, 37:720–729
- Mahajan S, Tuteja N 2005. Cold, salinity and drought stresses: An overview. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 444:139–158.
- Martinez-Ferri E, Manrique E, Valladares F, Balaguer L 2004. Winter photoinhibition in the field involves different processes in four co-occurring Mediterranean tree species. Tree Physiology, 24: 981-990.
- Mishina TE, Lamb C, Zeier J 2005. Expression of a nitric oxide degrading enzyme induces a senescence programme in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell & Environment, 30: 39–52.
- Montillet JL, Chamnongpol S, Rustérucci C, Dat J, Van de Cotte B, Agnel JP, Battesti C, Inzé D, Breusegem FV, Triantaphylides C 2005. Fatty acid hydroperoxides and H2O2 in the execution of hypersensitive cell death in tobacco leaves, Plant Physiology, 138:1516-1526.
- Moore TC, 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones, 2nd edn. Springer-Verlag, New York U.S.A.
- Narusaka Y, Nakashima K, Shinwari ZK, Sakuma Y, Furihata T, Abe H, Narusaka M, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K 2003. Interaction between two cisacting elements, ABRE and DRE, in ABA-dependent expression of Arabidopsis rd29A gene in response to dehydration and high-salinity stresses. Plant Journal, 34: 137–148.
- Neill S, Barros R, Bright J, Desikan R, Hancock J, Harrison J, Morris P, Ribeiro D, Wilson I 2008. Nitric oxide, stomatal closure, and abiotic stress, Journal of Experimental Botany, 59: 165–176.
- Neill S, Bright J, Hancock J, Harrison J, Barros R, Desikan R, Riberio D 2007. Nitric oxide, stomatal closure and abiotic stress. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 146: S255– S266.
- Neill SJ, Desikan R, Hancock JT 2003. Nitric Oxide Signaling in Plants. New Phytologist, 159: 11–35.
- Ni D, Yu XH, Wang LJ, Xu ZH 2002. Aberrant development of pollen in transgenic tobacco expressing bacterial iaaM gene driven by pollen and tape tum-specific promoters. Acta Biologica Experimenta Sinica, 35: 1–6.
- Orozco-Cardenas ML, Ryan CA, 2002. Nitric oxide negatively modulates wound signaling in tomato plants. Plant Physiology, 130: 487– 493.
- Parida AK, Das AB 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60(3): 324-349
- Penson SP, Schuurink RC, Fath A, Gubler F, Jacobsen JV, Jones RL 1996. cGMP is required for gibberellic acidinduced gene expression in barley aleurone. Plant Cell, 8:2325-2333
- Popko J, Hänsch R, Mendel R, Polle A, Teichmann T 2010. The role of abscisic acid and auxin in the response of poplar to abiotic stress. Plant Biology, 12, 242–258.
- Radhakrishnan R, Lee IJ 2013. Spermine promotes acclimation to osmotic stress by modifying antioxidant, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid signals in soybean. Journal of Plant Growth and Regulation, 32: 22-30.
- Ribaut JM, Pilet PE 1991. Effect of water stress on growth, osmotic potential and abscisic acid content of maize roots. Physiologia Plantarum, 81:156–162.
- She XP, Song XG, He JM 2004. Role and relationship of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in light/dark-regulated stomatal movement in Vicia faba. Acta Botanica Sinica, 46: 1292–1300.
- Swamy PM, Smith B 1999. Role of abscisic acid in plant stress tolerance. Current Science, 76:1220–1227.
- Szepesi A, Csiszar J, Gemes K, Horvarth E, Horvath F, Simon LM, Tari I 2009. Salicylic acid improves the acclimation to salt stress by stimulating abscisic aldehyde oxidase activity and abscisic acid accumulation, and increases Na+ contents of the leaves without toxicity symptoms in Solanum lycopersicum L. Journal of Plant Physiology, 166: 914–925.
- Tuteja N, 2007. Abscisic acid and abiotic stress signaling. Plant Signaling & Behavier, 2:135–138.
- Valladares F, Pearcy RW 2002. Drought can be more critical in the shade than in the sun: a field study of carbon gain and photo-inhibition in a Californian shrub during a dry El Nino year. Plant Cell & Environment, 25, 749-759.
- Wang H, Zhang S, Zhang W, Wei C, Wang P 2010. Effects of nitric oxide on the growth and antioxidant response of submerged plants Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(44): 7470-7476.
- Wang X, Li J, Liu J, He W, Bi Y 2010. Nitric oxide increases mitochondrial respiration in a cGMP-dependent manner in the callus from Arabidopsis thaliana, Nitric Oxide, 23: 242–250.
- Wendehenne D, Durner J, Klessig DF, 2004. Nitric oxide: a new player in plant signalling and defence responses. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 7: 449–455.
- Weyers JDB, Paterson NW 2001. Plant hormones and the control of physiological processes. New Phytol. 152: 375–407.
- Xiong L, Schumaker KS, Zhu JK 2002. Cell signaling during cold, drought, and salt stress. The Plant Cell, 14:165–183.
- Yordanov I, Velikova V, Tsonev T 2000. Plant responses to drought, acclimatation and stress tolerance. Photosynthetica, 38, 171-186.
- Zhao L, Zhang F, Guo J, Yang Y, Li B, Zhang L 2004. Nitric oxide functions as a signal in salt resistance in the calluses from two ecotypes of reed. Plant Physiol. 134: 849–857.
- Zhao MG, Tian QY, Zhang WH, 2007. Nitric oxide synthasedependent nitric oxide production is associated with salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 144: 206–217.
- Zhu JK, 2007. Plant Salt Stress: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Zhu XF, Jiang T, Wang ZW, Lei GJ, Shi YZ, Li GX, Zheng SJ, 2012. Gibberellic acid alleviates cadmium toxicity by reducing nitric oxide accumulation and expression of IRT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Hazardous Material, 239:302-307.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Ekim 2018 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 22 Şubat 2018 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 9 Mayıs 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 |
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2022-JCI = 0.170
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