Effects of Benzyladenine and Naphthalene Acetic Acid Applications on Fruit Thinning and Quality of Some Apple Cultivars Grafted onto MM 106 Rootstocks
Öz
Fruit
thinning is an essential practice to improve fruit size and quality, control
alternate bearing and increase return bloom in the next season. Fruit thinning
is performed by hand or by using some chemicals. In this study, the effect of
chemical thinning, namely two doses of 5 and 10 ppm of Naphthalene Acetic Acid
(NAA) or of 100 and 150 ppm of Benzyladenine (BA) on fruit thinning and some
fruit quality traits Golden Delicious, Red Chief and Granny Smith apple
cultivars grafted on MM 106 clone rootstock in 2015 was tested and compared
with the effect of hand thinning. Chemical treatment was applied after three
weeks of full bloom, while the hand thinning was made to be released a fruit
per cluster on each branch in small fruit period after June-drops. The results
showed that the highest fruit thinning ratio was found in the Granny Smith
cultivars, with 5 ppm (93.80%) and 10 ppm (91.65%) of NAA, 100 ppm (89.88%) and
150 ppm 88.98%) of BA. It can be concluded that the applications of 10 ppm of
NAA and 100 and 150 ppm of BA were found effective for fruit thinning and fruit
quality. Furthermore, the hand thinning application increased the fruit weights
more than all the chemical applications.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Apple Thinning Quality Benzyladenine Naphthalene Acetic Acid
Teşekkür
This study was a part of master’s thesis of the first author under supervision of the second author.
Kaynakça
- Basak A. 1996. Benzyladenine (BA) as An Apple Fruitlets Thinning Agent – Preliminary Results. Horticultural Science, 28: 54-57.
- Bound SA, Jones KM, Koen TB, Oakford MJ, Barret MH, Stone NE 1991. The Interaction of Cytolin and NAA on Cropping Red Delicious Apple. Journal of Horticultural Science 66 (5): 559 – 56
- Burak M, Büyükyılmaz M, Öz F 1997. Starkrimson Delicious Elma Çeşidinde Meyve Seyreltmesi Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Yumuşak Çekirdekli Meyveler Sempozyumu (2-5 Eylül 1997) Bildiriler 161-177, Yalova.
- Dennis FJ 2000. The History of Fruit Thinning. Plant Growth Regulation, 31(1): 1-16.
- Elfving DC, Cline RA 1993. Benzyladenine and Other Chemicals for Thinning Empir Apple Trees. Journal of American Society for Hort. Sci. 118 (5) : 593-598.
- Ersilia A 2003. Contaminants in Vegetal Products. Eurobit PH, Timisoara, Romania.
- George D 2011. SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Study Guide and Reference, 17.0 Update, 10/e. Pearson Education India.
- Greene DW 2002. Chemicals, Timing and Environmental Factors Involved in Thinner Efficacy on Apple. Hort Science, 37: 477-481.
- Greene DW, Autio WR, Miller P 1990. Thinning Activity of Benzyladenine on Several Apple Cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 115:394-400.
- Hehnen D, Hanrahan I, Lewis K, Mcferson J, Blanke M 2012. Mechanical Flower Thinning Improves Fruit Quality of Apples and Promotes Consistent Bearing. Scientia Horticulturae 134: 241–244.
- Henriod RE, Palmer JW, Tustin DS 2011. Thinning Effects on ‘Scifresh’ Apple Fruit Quality at Harvest and After Storage. Acta Hortic. 903: 783–788.
- Jemric T, Pavicic N, Blaskovic D, Krapac M, Pavicic D 2003. The Effect of Hand and Chemical Fruit Thinning on '“Jonagored” cl. Apple Fruit Quality. Current Studies of Biotechnology 3: pp. 193-198.
- Jones KM, Bound SA, Oakford MJ, Gillard P 2000. Modelling of Thinning of Pome Fruits. Plant Growth Regulation 31: 75-84.
- Karakuş A, Kalyoncu İH 2010. Bazı Elma Çeşitlerinde Kimyasal ve Elle Seyreltme Uygulamalarının Meyve Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 41 (2): 81-89.
- Keserović Z, Milić B, Kevrešan S, Magazin N, Dorić M 2016. The Effect of Naphthenic Acids (NAs) on the Response of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’Apple Trees on Chemical Thinning with NAA. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 15: 113-125.
- Khanizadeh S, Groleau Y, Deell J, Ali I 2004. Effects of Sevin XLR Plus and Accel on Pre-and Post-Harvest Quality and Yield of ‘McIntosh’ Apples. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 58:29-35.
- Kong T, Damerow L, Blanke MM 2009. Effect of Mechanical Thinning on Ethylene Efflux, Yield and Fruit Quality in Apple (einfluss mechanischer fruchtbehangsregulierung auf ethylenabgabe, ertrag und fruchtqualität bei apfel). Erwerbs-Obstbau (Springer Heidelberg) 51: 39–52.
- Link H 2000. Significance of Flower and Fruit Thinning on Fruit Quality. Plant Growth Regulation, 31: 17-26
- Meland M 1997. Thinning Apples and Pears in A Nordic Climate. III. The Effect of NAA, Ethephon and Lime Sulfur on Fruit Set, Yield and Return Bloom of Three Apple Cultivars. In VIII International Symposium on Plant Bioregulation in Fruit Production 463 (pp. 517-525).
- Mert C, Soylu A 2001. MM106 Anacı Üzerine Asılı Bazı Elma Çeşitlerinde Kimyasal Seyreltme. Bahçe 30(1-2):81-94.
- Paul TW, Proctor JTA 1995. Benzyladenine Effects Cell Division and Cell Size During Apple Fruit Thinning. Journal Amer. Soc. Hort. Scı. 120 (5) : 802-807.
- Pesteanu A 2013. Fruit thinning by Using NAA Agent on the Jonagored Apple Variety. Annals of the University of Craiova 18 (LIV):267-272.
- Radivojević D, Zabrkić G, Milivojević J, Veličković M, Oparnica C 2011. Effect of Chemical and Hand Thinning Young Apple Tree on Yield and Fruit Quality. Proceedings. 46th Croatian and 6th International Symposium on Agriculture. Opatija. Croatia, p. 1044-1047.
- Reyes DIB, Chacon AR, Angel RM, Compos VMG 2008. Apple Fruit Chemical Thinning in Chıhuahua, Méxıco. Rev. Fitotec. Mex. Vol. 31 (3): 243 – 250
- Rom CR 2001. Demosnstrating the Need for Alternative Apple Fruit Thinning Methods for Organic Growers. In: Horticultural Studies, (eds) Clerk, J.R and M.R. Evens. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Research Services 494 July 2002.
- Ryugo K 1988. Fruit Culture Its Science and Art. John Wiley & Sons, 344s.
- Sadeler M, Bolat İ 1999. Golden ve Starking Delicious Elma Çeşitlerinde Farklı Seyreltme Uygulamalarının Meyve Özelliklerine Etkilerinin Saptanması. Türkiye 3. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongre Bildirileri, Ankara. s: 849-854.
- Sebek G 2016. Application of NAA and BA in Chemical Thinning of Some Commercial Cultivars of Apple. Pak. J. Agri. Sci., 53(2): 315-320.
- Simsek O, Nadaroğlu Y, Yücel G, Yıldırım M, Erciyas H 2017. Frost Event and Frost Calendar of Turkey (In Turkish). State Meteorology Service Publication, 177 pages, Ankara, Turkey.
- Stopar M 2016. Thinning of ‘Fuji’ Apple Trees with Ethephon, NAD and BA, Alone and in Combination. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research 14: 39-45.
- Tromp J 2000. Flower-Bud Formation in Pome Fruits as Affected by Fruit Thinning. Plant Growth Regulation 31:27-34.
- Türkeli Y, Barut E 2003. M9 ve MM106 Anacı Üzerine Aşılı Granny Smith Elma Ağaçlarında Kimyasal Seyreltme, Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Yalova, Uludag Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü Görükle/BURSA BAHÇE 32 (1-2): 23 – 33
- Türkeli Y, Barut E 2010. Bodur ve Yarı Bodur Anaçlar Üzerine Aşılı Elma Ağaçlarında BA (Benzyladenine) Uygulamasının Meyve Seyreltmesi ve Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri. Alatarım, 9 (1): 37-44.
- Webster T 2002. Current Approved Thinning Strategies for Apples and Pears and Recent Thinning Research Trials in Europe. The Compact Fruit Tree, 35(3): 73-76.
- Wertheim SJ 2000. Developments in the Chemical Thinning of Apple and Pear. Plant Growth Reg., (31): 85–100.
- Yılmaz Ç 2008. Tekirdağ Ekolojisinde Yetiştirilen Bazı Önemli Elma Çeşitlerinde Kimyasal Seyreltme .Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı Tekirdağ .Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 61 sy.
- Yuan RC, Greene DW, 2000. McIntosh Apple Fruit Thinning by Benzyladenine In Relation to Seed Number and Endogenous Cytokinin Levels in Fruit and Leaves. Sci. Hort. 86: 127-134.
