Is It Possible to Improve the Fermentation and Nutritional Quality of Wheat Straw Silage by Replacing Commercial Inoculant with Kefir?

Berrin Okuyucu; Selim Esen

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.879170

Araştırma Makalesi

Is It Possible to Improve the Fermentation and Nutritional Quality of Wheat Straw Silage by Replacing Commercial Inoculant with Kefir?

Yıl 2022, , 191 - 197, 28.02.2022

Berrin Okuyucu , Selim Esen

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.879170

Cited By: 4

Öz

The current study aimed to determine fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and enzyme soluble organic matter (ELOS) of wheat straw silage by replacing homofermentative (HM) and homofermentative+heterofermentative (HM+HT) lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants with kefir as silage additives. For this purpose, commercially available Biotal Plus II (HMLAB), Biotal Buchneri 500 (HM+HTLAB), and MYStarter KF (KF) were used as silage additives. Four kg of wheat straw, about 400 g/kg, and 6.0 log cfu of inoculants or kefir were used in each treatment group and replicate. Including the control group (CON), a total of 12 laboratory-type silos (3 replicates and 4 groups) were opened after 45 days. The dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and water-soluble carbohydrate contents of silages were not affected by the addition of HMLAB, HM+HTLAB, and KF (P>0.05). The KF group had the lowest pH value (4.32), NH3-N content (71.97 g/kg TN), and higher lactic acid content (43.11 g/kg DM). The crude protein (CP) ratio was decreased in HMLAB (5.95%) and HM+HTLAB (5.63%) groups and increased in the KF group (4.54%, P<0.001). An improvement (by lowering 17.02%) of NDF was only observed in the KF group (P<0.001). The ELOS and ME in HMLAB, HM+HTLAB, and KF groups were increased (P<0.001). The lowest carbon dioxide (3.42 g/kg DM) and yeast (5.50 log10 cfu/g) were observed in the KF and CON group, respectively. According to research findings, kefir could be an alternative silage additive to commercially available inoculants and could improve wheat straw silage’s nutritional quality instead of them.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Wheat straw silage, Kefir, Inoculant, Aerobic stability, ELOS

Kaynakça

Aktürk B, Gümüş H 2020. Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Inoculant on Quality, Fermentation Profile and Nutritive Value of Alfalfa Silage at Different Ensiling Period. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 67(3): 281-287.
Anonymous 1986. The Analysis of Agricultural Material. Reference Book, London, UK, 427-428 pp.
AOAC 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington DC.
Ashbell G, Weinberg ZG, Azrieli A, Hen Y, Horev B 1991. A Simple System to Study the Aerobic Deterioration of Silages. Can Agric Eng 33: 391-393.
Ayaşan T, Cabi E, Esen S, Kader Esen V, Eseceli H 2020. Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on the Quality and In Vitro Gas Production of Einkorn Wheat Straw. S Afr J Anim Sci, 50(3): 415-420.
Babaeinasab Y, Rouzbehan Y, Fazaeli H, Rezaei J 2015. Chemical Composition, Silage Fermentation Characteristics, and In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation Parameters of Potato-Wheat Straw Silage Treated with Molasses and Lactic Acid Bacteria and Corn Silage. J Anim Sci 93(9): 4377-4386.
Chekani-Azar V, Chekani-Azar S 2010. Utilization of Wheat Straw in Sheep: Using an Applicable Method of Chemical Treatment. J Agrobio 27(2): 93-102.
Chen J, Stokes MR, Wallace CR 1994. Effects of Enzyme-Inoculant Systems on Preservation and Nutritive Value of Hay, Crop and Corn Silages. J Dairy Sci 77: 501-512.
Cömert Acar M, Özelçam H, Şayan Y, Soycan Önenç S 2018. The Accuracy of Pepsin-Cellulase Technique for Estimating the In Vivo Metabolizable Energy Values of Maize Silage and Dry Forages. J Anim Prod 59 (2):49-53.
Demirel M, Cengiz F, Erdoğan S, Çelik S 2003. A Study on Silage Quality and Rumen Degradability of Mixed Silages Containing Different Levels of Sudangrass and Hungarian Vetch. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 27(4): 853-859.
Djordjevic S, Mandić V, Stanojevic D 2016. The Effect of Bacterial Inoculant on Chemical Composition and Fermentation of Alfalfa Silage. Biotech Anim Hus 32(4): 413- 423.
Droby S, Wisniewski M 2018. The fruit microbiome: A new frontier for postharvest biocontrol and postharvest biology. Postharvest Biol Technol 140: 107-112.
Eser S 2016. İnokulant ve Enzim İlavesinin Farklı Samanların Besleme Değeri Üzerine Etkileri. Namık Kemal Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Zootekni Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 31 sy.
Filya İ, Sucu E 2007. Bazı Biyolojik ve Kimyasal Katkı Maddelerinin Mısır, Sorgum ve Buğday Silajlarının Fermantasyon, Mikrobiyal Flora ve Aerobik Stabilite Üzerine Etkileri. 4. Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi 25-28 Haziran 2017, Bursa, 116-120 sy.
Gado HM, Elghandour MMY, Cipriano M, Odongo NE, Salem AZM 2017. Rumen Degradation and Nutritive Utilization of Wheat Straw, Corn Stalks and Sugarcane Bagasse ensiled with Multienzymes. J Appl Anim Res 45(1): 485-489.
Gamba RR, Caro CA, Martínez OL, Moretti, AF, Giannuzzi L, De Antoni GL, Peláez AL 2016. Antifungal effect of kefir fermented milk and shelf life improvement of corn arepas. Int J Food Microbiol 235: 859-92.
Gonda M, Garmendia G, Rufo C, León Peláez Á, Wisniewski M, Droby S, Vero S 2019. Biocontrol of Aspergillus flavus in Ensiled Sorghum by Water Kefir Microorganisms. Microorganisms 7(8): 253.
Koç F, Coşkuntuna L 2003. The Comparison of the Two Different Methods on the Determination of Organic Acids in Silage Fodders. J Anim Prod 44(2): 37-47.
Koç F, Karapınar B, Okuyucu B, Koruyucu Erdem D 2020. Kefir İlavesinin Yonca Silajlarının Fermantasyon Özellikleri ve Aerobik Stabilitesi Üzerine Etkileri. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Derg 23 (2): 535-542.
Kung JL, Stokes MR, Lin C 2003. Silage Additives. (Silage Science and Technology. American Society of Agronomy Inc., Crop Science Society of America Inc., Soil Science Society of America Inc., Publishers, Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Ed. Buxton DR, Muck RE and Harrison JH) 305-360.
Li P, Ji S, Hou C, Tang H, Wang Q, Shen Y 2016. Effects of Chemical Additives on the Fermentation Quality and N Distribution of Alfalfa Silage in South of China. Anin Sci J 87(12):1472-1479.
Liu Q, Li X, Seare TD, Zhang J, Shao T 2016. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Fibrolytic Enzyme on the Fermentation Quality and In Vitro Digestibility of Total Mixed Rations Silage Including Rape Straw. J Integr Agric 15(9): 2087-2096.
Minitab 2014. Minitab I: Statistical Software for Windows, Release 17. Minitab Inc. USA.
Nakashima Y, Ørskov ER, Adebowale EA, Ambo K 1993. Enzymatic Manipulation of Straw Quality: Experience on Straw Upgrading. Proceeding of the International Conference on Increasing Livestock Production through Utilization of Local Resources 18-22 October 1993, Beijing-China, 139-152 pp.
Nishino N, Wada H, Yoshida M, Shiota H 2004. Microbial Counts, Fermentation Products, and Aerobic Stability of Whole Crop Corn and a Total Mixed Ration Ensiled with and without Inoculation of Lactobacillus casei or Lactobacillus buchneri. J Dairy Sci 87(8): 2563-2570.
Nkosi BD, Kanengoni AT, Thomas R 2011. Effects of Ensiling Total Mixed Potato Hash Ration with or without Bacterial Inoculation on Silage Fermentation and Nutritive Value for Growing Pigs. J Anim Vet Adv 10(13): 1667-1672.
Nkosi BD, Meeske R 2010. Effects of Ensiling Totally Mixed Potato Hash Ration with or without a Heterofermentative Bacterial Inoculant on Silage Fermentation, Aerobic Stability, Growth Performance and Digestibility in Lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 161(1-2): 38-48.
Ordaz S 2017. Fibrolytic Enzymes and Silage Inoculants to Improve the Nutritive Value of Silage. University of Vermont, The Faculty of Graduate College, USA, MSc Thesis, 108 pp.
Özkan M 2016. Hücre Duvarını ve Nişastayı Parçalayıcı Enzimlerin Fiğ-Yulaf Karışımı Silajların Fermentasyon, Aerobik Stabilite ve İn Vitro Organik Madde Sindirilebilirliği Üzerine Etkileri. Namık Kemal Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Zootekni Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 18-19 sy.
Rajabi R, Tahmasbi R, Dayani O, Khezri A 2017. Chemical Composition of Alfalfa Silage with Waste Date and its Feeding Effect on Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial Protein Synthesis in Sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 101(3): 466-474.
Reich LJ, Kung JL 2010. Effects of Combining Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 with Various Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 159(3-4): 105-109.
Schnürer J, Jonsson A 2011. Pichia anomala J121: a 30-year overnight near success biopreservation story. AvL 99: 5-12.
Seale DR, Pahlow G, Spoelstra SF, Lindgren S, Dellaglio F, Lowe JF 1990. Methods for the Microbiological Analysis of Silage. Proceeding of The Eurobac Conference 12-16 August 1986, Uppsala-Sweden, 147 pp.
Shahryari Z, Fazaelipoor MH, Setoodeh P, Nair RB, Taherzadeh MJ 2018. Utilization of Wheat Straw for Fungal Phytase Production. Int J Recyc Org Waste Agric 7: 345-355.
Tao L, Zhou H, Zhang N, Si B, Tu Y, Ma T, Diao Q 2017. Effects of Different Source Additives and Wilt Conditions on the pH Value, Aerobic Stability, and Carbohydrate and Protein Fractions of Alfalfa Silage. Anim Sci J 88(1): 99-106.
Tilley JMA, Terry RA 1963. A Two-Stage Technique for the In Vitro Digestion of Forage Crops. J Brit Grassl Soc 18(2): 104-111.
Todorov NA, Pavlov DH, Djouvinov DS 1997. Effect of Hybrid, Maturity and Grain Content on Rumen Degradability of Maize Silage. Türkiye 1. Silaj Kongresi, 16-19 September 1997, Bursa, 127-134 pp.
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA 1991. Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. J Dairy Sci 1991 74: 3583-3597.
Weinberg ZG, Szakacs G, Ashbell G, Hen Y 1999. The Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and L. plantarum, Applied at Ensiling, on the Ensiling Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Wheat and Sorghum Silages. J Indust Microbiol Biotechnol 23(3): 218-222.
Weseh A 2013. Effects of Silage Inoculants on Silage Fermentation, Aerobic Stability and Animal Performance. University of Alberta Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Canada, PhD Thesis, 33-38 pp.
Wiedmeier RD, Provenzat FD, Burritt EA 2002. Exposure to Ammoniated Wheat Straw as Suckling Calves Improves Performance of Mature Beef Cows Wintered on Ammoniated Wheat Straw. J Anim Sci 80(9): 2340- 2348.
Yuan X, Wen A, Dong Z, Desta ST, Shao T 2017. Effects of Formic Acid and Potassium Diformate on the Fermentation Quality, Chemical Composition and Aerobic Stability of Alfalfa Silage. Grass and Forage Sci 72(4): 833-839.
Zhang Q, Yu Z, Wang X, Tian J 2018. Effects of Inoculants and Environmental Temperature on Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Diversity of Alfalfa Silage. Anim Sci J 89(8):1085-1092.
Zwielehner JC, Schoendorfer K, Schatzmayr G 2014. A Meta-analysis of Lactobacillus kefiri DSM 19544 and Lactobacillus brevis DSM 23231 as Silage Inoculant in Whole Plant Maize Silage. Proceeding of the International Scientific Conference on Probiotics and Prebiotics 24-26 June 2014, Budapest-Hungary, 173 p

Ticari İnokulantların Yerine Kefir Kullanarak Buğday Samanı Silajının Fermentasyon ve Besin Kalitesini İyileştirmek Mümkün müdür?

Yıl 2022, , 191 - 197, 28.02.2022

Berrin Okuyucu , Selim Esen

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.879170

Cited By: 4

Öz

Bu çalışma homofermentatif (HM) ve homofermentatif + heterofermentatif (HM+HT) laktik asit bakterileri (LAB) yerine kefir kullanımının buğday samanı silajlarının fermentasyon kalitesi, aerobic stabilitesi ve enzimde çözünen organic madde (EÇOM) miktarına olan etkisini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla ticari olan kullanılan Biotal Plus II (HMLAB), Biotal Buchneri 500 (HM+HTLAB) ve MYStarter KF (KF) silaj katkı maddesi olarak kullanılmıştır. Her muamele grubunda yaklaşık 400 g/kg kuru maddeye sahip 4 kg buğday samanı ve 6.0 log kob oranında silaj katkı maddesi yada kefir kullanılmıştır. Kontrol grubu (KON) dahil toplamda 12 adet laboratuvar tipi silo (3’er tekerrür ve 4 grup) 45 gün sonra açılmıştır. Silajların kuru madde (KM), ham kül (HK), asit deterjan lignin (ADL) ve suda çözünebilir karbondidrat içeriği HMLAB, HM+HTLAB ve KF ilavesi sonrası değişmemiştir (P>0.05). KF grubu en düşük pH (4.32) ve NH3-N (71.97 g/kg TN) ve en yüksek laktik asit (43.11 g/kg KM) içeriğine sahiptir. Ham protein (HP) oranı HMLAB (%5.95) ve HM+HTLAB (%5.63) gruplarında azalırken KF (%4.54) grubunda artmıştır (P<0.001). Nötral deterjan lif (NDF) içeriğinde iyileşme sadece KF (%17.02) grubunda gözlemlenmiştir (P<0.001). EÇOM ve ME değerleri HMLAB, HM+HTLAB ve KF gruplarında artmıştır (P<0.001). En düşük karbondioksit (3.42 g/kg KM) ve maya (5.50 log10 kob/g) değerleri sırasıyla KF ve KON gruplarında gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, kefir ticari inokulantlar yerine silaj katkısı olarak alternatif olabilir ve ticari inokulantlar yerine kullanıldığında buğday samanı silajının besin değerini arttırabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Buğday samanı silajı, İnokulant, Aerobik stabilite, EÇOM, Kefir

Kaynakça

Aktürk B, Gümüş H 2020. Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Inoculant on Quality, Fermentation Profile and Nutritive Value of Alfalfa Silage at Different Ensiling Period. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 67(3): 281-287.
Anonymous 1986. The Analysis of Agricultural Material. Reference Book, London, UK, 427-428 pp.
AOAC 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington DC.
Ashbell G, Weinberg ZG, Azrieli A, Hen Y, Horev B 1991. A Simple System to Study the Aerobic Deterioration of Silages. Can Agric Eng 33: 391-393.
Ayaşan T, Cabi E, Esen S, Kader Esen V, Eseceli H 2020. Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on the Quality and In Vitro Gas Production of Einkorn Wheat Straw. S Afr J Anim Sci, 50(3): 415-420.
Babaeinasab Y, Rouzbehan Y, Fazaeli H, Rezaei J 2015. Chemical Composition, Silage Fermentation Characteristics, and In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation Parameters of Potato-Wheat Straw Silage Treated with Molasses and Lactic Acid Bacteria and Corn Silage. J Anim Sci 93(9): 4377-4386.
Chekani-Azar V, Chekani-Azar S 2010. Utilization of Wheat Straw in Sheep: Using an Applicable Method of Chemical Treatment. J Agrobio 27(2): 93-102.
Chen J, Stokes MR, Wallace CR 1994. Effects of Enzyme-Inoculant Systems on Preservation and Nutritive Value of Hay, Crop and Corn Silages. J Dairy Sci 77: 501-512.
Cömert Acar M, Özelçam H, Şayan Y, Soycan Önenç S 2018. The Accuracy of Pepsin-Cellulase Technique for Estimating the In Vivo Metabolizable Energy Values of Maize Silage and Dry Forages. J Anim Prod 59 (2):49-53.
Demirel M, Cengiz F, Erdoğan S, Çelik S 2003. A Study on Silage Quality and Rumen Degradability of Mixed Silages Containing Different Levels of Sudangrass and Hungarian Vetch. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 27(4): 853-859.
Djordjevic S, Mandić V, Stanojevic D 2016. The Effect of Bacterial Inoculant on Chemical Composition and Fermentation of Alfalfa Silage. Biotech Anim Hus 32(4): 413- 423.
Droby S, Wisniewski M 2018. The fruit microbiome: A new frontier for postharvest biocontrol and postharvest biology. Postharvest Biol Technol 140: 107-112.
Eser S 2016. İnokulant ve Enzim İlavesinin Farklı Samanların Besleme Değeri Üzerine Etkileri. Namık Kemal Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Zootekni Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 31 sy.
Filya İ, Sucu E 2007. Bazı Biyolojik ve Kimyasal Katkı Maddelerinin Mısır, Sorgum ve Buğday Silajlarının Fermantasyon, Mikrobiyal Flora ve Aerobik Stabilite Üzerine Etkileri. 4. Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi 25-28 Haziran 2017, Bursa, 116-120 sy.
Gado HM, Elghandour MMY, Cipriano M, Odongo NE, Salem AZM 2017. Rumen Degradation and Nutritive Utilization of Wheat Straw, Corn Stalks and Sugarcane Bagasse ensiled with Multienzymes. J Appl Anim Res 45(1): 485-489.
Gamba RR, Caro CA, Martínez OL, Moretti, AF, Giannuzzi L, De Antoni GL, Peláez AL 2016. Antifungal effect of kefir fermented milk and shelf life improvement of corn arepas. Int J Food Microbiol 235: 859-92.
Gonda M, Garmendia G, Rufo C, León Peláez Á, Wisniewski M, Droby S, Vero S 2019. Biocontrol of Aspergillus flavus in Ensiled Sorghum by Water Kefir Microorganisms. Microorganisms 7(8): 253.
Koç F, Coşkuntuna L 2003. The Comparison of the Two Different Methods on the Determination of Organic Acids in Silage Fodders. J Anim Prod 44(2): 37-47.
Koç F, Karapınar B, Okuyucu B, Koruyucu Erdem D 2020. Kefir İlavesinin Yonca Silajlarının Fermantasyon Özellikleri ve Aerobik Stabilitesi Üzerine Etkileri. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Derg 23 (2): 535-542.
Kung JL, Stokes MR, Lin C 2003. Silage Additives. (Silage Science and Technology. American Society of Agronomy Inc., Crop Science Society of America Inc., Soil Science Society of America Inc., Publishers, Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Ed. Buxton DR, Muck RE and Harrison JH) 305-360.
Li P, Ji S, Hou C, Tang H, Wang Q, Shen Y 2016. Effects of Chemical Additives on the Fermentation Quality and N Distribution of Alfalfa Silage in South of China. Anin Sci J 87(12):1472-1479.
Liu Q, Li X, Seare TD, Zhang J, Shao T 2016. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Fibrolytic Enzyme on the Fermentation Quality and In Vitro Digestibility of Total Mixed Rations Silage Including Rape Straw. J Integr Agric 15(9): 2087-2096.
Minitab 2014. Minitab I: Statistical Software for Windows, Release 17. Minitab Inc. USA.
Nakashima Y, Ørskov ER, Adebowale EA, Ambo K 1993. Enzymatic Manipulation of Straw Quality: Experience on Straw Upgrading. Proceeding of the International Conference on Increasing Livestock Production through Utilization of Local Resources 18-22 October 1993, Beijing-China, 139-152 pp.
Nishino N, Wada H, Yoshida M, Shiota H 2004. Microbial Counts, Fermentation Products, and Aerobic Stability of Whole Crop Corn and a Total Mixed Ration Ensiled with and without Inoculation of Lactobacillus casei or Lactobacillus buchneri. J Dairy Sci 87(8): 2563-2570.
Nkosi BD, Kanengoni AT, Thomas R 2011. Effects of Ensiling Total Mixed Potato Hash Ration with or without Bacterial Inoculation on Silage Fermentation and Nutritive Value for Growing Pigs. J Anim Vet Adv 10(13): 1667-1672.
Nkosi BD, Meeske R 2010. Effects of Ensiling Totally Mixed Potato Hash Ration with or without a Heterofermentative Bacterial Inoculant on Silage Fermentation, Aerobic Stability, Growth Performance and Digestibility in Lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 161(1-2): 38-48.
Ordaz S 2017. Fibrolytic Enzymes and Silage Inoculants to Improve the Nutritive Value of Silage. University of Vermont, The Faculty of Graduate College, USA, MSc Thesis, 108 pp.
Özkan M 2016. Hücre Duvarını ve Nişastayı Parçalayıcı Enzimlerin Fiğ-Yulaf Karışımı Silajların Fermentasyon, Aerobik Stabilite ve İn Vitro Organik Madde Sindirilebilirliği Üzerine Etkileri. Namık Kemal Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Zootekni Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 18-19 sy.
Rajabi R, Tahmasbi R, Dayani O, Khezri A 2017. Chemical Composition of Alfalfa Silage with Waste Date and its Feeding Effect on Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial Protein Synthesis in Sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 101(3): 466-474.
Reich LJ, Kung JL 2010. Effects of Combining Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 with Various Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 159(3-4): 105-109.
Schnürer J, Jonsson A 2011. Pichia anomala J121: a 30-year overnight near success biopreservation story. AvL 99: 5-12.
Seale DR, Pahlow G, Spoelstra SF, Lindgren S, Dellaglio F, Lowe JF 1990. Methods for the Microbiological Analysis of Silage. Proceeding of The Eurobac Conference 12-16 August 1986, Uppsala-Sweden, 147 pp.
Shahryari Z, Fazaelipoor MH, Setoodeh P, Nair RB, Taherzadeh MJ 2018. Utilization of Wheat Straw for Fungal Phytase Production. Int J Recyc Org Waste Agric 7: 345-355.
Tao L, Zhou H, Zhang N, Si B, Tu Y, Ma T, Diao Q 2017. Effects of Different Source Additives and Wilt Conditions on the pH Value, Aerobic Stability, and Carbohydrate and Protein Fractions of Alfalfa Silage. Anim Sci J 88(1): 99-106.
Tilley JMA, Terry RA 1963. A Two-Stage Technique for the In Vitro Digestion of Forage Crops. J Brit Grassl Soc 18(2): 104-111.
Todorov NA, Pavlov DH, Djouvinov DS 1997. Effect of Hybrid, Maturity and Grain Content on Rumen Degradability of Maize Silage. Türkiye 1. Silaj Kongresi, 16-19 September 1997, Bursa, 127-134 pp.
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA 1991. Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. J Dairy Sci 1991 74: 3583-3597.
Weinberg ZG, Szakacs G, Ashbell G, Hen Y 1999. The Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and L. plantarum, Applied at Ensiling, on the Ensiling Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Wheat and Sorghum Silages. J Indust Microbiol Biotechnol 23(3): 218-222.
Weseh A 2013. Effects of Silage Inoculants on Silage Fermentation, Aerobic Stability and Animal Performance. University of Alberta Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Canada, PhD Thesis, 33-38 pp.
Wiedmeier RD, Provenzat FD, Burritt EA 2002. Exposure to Ammoniated Wheat Straw as Suckling Calves Improves Performance of Mature Beef Cows Wintered on Ammoniated Wheat Straw. J Anim Sci 80(9): 2340- 2348.
Yuan X, Wen A, Dong Z, Desta ST, Shao T 2017. Effects of Formic Acid and Potassium Diformate on the Fermentation Quality, Chemical Composition and Aerobic Stability of Alfalfa Silage. Grass and Forage Sci 72(4): 833-839.
Zhang Q, Yu Z, Wang X, Tian J 2018. Effects of Inoculants and Environmental Temperature on Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Diversity of Alfalfa Silage. Anim Sci J 89(8):1085-1092.
Zwielehner JC, Schoendorfer K, Schatzmayr G 2014. A Meta-analysis of Lactobacillus kefiri DSM 19544 and Lactobacillus brevis DSM 23231 as Silage Inoculant in Whole Plant Maize Silage. Proceeding of the International Scientific Conference on Probiotics and Prebiotics 24-26 June 2014, Budapest-Hungary, 173 p

Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri
Bölüm	ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article)
Yazarlar	Berrin Okuyucu 0000-0001-8322-5050 Selim Esen 0000-0003-4953-7960
Yayımlanma Tarihi	28 Şubat 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi	12 Şubat 2021
Kabul Tarihi	29 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA	Okuyucu, B., & Esen, S. (2022). