B27 × Ege 88 Resiprokal Melez Popülasyonunda F4 Bireylerin Allel Spesifik Markörlerle Değerlendirilmesi
Yıl 2020,
, 1647 - 1655, 31.12.2020
Merve Büyükakkaşlar
İlker Yüce
,
Tuğba Başkonuş
,
Tevrican Dokuyucu
,
Aydın Akkaya
,
Ziya Dumlupınar
Öz
Makarnalık buğday ıslah çalışmalarında kalite verim ve hastalıklara dayanıklılık önemli ıslah hedefleridir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de belli bir ekim alanına sahip Ege 88 çeşidi ile bazı hastalık ve kalite özellikleri bakımından iyi olduğu bilinen B27 yerel makarnalık buğday çeşidinin resiproklu olarak melezlenmesiyle elde edilen ve F4 döl kuşağına getirilen, ebeveynlerle beraber toplam 39 genotip, mumsuluk (Wx-A1), kara pas (Sr49), gluten mukavemeti (Glu-B1), yüksek protein oranı (Gpc-B1), çavdar translokasyonu (1AL.1RS), vernelizasyon (Vrn-A1) ve bin dane ağırlığı özelliklerine ait allel spesifik markörler ile karakterize edilmiştir. Araştırmada kullanılan 39 makarnalık buğday genotipi sekiz allel spesifik DNA primeri ile taranmış ve 56 adet polimorfik bant elde edilmiş ve bu data kullanılarak genotiplerin genetik mesafeleri belirlenmiştir. Ortalama bant sayısı 7 olarak bulunurken, en çok bant üreten markör 15 bant ile Sun 479, en az bant üreten markör bir bant ile Bx7OE markörü olmuştur. Ortalama polimorfizm bilgi içeriği (PIC) değeri 0.875 olarak hesaplanmıştır. En yüksek PIC değeri 0.99 ile SUN1, SUN479, Bx7OE, RIS ve VRN1 markörlerinden, en düşük PIC değeri ise 0.39 ile UHW89 marköründen elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen markör verileri ile oluşturulan dendrograma göre, Ege 88 × B27_3 genotipinin diğerlerinden genetik olarak uzak olduğu ve Ege 88 × B27_7- Ege 88 × B27_8 ve B27 × Ege 88_5 - B27 × Ege 88_6 genotipleri ise % 100 benzer bulunmuştur. Makarnalık buğday genotiplerinde mumsuluk (Wx-A1), kara pas (Sr49), yüksek protein oranı (Gpc-B1), gluten mukavemeti (Glu-B1) ve çavdar translokasyonları (1AL.1RS) ile ilgili alleller tespit edilirken, vernelizasyon (Vrn-A1) ve bin tane ağırlığı ile ilgili beklenen uzunluklarda bant elde edilememiştir.
Destekleyen Kurum
Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri
Proje Numarası
2017/4-8 YLS
Teşekkür
Bu çalışma Merve BÜYÜKAKKAŞLAR’ın 2019 yılında tamamlanan “B27×EGE 88 Resiprokal Melez Populasyonunda F4 Bireylerin Moleküler Analizlerle Değerlendirilmesi” isimli yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiştir. Diğer yazarlar da materyalin melezlenmesi ve F4 kademesine getirilmesi aşamalarında katkı sunmuşlardır. Yazarlar ayrıca Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Yönetim Birimine de finansal destekleri için teşekkür eder (Proje No: 2017/4-8 YLS).
Kaynakça
- Abdul N, Tahır R 2008. Germination Characteristics and Molecular Characterizations of Some Wheat Varieties in Sulaimanyah by SSR Marker. Turkish Journal of Biology 34: 109-117.
