Investigation of the Meeting Poultry House Water Requirement from Rainwater Harvesting: The Case of Kahramanmaraş
Öz
Evaporative cooling systems are widely used in poultry houses to provide suitable environmental conditions in summers. Although these systems vary depending on the conditions, they require considerable amounts of water, which can be problematic in regions where water is scarce or difficult to access. Therefore, rainwater harvesting is a solution to provide the needed water. In this study, the water requirement for a selected broiler house was calculated using the long annual hourly regional climate data in Kahramanmaraş province in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. The requirement was compared with the amount of water that can be stored from precipitation. According to the findings, the total water requirement was 1532 L m-2 year-1 when the outdoor temperature exceeds 27°C when the evaporative cooling system is operated and was 1012.9 L m-2 year-1 when the pad air outlet temperature is 24°C. For the same conditions, the evaporative water requirement was calculated as 1060.7 L m-2 year-1 and 541.6 L m-2 year-1, respectively. According to the meteorological records, the average annual precipitation in the region is 733.6 L m-2 year-1. Thus, the total water requirement cannot be met by the rainwater harvest under all circumstances. However, only the evaporative cooling water requirement can be met under certain conditions.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Rainwater harvesting Broiler, Poultry houses Water requirement Evaporative cooling
Kaynakça
- Abbasi T, Abbasi S 2011. Sources of pollution in rooftop rainwater harvesting systems and their control. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science 41(23):2097-2167. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2010.497438.
- Ahmad T, Sarwar M 2005. Influence of varying sources of dietary electrolytes on the performance of broilers reared in a high temperature environment. Animal feed science and technology 120(3-4):277-298.
- Alleman F, Leclercq B 1997. Effect of dietary protein and environmental temperature on growth performance and water consumption of male broiler chickens.
- ASHRAE 2013. Fundamentals, Ashrae Handbook, Chapter 1: Psychrometrics. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, USA. 16s.
- Atilgan A, Mutlu A 2000. Adana'daki etlik piliç kümeslerinde yazın oluşan sorunlar ve alınması gereken önlemler. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 15 (3):87-94.
- Atilgan A, Yucel A, Oz H 2012. Determination of heating and cooling day data for broiler housing: Isparta case. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.10 (3&4):353-356.
- Aviagen 2019. Ross 308 broiler performance objectives. Aviagen Group, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA. 16s.
- Barton TL 1996. Relevance of water quality to broiler and turkey performance. Poultry Science 75(7):854-856.
- Baytorun AN, Makauy AMA 2019. Farklı İklim Bölgelerindeki Seralarda Evaporatif Soğutma Olanaklarının Belirlenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 34(4):29-38.
- Belay T, Teeter RG 1993. Broiler Water Balance and Thermobalance During Thermoneutral and High Ambient Temperature Exposure1. Poultry Science 72(1):116-124. doi:10.3382/ps.0720116.
- Bolton D 1980. The computation of equivalent potential temperature. Monthly weather review 108(7):1046-1053.
- Chiu Y-R, Liaw C-H, Chen L-C 2009. Optimizing rainwater harvesting systems as an innovative approach to saving energy in hilly communities. Renewable Energy 34(3):492-498. doi: 10.1016/j.renene. 2008.06.016.
- Donald J 2000. Getting the most from evaporative cooling systems in tunnel ventilated broiler houses. World Poultry 16(3):34-39.
- Dos Anjos NDFR 1998. Source Book of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Latin America and the Caribbean. International Journal of Water Resources Development 14(3):365-398. doi: 10.1080/07900629849277.
- Drastig K, Palhares JCP, Karbach K, Prochnow A 2016. Farm water productivity in broiler production: case studies in Brazil. J Clean Prod 135:9-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.052.
- Feddes J, Emmanuel E, Zuidhoft M 2002. Broiler performance, body weight variance, feed and water intake, and carcass quality at different stocking densities. Poultry Science 81(6):774-779. doi:10.1093/ps/81.6.774.
- Grizzle J, Armbrust T, Bryan M, Saxton A 1996. Water Quality I: The Effect of Water Nitrate and pH on Broiler Growth Performance. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 5(4):330-336. doi: 10.1093/japr/5.4.330.
- Grizzle JM, Armbrust TA, Bryan MA, Saxton AM 1997. Water Quality II: The Effect of Water Nitrate and Bacteria on Broiler Growth Performance. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 6(1):48-55. doi: 10.1093/japr/6.1.48.