MM106 Anacı Üzerine Aşılı Bazı Elma Çeşitlerinde Benziladenin ve Naftalen Asetik Asit Uygulamalarının Meyve Seyreltmesi ve Kalitesi Üzerine Etkisi
Öz
Meyve
seyreltmesi, meyve büyüklüğü ve kalitesini iyileştirmek periyodisiteyi kontrol
etmek ve sonraki yılın çiçek tomurcuğu oluşumunu arttırmak için yapılan önemli
bir uygulamadır. Meyve seyreltmesi, elle veya bazı kimyasal maddeler
kullanılarak yapılır. 2015 yılında yürütülen çalışmada MM 106 klon anacı
üzerine aşılı Granny Smith, Golden Delicious ve Red Chief elma çeşitlerinde
NAA’nın 5 ve 10 ppm’lik dozları ile BA’nin 100 ve 150 ppm’lik dozlarının meyve
seyreltmesi ve bazı meyve kalite özellikleri üzerine etkisi araştırılmış ve
elle seyreltme uygulamasıyla karşılaştırılmıştır. Elle seyreltme uygulaması
Haziran dökümünden sonra her hüzmede ortada bir meyve kalacak şekilde
yapılırken, kimyasal seyreltme uygulaması tam çiçeklenmeden 3 hafta sonra
yapılmıştır. Çalışmada en yüksek seyreltme oranı Granny Smith çeşidinde
sırasıyla NAA’nın 5 ppm’lik (%93.80) ve 10 ppm’lik (% 91.65), dozları ile
BA’nin 100 ppm’lik (%89.88) ve 150 ppm’lik (% 88.98) dozlarından elde
edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre NAA’nın 10 ppm’lik ve BA ‘nin 100 ve 150
ppm’lik uygulamaları etkili meyve seyreltmesi ve meyve kalitesi için önemli
bulunmuştur. Ayrıca elle seyreltme uygulaması kimyasal uygulamalara göre meyve
ağırlığını daha fazla arttırmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Basak A. 1996. Benzyladenine (BA) as An Apple Fruitlets Thinning Agent – Preliminary Results. Horticultural Science, 28: 54-57.
- Bound SA, Jones KM, Koen TB, Oakford MJ, Barret MH, Stone NE 1991. The Interaction of Cytolin and NAA on Cropping Red Delicious Apple. Journal of Horticultural Science 66 (5): 559 – 56
- Burak M, Büyükyılmaz M, Öz F 1997. Starkrimson Delicious Elma Çeşidinde Meyve Seyreltmesi Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Yumuşak Çekirdekli Meyveler Sempozyumu (2-5 Eylül 1997) Bildiriler 161-177, Yalova.
- Dennis FJ 2000. The History of Fruit Thinning. Plant Growth Regulation, 31(1): 1-16.
- Elfving DC, Cline RA 1993. Benzyladenine and Other Chemicals for Thinning Empir Apple Trees. Journal of American Society for Hort. Sci. 118 (5) : 593-598.
- Ersilia A 2003. Contaminants in Vegetal Products. Eurobit PH, Timisoara, Romania.
- George D 2011. SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Study Guide and Reference, 17.0 Update, 10/e. Pearson Education India.
- Greene DW 2002. Chemicals, Timing and Environmental Factors Involved in Thinner Efficacy on Apple. Hort Science, 37: 477-481.
- Greene DW, Autio WR, Miller P 1990. Thinning Activity of Benzyladenine on Several Apple Cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 115:394-400.
- Hehnen D, Hanrahan I, Lewis K, Mcferson J, Blanke M 2012. Mechanical Flower Thinning Improves Fruit Quality of Apples and Promotes Consistent Bearing. Scientia Horticulturae 134: 241–244.
- Henriod RE, Palmer JW, Tustin DS 2011. Thinning Effects on ‘Scifresh’ Apple Fruit Quality at Harvest and After Storage. Acta Hortic. 903: 783–788.
- Jemric T, Pavicic N, Blaskovic D, Krapac M, Pavicic D 2003. The Effect of Hand and Chemical Fruit Thinning on '“Jonagored” cl. Apple Fruit Quality. Current Studies of Biotechnology 3: pp. 193-198.
- Jones KM, Bound SA, Oakford MJ, Gillard P 2000. Modelling of Thinning of Pome Fruits. Plant Growth Regulation 31: 75-84.
- Karakuş A, Kalyoncu İH 2010. Bazı Elma Çeşitlerinde Kimyasal ve Elle Seyreltme Uygulamalarının Meyve Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 41 (2): 81-89.
- Keserović Z, Milić B, Kevrešan S, Magazin N, Dorić M 2016. The Effect of Naphthenic Acids (NAs) on the Response of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’Apple Trees on Chemical Thinning with NAA. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 15: 113-125.
- Khanizadeh S, Groleau Y, Deell J, Ali I 2004. Effects of Sevin XLR Plus and Accel on Pre-and Post-Harvest Quality and Yield of ‘McIntosh’ Apples. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 58:29-35.
- Kong T, Damerow L, Blanke MM 2009. Effect of Mechanical Thinning on Ethylene Efflux, Yield and Fruit Quality in Apple (einfluss mechanischer fruchtbehangsregulierung auf ethylenabgabe, ertrag und fruchtqualität bei apfel). Erwerbs-Obstbau (Springer Heidelberg) 51: 39–52.
- Link H 2000. Significance of Flower and Fruit Thinning on Fruit Quality. Plant Growth Regulation, 31: 17-26
- Meland M 1997. Thinning Apples and Pears in A Nordic Climate. III. The Effect of NAA, Ethephon and Lime Sulfur on Fruit Set, Yield and Return Bloom of Three Apple Cultivars. In VIII International Symposium on Plant Bioregulation in Fruit Production 463 (pp. 517-525).
- Mert C, Soylu A 2001. MM106 Anacı Üzerine Asılı Bazı Elma Çeşitlerinde Kimyasal Seyreltme. Bahçe 30(1-2):81-94.
- Paul TW, Proctor JTA 1995. Benzyladenine Effects Cell Division and Cell Size During Apple Fruit Thinning. Journal Amer. Soc. Hort. Scı. 120 (5) : 802-807.
- Pesteanu A 2013. Fruit thinning by Using NAA Agent on the Jonagored Apple Variety. Annals of the University of Craiova 18 (LIV):267-272.
- Radivojević D, Zabrkić G, Milivojević J, Veličković M, Oparnica C 2011. Effect of Chemical and Hand Thinning Young Apple Tree on Yield and Fruit Quality. Proceedings. 46th Croatian and 6th International Symposium on Agriculture. Opatija. Croatia, p. 1044-1047.
- Reyes DIB, Chacon AR, Angel RM, Compos VMG 2008. Apple Fruit Chemical Thinning in Chıhuahua, Méxıco. Rev. Fitotec. Mex. Vol. 31 (3): 243 – 250
- Rom CR 2001. Demosnstrating the Need for Alternative Apple Fruit Thinning Methods for Organic Growers. In: Horticultural Studies, (eds) Clerk, J.R and M.R. Evens. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Research Services 494 July 2002.
- Ryugo K 1988. Fruit Culture Its Science and Art. John Wiley & Sons, 344s.
- Sadeler M, Bolat İ 1999. Golden ve Starking Delicious Elma Çeşitlerinde Farklı Seyreltme Uygulamalarının Meyve Özelliklerine Etkilerinin Saptanması. Türkiye 3. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongre Bildirileri, Ankara. s: 849-854.
- Sebek G 2016. Application of NAA and BA in Chemical Thinning of Some Commercial Cultivars of Apple. Pak. J. Agri. Sci., 53(2): 315-320.
- Simsek O, Nadaroğlu Y, Yücel G, Yıldırım M, Erciyas H 2017. Frost Event and Frost Calendar of Turkey (In Turkish). State Meteorology Service Publication, 177 pages, Ankara, Turkey.
- Stopar M 2016. Thinning of ‘Fuji’ Apple Trees with Ethephon, NAD and BA, Alone and in Combination. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research 14: 39-45.
- Tromp J 2000. Flower-Bud Formation in Pome Fruits as Affected by Fruit Thinning. Plant Growth Regulation 31:27-34.
- Türkeli Y, Barut E 2003. M9 ve MM106 Anacı Üzerine Aşılı Granny Smith Elma Ağaçlarında Kimyasal Seyreltme, Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Yalova, Uludag Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü Görükle/BURSA BAHÇE 32 (1-2): 23 – 33
- Türkeli Y, Barut E 2010. Bodur ve Yarı Bodur Anaçlar Üzerine Aşılı Elma Ağaçlarında BA (Benzyladenine) Uygulamasının Meyve Seyreltmesi ve Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri. Alatarım, 9 (1): 37-44.
- Webster T 2002. Current Approved Thinning Strategies for Apples and Pears and Recent Thinning Research Trials in Europe. The Compact Fruit Tree, 35(3): 73-76.
- Wertheim SJ 2000. Developments in the Chemical Thinning of Apple and Pear. Plant Growth Reg., (31): 85–100.
- Yılmaz Ç 2008. Tekirdağ Ekolojisinde Yetiştirilen Bazı Önemli Elma Çeşitlerinde Kimyasal Seyreltme .Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı Tekirdağ .Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 61 sy.
- Yuan RC, Greene DW, 2000. McIntosh Apple Fruit Thinning by Benzyladenine In Relation to Seed Number and Endogenous Cytokinin Levels in Fruit and Leaves. Sci. Hort. 86: 127-134.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 31 Mayıs 2019 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 22 Ağustos 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 |
Kaynak Göster
2022-JIF = 0.500
2022-JCI = 0.170
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