- Akar T 2002. Türkiye’de Yetiştirilen Yerel Makarnalık Buğday Çeşitlerinde Genetik Farklılığın Polimorfik DNA Analizi ile Belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarla Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı, Yayınlanmamıs Doktora Tezi, 98sy
- Bansal UK, Muhammad S, Forrest KL, Hayden MJ, Bariana HS 2015. Mapping of A New Stem Rust Resistance Gene Sr49 in Chromosome 5B of Wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 128: 2113-2119.
- Bilgin O, Korkut Z 2005. Bazı Ekmeklik Bugday (Triticum Aestivum) Çeşit ve Hatlarının Genetik Uzaklıklarının Belirlenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 2 (3): 245–252.
- Butow BJ, Ma W, Gale KR, Cornish GB, Rampling L, Larroqueand O, Bekes F 2003. Molecular Discrimination of Bx7OE Alleles Demonstrates That A Highly Expressedhigh-
Molecular-Weight Glutenin Allele Has A Major Impact on Wheat Flourdough Strength. Theoretical And Applied Genetics 107(8): 1524‒1532.
- Çifci AE, Yağdı K 2011. Türkiye’de Yetiştirilen Bazı Makarnalık Buğday Çeşitlerinde Genetik Farklılıkların Belirlenmesi, Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 25(2): 7-18.
- Devos KM, Bryan GJ, Collins AJ, Stephenson P, Gale MD 1995. Application of Two Microsatellite Sequences in Wheat Storage Proteins as Molecular Markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 90: 241-252.
- Dice LR 1945. Measures of the Amount of Ecologic Association between Species. Ecology 26, S. 297-302.
- Distelfeld A, Uauy C, Fahima T, Dubcovsky J 2006. Physical Map of the Wheat Highgrain Protein Content Gene Gpc-B1 and Development of A High-Throughput Molecular Marker. New Phytologist 169: 753-763.
- Dograr N, Akın-Yalın A, Akkaya MS 2008. Discriminating Durum Wheat Cultivars Using Highly Polymorphic Simple Sequence Repeat DNA Markers. Plant Breeding 119: 360–362.
- Dumlupınar Z, Jellen EN, Bonman JM, Jackson EW 2016. Genetic Diversity and Crown Rust Resistance of Oat Landraces from Various Locations throughout Turkey. DOI: 10.3906/Tar-1509-43, Turk J Agric For 40: 262-268.
- Fu YB, Peterson GW, Chong J, Fetch T, Wang ML 2007. Microsatellite Variation in Avena sterilis Oat Germplasm. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 114: 10229-11038.
- Gülşen O, Mutlu N 2005. Bitki Biliminde Kullanılan Genetik Markırlar ve Kullanım Alanları. Alatarım 4 (2): 27-37.
- Güngör H 2019. Allelic Variations and Agronomic Comparisons of Durum Wheat Cultivars under East-Mediterranean Conditions International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 21(4):891-898 DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0972.
- Güngör H, Dumlupınar Z 2019. Bolu Koşullarında Bazı Ekmeklik Buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) Çeşitlerinin Verim, Verim Unsurları ve Kalite Yönünden Değerlendirilmesi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 6 (1): 44-51.
- He X, Bjornstad A 2012. Diversity of North European Oat Analyzed by SSR, AFLP and Dart Markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 125: 57-70.
- Kekilli Ö 2019. Bazı Makarnalık Buğday Çeşitlerinin Allel Spesifik DNA Markörlerle Karakterizasyonu, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarımsal
Biyoteknoloji Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 30 s.
- Khan F 2015. Molecular Markers: An Excellent Tool for Genetic Analysis. J Mol Biomark Diagn 6: 233. doi: 10.4172/2155-9929.1000233.
- Kiraz H, Yüce İ, Kaya E, Kekilli Ö, Ocaktan H, Topsakal M, Gürocak NY, Osanmaz H, Kılınç FM, Başkonuş T, Dumlupınar Z 2019. Characterization of M3 Mutants of Seri 82 Bread Wheat Cultivar Using Functional Markers. BSJ Agri 2(4): 194-202.
- Koebner RMD 1995. Generation of PCR-Based Markers for The Detection of Rye Chromatin in A Wheat Background. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 90(5): 740-745.
- Korzun V, Roder MS, Worland AJ, Borner A 1997. Intrachromosal Mapping of the Genes for Dwarfing (Rht12) and Vernelisation Response (Vrn1) in Wheat by Using RFLP and Microsatellite Markers. Plant Breeding 116: 227-232.
- Leisova L, Kucera L, Dotlacil L 2007. Genetic Resources of Barley and Oat Characterized by Microsatellites. Czech J Genet Plant 43: 97-104.
- Leisova L, Ovesna J 2001. The Use of Microsatellite Analysis for The Identification of Wheat Varieties. Czech J Genet Plant 116: 227-232.
- Li YC, Fahima T, Peng JH, Roder MS, Kirzhner VM, Beiles A, Korol AB, Nevo E 2000. Edaphitic Microsatellite DNA Divergence in Wild Emmer Wheat, Triticum Dicoccoides, at A Microsite: Tabigha, Israel. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 101: 1029–1038.
- Li Y, Wongprasert K, Shekhar M, Ryan J, Dierens L, Meadows J, Preston NP, Coman GJ, Lyons RE 2007. Development of Two Microsatellite Multiplex Systems for Black Tiger Shrimp Penaeus Monodon and Its Application in Genetic Diversity Study for Two Populations. Aquaculture 266: 279–288.
- Maryami Z, Fazeli A, Mehrabi AA 2014. Investigation of Diversity of Waxy-A1 Gene Using Amplification in Different Spices in A Genome Wheat's. Advances in Environmental Biology 8(7): 2004-2007.
- Medini M, Hamze S, Rebai A, Baum M 2005. Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Tunisian Durum Wheat Cultivars and Related Wild Species by SSR and AFLP Markers. Genet Resour Crop Ev 52: 21-31.
- Montilla-Bascon G, Sanchez-Martin J, Rispail N, Rubiales D, Mur L, Langdon T, Grifftihs I, Howarth C, Prats E 2013. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure among Oat Cultivars and Landraces. Plant Mol Biol Rep 31: 1305-1314.
- Motawei MI, Al-Doss AA, Moustafa KA 2007. Genetic Diversity among Selected Wheat Lines Differing in Heat Tolerance Using Molecular Markers. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 5(1): 180–183.
- Nersting LG, Andersen SB, Von Bothmer R, Gullord M, Jorgensen RB 2006. Morphological and Molecular Diversity of Nordic Oat through One Hundred Years of Breeding. Euphytica 150: 327-337.
- Oliver RE, Obert DE, Hu G, Bonman JM, O’Leary-Jepsen E, Jackson EW 2010. Development of Oat-Based Markers from Barley and Wheat Microsatellites. Genome 53(6): 458-471.
- Özbek Ö 2006. Yabani Tetraploit Buğday Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides (Körn. Schwein) Popülasyonlarında Genetik Çeşitliliğin Moleküler Markörler (AFLP, RFLP) ile Tespit Edilmesi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 123s.
- Özcan B 2008. Kendilenmis Monoik Atlantik Sakızı Popülasyonunda Genetik Haritalama için Polimorfik Yöntem ve Markörlerin Belirlenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoteknoloji Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 68s.
- Plaschke J, Ganal MW, Roder MS 1995. Detection of Genetic Diversity in Closely Related Bread Wheat Using Microsatellite Markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 91: 1001-1007.
- Roder MS, Korzun V, Wendehake K, Plaschke J, Tixier M, Leroy P, Ganal MW 1998. A Microsatellite Map of Wheat. Genetics 149: 2007-2023.
- Rohlf FJ 2005. NTSYS-Pc: Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System Version 2.2. Setauket, Exeter Publishing, New York, USA.
- Roussel V, Leisova L, Exbrayat F, Stenho Z, Bal-Fourier F 2005. SSR Allelic Diversity Changes in 480 European Bread Wheat Varieties Released from 1840 to 2000. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 111: 162-170.
- Shariflou MR, Sharp PJ 1999. A Polymorphic Microsatellite in the 3’end of ‘Waxy’ genes of Wheat, Triticum Aestivum. Plant Breeding, 118: 275-277.
- Weir BS 1996. Genetik Veri Analizi II, 2. Baskı. Sinauer Associates Inc, Sunderland, MA.
- Yan L, Helguera M, Kato K, Fukuyama S, Sherman J, Dubcovsky J 2004. Allelic Variation at the VRN1 Promoter Region in Polyploid Wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 109(8): 1677-1686
Evaluation of F4 Individuals Obtained from B27 × Ege 88 Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Reciprocal Cross Population by Allele Specific Markers
Yıl 2020,
, 1647 - 1655, 31.12.2020
Merve Büyükakkaşlar
İlker Yüce
,
Tuğba Başkonuş
,
Tevrican Dokuyucu
,
Aydın Akkaya
,
Ziya Dumlupınar
Öz
Yield, quality and disease resistance are important variables in durum wheat breeding studies. In this study, durum wheat cultivar Ege 88 which have been grown in a certain area in our country and durum wheat landrace B27 which is known as diseases tolerant with high quality properties were crossed as reciprocal and 39 F4 individuals with their parents were screened with allele specific markers for waxiness (Wx-A1), stem rust (Sr49), gluten strength (Glu-B1), high protein ratio (Gpc-B1), rye translocation (1AL.1RS), vernalisation (Vrn-A1) and thousand kernel weight. In the research, 39 genotypes were screened with eight allele specific markers and produced 56 polymorphic bands and genetic distance of the genotypes were determined. The average allele number was determined as 7, while the most allelic marker was Sun479 with 15 bands and the lowest allele number was obtained from Bx7OE with only one allele. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was calculated as 0.875. The highest PIC value was obtained from SUN1, SUN479, Bx7OE, RIS and VRN1 markers as 0.99, while the lowest value was calculated as 0.39 from the UHW89 marker. According to the dendrogram created by the marker data Ege 88 × B27_3 genotype was the most diverse one and Ege 88 × B27_7- Ege 88 × B27_8 and B27 × Ege 88_5- B27 × Ege 88_6 genotypes were found 100% identical. The alleles for waxiness (Wx-A1), stem rust (Sr49), high protein ratio (Gpc-B1), gluten strength (Glu-B1) and rye translocation (1AL.1RS) were found on durum wheat genotypes, while the alleles for vernalisation (Vrn-A1) and thousand kernel weight were not identified.
Proje Numarası
2017/4-8 YLS
Kaynakça
- Abdul N, Tahır R 2008. Germination Characteristics and Molecular Characterizations of Some Wheat Varieties in Sulaimanyah by SSR Marker. Turkish Journal of Biology 34: 109-117.
- Akar T 2002. Türkiye’de Yetiştirilen Yerel Makarnalık Buğday Çeşitlerinde Genetik Farklılığın Polimorfik DNA Analizi ile Belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarla Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı, Yayınlanmamıs Doktora Tezi, 98sy
- Bansal UK, Muhammad S, Forrest KL, Hayden MJ, Bariana HS 2015. Mapping of A New Stem Rust Resistance Gene Sr49 in Chromosome 5B of Wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 128: 2113-2119.
- Bilgin O, Korkut Z 2005. Bazı Ekmeklik Bugday (Triticum Aestivum) Çeşit ve Hatlarının Genetik Uzaklıklarının Belirlenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 2 (3): 245–252.
- Butow BJ, Ma W, Gale KR, Cornish GB, Rampling L, Larroqueand O, Bekes F 2003. Molecular Discrimination of Bx7OE Alleles Demonstrates That A Highly Expressedhigh-
Molecular-Weight Glutenin Allele Has A Major Impact on Wheat Flourdough Strength. Theoretical And Applied Genetics 107(8): 1524‒1532.
- Çifci AE, Yağdı K 2011. Türkiye’de Yetiştirilen Bazı Makarnalık Buğday Çeşitlerinde Genetik Farklılıkların Belirlenmesi, Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 25(2): 7-18.
- Devos KM, Bryan GJ, Collins AJ, Stephenson P, Gale MD 1995. Application of Two Microsatellite Sequences in Wheat Storage Proteins as Molecular Markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 90: 241-252.
- Dice LR 1945. Measures of the Amount of Ecologic Association between Species. Ecology 26, S. 297-302.
- Distelfeld A, Uauy C, Fahima T, Dubcovsky J 2006. Physical Map of the Wheat Highgrain Protein Content Gene Gpc-B1 and Development of A High-Throughput Molecular Marker. New Phytologist 169: 753-763.
- Dograr N, Akın-Yalın A, Akkaya MS 2008. Discriminating Durum Wheat Cultivars Using Highly Polymorphic Simple Sequence Repeat DNA Markers. Plant Breeding 119: 360–362.
- Dumlupınar Z, Jellen EN, Bonman JM, Jackson EW 2016. Genetic Diversity and Crown Rust Resistance of Oat Landraces from Various Locations throughout Turkey. DOI: 10.3906/Tar-1509-43, Turk J Agric For 40: 262-268.
- Fu YB, Peterson GW, Chong J, Fetch T, Wang ML 2007. Microsatellite Variation in Avena sterilis Oat Germplasm. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 114: 10229-11038.
- Gülşen O, Mutlu N 2005. Bitki Biliminde Kullanılan Genetik Markırlar ve Kullanım Alanları. Alatarım 4 (2): 27-37.
- Güngör H 2019. Allelic Variations and Agronomic Comparisons of Durum Wheat Cultivars under East-Mediterranean Conditions International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 21(4):891-898 DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0972.
- Güngör H, Dumlupınar Z 2019. Bolu Koşullarında Bazı Ekmeklik Buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) Çeşitlerinin Verim, Verim Unsurları ve Kalite Yönünden Değerlendirilmesi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 6 (1): 44-51.
- He X, Bjornstad A 2012. Diversity of North European Oat Analyzed by SSR, AFLP and Dart Markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 125: 57-70.
- Kekilli Ö 2019. Bazı Makarnalık Buğday Çeşitlerinin Allel Spesifik DNA Markörlerle Karakterizasyonu, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarımsal
Biyoteknoloji Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 30 s.
- Khan F 2015. Molecular Markers: An Excellent Tool for Genetic Analysis. J Mol Biomark Diagn 6: 233. doi: 10.4172/2155-9929.1000233.
- Kiraz H, Yüce İ, Kaya E, Kekilli Ö, Ocaktan H, Topsakal M, Gürocak NY, Osanmaz H, Kılınç FM, Başkonuş T, Dumlupınar Z 2019. Characterization of M3 Mutants of Seri 82 Bread Wheat Cultivar Using Functional Markers. BSJ Agri 2(4): 194-202.
- Koebner RMD 1995. Generation of PCR-Based Markers for The Detection of Rye Chromatin in A Wheat Background. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 90(5): 740-745.
- Korzun V, Roder MS, Worland AJ, Borner A 1997. Intrachromosal Mapping of the Genes for Dwarfing (Rht12) and Vernelisation Response (Vrn1) in Wheat by Using RFLP and Microsatellite Markers. Plant Breeding 116: 227-232.
- Leisova L, Kucera L, Dotlacil L 2007. Genetic Resources of Barley and Oat Characterized by Microsatellites. Czech J Genet Plant 43: 97-104.
- Leisova L, Ovesna J 2001. The Use of Microsatellite Analysis for The Identification of Wheat Varieties. Czech J Genet Plant 116: 227-232.
- Li YC, Fahima T, Peng JH, Roder MS, Kirzhner VM, Beiles A, Korol AB, Nevo E 2000. Edaphitic Microsatellite DNA Divergence in Wild Emmer Wheat, Triticum Dicoccoides, at A Microsite: Tabigha, Israel. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 101: 1029–1038.
- Li Y, Wongprasert K, Shekhar M, Ryan J, Dierens L, Meadows J, Preston NP, Coman GJ, Lyons RE 2007. Development of Two Microsatellite Multiplex Systems for Black Tiger Shrimp Penaeus Monodon and Its Application in Genetic Diversity Study for Two Populations. Aquaculture 266: 279–288.
- Maryami Z, Fazeli A, Mehrabi AA 2014. Investigation of Diversity of Waxy-A1 Gene Using Amplification in Different Spices in A Genome Wheat's. Advances in Environmental Biology 8(7): 2004-2007.
- Medini M, Hamze S, Rebai A, Baum M 2005. Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Tunisian Durum Wheat Cultivars and Related Wild Species by SSR and AFLP Markers. Genet Resour Crop Ev 52: 21-31.
- Montilla-Bascon G, Sanchez-Martin J, Rispail N, Rubiales D, Mur L, Langdon T, Grifftihs I, Howarth C, Prats E 2013. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure among Oat Cultivars and Landraces. Plant Mol Biol Rep 31: 1305-1314.
- Motawei MI, Al-Doss AA, Moustafa KA 2007. Genetic Diversity among Selected Wheat Lines Differing in Heat Tolerance Using Molecular Markers. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 5(1): 180–183.
- Nersting LG, Andersen SB, Von Bothmer R, Gullord M, Jorgensen RB 2006. Morphological and Molecular Diversity of Nordic Oat through One Hundred Years of Breeding. Euphytica 150: 327-337.
- Oliver RE, Obert DE, Hu G, Bonman JM, O’Leary-Jepsen E, Jackson EW 2010. Development of Oat-Based Markers from Barley and Wheat Microsatellites. Genome 53(6): 458-471.
- Özbek Ö 2006. Yabani Tetraploit Buğday Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides (Körn. Schwein) Popülasyonlarında Genetik Çeşitliliğin Moleküler Markörler (AFLP, RFLP) ile Tespit Edilmesi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 123s.
- Özcan B 2008. Kendilenmis Monoik Atlantik Sakızı Popülasyonunda Genetik Haritalama için Polimorfik Yöntem ve Markörlerin Belirlenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoteknoloji Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 68s.
- Plaschke J, Ganal MW, Roder MS 1995. Detection of Genetic Diversity in Closely Related Bread Wheat Using Microsatellite Markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 91: 1001-1007.
- Roder MS, Korzun V, Wendehake K, Plaschke J, Tixier M, Leroy P, Ganal MW 1998. A Microsatellite Map of Wheat. Genetics 149: 2007-2023.
- Rohlf FJ 2005. NTSYS-Pc: Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System Version 2.2. Setauket, Exeter Publishing, New York, USA.
- Roussel V, Leisova L, Exbrayat F, Stenho Z, Bal-Fourier F 2005. SSR Allelic Diversity Changes in 480 European Bread Wheat Varieties Released from 1840 to 2000. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 111: 162-170.
- Shariflou MR, Sharp PJ 1999. A Polymorphic Microsatellite in the 3’end of ‘Waxy’ genes of Wheat, Triticum Aestivum. Plant Breeding, 118: 275-277.
- Weir BS 1996. Genetik Veri Analizi II, 2. Baskı. Sinauer Associates Inc, Sunderland, MA.
- Yan L, Helguera M, Kato K, Fukuyama S, Sherman J, Dubcovsky J 2004. Allelic Variation at the VRN1 Promoter Region in Polyploid Wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 109(8): 1677-1686