- Helmreich B, Horn H 2009. Opportunities in rainwater harvesting. Desalination 248(1):118-124. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.046.
- Jafari RA, Fazlara A, Govahi M 2006. An investigation into Salmonella and fecal coliform contamination of drinking water in broiler farms in Iran. International Journal of Poultry Science 5(5):491-493.
- Köknaroglu H, Atilgan A 2007. Effect of Season on Broiler Performance and Sustainability of Broiler Production. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 31(2):113 -124
- Laknizi A, Mahdaoui M, Abdellah AB, Anoune K, Bakhouya M, Ezbakhe H 2019. Performance analysis and optimal parameters of a direct evaporative pad cooling system under the climate conditions of Morocco. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 13:100362.
- Leeson S, Summers JD 2005. Commercial Poultry Nutrition, Third Edition. Vol. 1. Department of Animal and Poultry Science University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, England. 413s.
- Lindley JA, Whitaker JH 1996. Agricultural buildings and structures. Vol. 1. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE).
- Manning L, Chadd SA, Baines RN 2007. Water consumption in broiler chicken: a welfare indicator. World's Poultry Science Journal 63(1):63-71.
- May JD, Lott BD, Simmons JD 2000. The effect of air velocity on broiler performance and feed and water consumption. Poultry Science 79(10):1396-1400.
- Meera V, Ahammed MM 2006. Water quality of rooftop rainwater harvesting systems: a review. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 55(4):257-268. doi:10.2166/aqua.2006.0010.
- MGM 2020a. İklim Sınıflandırması Kahramanmaraş. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
- MGM 2020b. Resmi İstatistikler-İllere Ait Mevsim Normalleri (1930-2018). Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
- Mun JS, Han MY 2012. Design and operational parameters of a rooftop rainwater harvesting system: Definition, sensitivity and verification. Journal of Environmental Management 93(1):147-153. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.08.024.
- Pesti GM, Amato SV, Minear LR 1985. Water consumption of broiler chickens under commercial conditions. Poultry science 64(5):803-808.
- Sánchez AS, Cohim E, Kalid RA 2015. A review on physicochemical and microbiological contamination of roof-harvested rainwater in urban areas. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology 6:119-137. doi: 10.1016/j.swaqe.2015.04.002.
- Singleton R 2004. Hot weather broiler and breeder management. Asian poultry magazine:26-29.
- Teeter RG, Belay T 1996. Broiler management during acute heat stress. Animal Feed Science and Technology 58(1):127-142. doi: 10.1016/0377-8401(95)00879-9.
- Uğurlu N, Kara M 2000. Islak ped sistemiyle serinletmenin performans verileri ve kafes sistem kümes iç sıcaklığının düşürülmesine etkisi. Türk J Agric For 24(2000):79-86s.
- Viola ES, Vieira SL, Torres CA, Freitas DMd, Berres J 2008. Desempenho de frangos de corte sob suplementação com ácidos lático, fórmico, acético e fosfórico no alimento ou na água. Brazilian journal of animal science 37(2):296-302.
- Von Zabeltitz C 1986. Gewachshauser - Handbuch des Erwerbsgartners. Handbuch des Erwerbsgartners. Ulmer -Verlag, Stuttgart.
- Von Zabeltitz C 2011. Integrated Greenhouse Systems for Mild Climates: Climate Conditions, Design, Construction, Maintenance, Climate Control, Berlin, Springer, 285-311. Integrated Greenhouse Systems for Mild Climates: Climate Conditions, Design, Construction, Maintenance, Climate Control.
- Vömel H 2016. Saturation vapor pressure formulations. http://cires1.colorado.edu/~voemel/vp.html. (Alınma Tarihi: 10.09.2020).
- Younes SA-M 2016. Modeling investigation of wet tropospheric delay error and precipitable water vapor content in Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 19(2):333-342. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrs.2016.05.002.
Kümeslerin Su Gereksiniminin Yağmur Suyu Hasadından Karşılanması Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Kahramanmaraş Örneği
Öz
Kümeslerde yaz aylarında uygun çevre koşullarının sağlanması için evaporatif serinletme sistemleri yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu sistemler, çeşitli koşullara bağlı olarak değişmekle birlikte oldukça yüksek seviyelerde suya gereksinim duymaktadır. Bu durum suyun kıt olduğu veya erişiminde zorluklar bulunan bölgelerde sorun oluşturabilir. Bu nedenle ihtiyaç duyulan suyun karşılanması için yağmur suyu hasadı (YSH) bir çözüm olabilir. Bu çalışmada, Akdeniz Bölgesinin doğusunda bulunan Kahramanmaraş ili uzun yıllık saatlik bölge iklim verileri kullanılarak, seçilen bir etlik piliç kümesi için su gereksinimi hesaplanmış ve yağışla depolanabilecek su miktarı ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Aynı zamanda su tüketiminin çevresel koşullarla ilişkisi araştırılmış ve uygun depo kapasitelerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bulgulara göre toplam su gereksinimi, dış ortam sıcaklığın 27°C üzerine çıktığında evaporatif serinletme sisteminin çalıştırılması durumunda maksimum 1532 L m-2 yıl-1, ped hava çıkış sıcaklığının 24°C olacak şekilde sistemin kontrol edilmesi durumunda ise 1012.9 L m-2 yıl-1 olarak bulunmuştur. Aynı koşullar için sadece evaporatif su gereksinimi ise sırasıyla 1060.7 L m-2 yıl-1 ve 541.6 L m-2 yıl-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Meteorolojik kayıtlara göre bölgede ortalama yıllık yağış 733.6 L m-2’dir. Bu durumda toplam su gereksinimi her koşulda yağmur suyu hasadı ile karşılanamamaktadır. Ancak sadece belli koşullarda evaporatif serinletme su gereksinimi yağmur suyu hasadı ile karşılanabilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Yağmur suyu hasadı Etlik piliç Kümesler, Su gereksinimi Evaporatif serinletme
Kaynakça
- Abbasi T, Abbasi S 2011. Sources of pollution in rooftop rainwater harvesting systems and their control. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science 41(23):2097-2167. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2010.497438.
- Ahmad T, Sarwar M 2005. Influence of varying sources of dietary electrolytes on the performance of broilers reared in a high temperature environment. Animal feed science and technology 120(3-4):277-298.
- Alleman F, Leclercq B 1997. Effect of dietary protein and environmental temperature on growth performance and water consumption of male broiler chickens.
- ASHRAE 2013. Fundamentals, Ashrae Handbook, Chapter 1: Psychrometrics. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, USA. 16s.
- Atilgan A, Mutlu A 2000. Adana'daki etlik piliç kümeslerinde yazın oluşan sorunlar ve alınması gereken önlemler. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 15 (3):87-94.
- Atilgan A, Yucel A, Oz H 2012. Determination of heating and cooling day data for broiler housing: Isparta case. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.10 (3&4):353-356.
- Aviagen 2019. Ross 308 broiler performance objectives. Aviagen Group, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA. 16s.
- Barton TL 1996. Relevance of water quality to broiler and turkey performance. Poultry Science 75(7):854-856.
- Baytorun AN, Makauy AMA 2019. Farklı İklim Bölgelerindeki Seralarda Evaporatif Soğutma Olanaklarının Belirlenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 34(4):29-38.
- Belay T, Teeter RG 1993. Broiler Water Balance and Thermobalance During Thermoneutral and High Ambient Temperature Exposure1. Poultry Science 72(1):116-124. doi:10.3382/ps.0720116.
- Bolton D 1980. The computation of equivalent potential temperature. Monthly weather review 108(7):1046-1053.
- Chiu Y-R, Liaw C-H, Chen L-C 2009. Optimizing rainwater harvesting systems as an innovative approach to saving energy in hilly communities. Renewable Energy 34(3):492-498. doi: 10.1016/j.renene. 2008.06.016.
- Donald J 2000. Getting the most from evaporative cooling systems in tunnel ventilated broiler houses. World Poultry 16(3):34-39.
- Dos Anjos NDFR 1998. Source Book of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Latin America and the Caribbean. International Journal of Water Resources Development 14(3):365-398. doi: 10.1080/07900629849277.
- Drastig K, Palhares JCP, Karbach K, Prochnow A 2016. Farm water productivity in broiler production: case studies in Brazil. J Clean Prod 135:9-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.052.
- Feddes J, Emmanuel E, Zuidhoft M 2002. Broiler performance, body weight variance, feed and water intake, and carcass quality at different stocking densities. Poultry Science 81(6):774-779. doi:10.1093/ps/81.6.774.
- Grizzle J, Armbrust T, Bryan M, Saxton A 1996. Water Quality I: The Effect of Water Nitrate and pH on Broiler Growth Performance. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 5(4):330-336. doi: 10.1093/japr/5.4.330.
- Grizzle JM, Armbrust TA, Bryan MA, Saxton AM 1997. Water Quality II: The Effect of Water Nitrate and Bacteria on Broiler Growth Performance. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 6(1):48-55. doi: 10.1093/japr/6.1.48.
- Helmreich B, Horn H 2009. Opportunities in rainwater harvesting. Desalination 248(1):118-124. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.046.
- Jafari RA, Fazlara A, Govahi M 2006. An investigation into Salmonella and fecal coliform contamination of drinking water in broiler farms in Iran. International Journal of Poultry Science 5(5):491-493.
- Köknaroglu H, Atilgan A 2007. Effect of Season on Broiler Performance and Sustainability of Broiler Production. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 31(2):113 -124
- Laknizi A, Mahdaoui M, Abdellah AB, Anoune K, Bakhouya M, Ezbakhe H 2019. Performance analysis and optimal parameters of a direct evaporative pad cooling system under the climate conditions of Morocco. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 13:100362.
- Leeson S, Summers JD 2005. Commercial Poultry Nutrition, Third Edition. Vol. 1. Department of Animal and Poultry Science University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, England. 413s.
- Lindley JA, Whitaker JH 1996. Agricultural buildings and structures. Vol. 1. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE).
- Manning L, Chadd SA, Baines RN 2007. Water consumption in broiler chicken: a welfare indicator. World's Poultry Science Journal 63(1):63-71.
- May JD, Lott BD, Simmons JD 2000. The effect of air velocity on broiler performance and feed and water consumption. Poultry Science 79(10):1396-1400.
- Meera V, Ahammed MM 2006. Water quality of rooftop rainwater harvesting systems: a review. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 55(4):257-268. doi:10.2166/aqua.2006.0010.
- MGM 2020a. İklim Sınıflandırması Kahramanmaraş. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
- MGM 2020b. Resmi İstatistikler-İllere Ait Mevsim Normalleri (1930-2018). Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
- Mun JS, Han MY 2012. Design and operational parameters of a rooftop rainwater harvesting system: Definition, sensitivity and verification. Journal of Environmental Management 93(1):147-153. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.08.024.
- Pesti GM, Amato SV, Minear LR 1985. Water consumption of broiler chickens under commercial conditions. Poultry science 64(5):803-808.
- Sánchez AS, Cohim E, Kalid RA 2015. A review on physicochemical and microbiological contamination of roof-harvested rainwater in urban areas. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology 6:119-137. doi: 10.1016/j.swaqe.2015.04.002.
- Singleton R 2004. Hot weather broiler and breeder management. Asian poultry magazine:26-29.
- Teeter RG, Belay T 1996. Broiler management during acute heat stress. Animal Feed Science and Technology 58(1):127-142. doi: 10.1016/0377-8401(95)00879-9.
- Uğurlu N, Kara M 2000. Islak ped sistemiyle serinletmenin performans verileri ve kafes sistem kümes iç sıcaklığının düşürülmesine etkisi. Türk J Agric For 24(2000):79-86s.
- Viola ES, Vieira SL, Torres CA, Freitas DMd, Berres J 2008. Desempenho de frangos de corte sob suplementação com ácidos lático, fórmico, acético e fosfórico no alimento ou na água. Brazilian journal of animal science 37(2):296-302.
- Von Zabeltitz C 1986. Gewachshauser - Handbuch des Erwerbsgartners. Handbuch des Erwerbsgartners. Ulmer -Verlag, Stuttgart.
- Von Zabeltitz C 2011. Integrated Greenhouse Systems for Mild Climates: Climate Conditions, Design, Construction, Maintenance, Climate Control, Berlin, Springer, 285-311. Integrated Greenhouse Systems for Mild Climates: Climate Conditions, Design, Construction, Maintenance, Climate Control.
- Vömel H 2016. Saturation vapor pressure formulations. http://cires1.colorado.edu/~voemel/vp.html. (Alınma Tarihi: 10.09.2020).
- Younes SA-M 2016. Modeling investigation of wet tropospheric delay error and precipitable water vapor content in Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 19(2):333-342. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrs.2016.05.002.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Ekim 2021 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 10 Aralık 2020 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 9 Şubat 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 |
Cited By
Rainwater Harvesting and System Design in Livestock Farms
Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.1263235
ALIŞVERİŞ MERKEZİ ÖRNEĞİNDE YAĞMUR SUYU HASADI
Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering
https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1034275
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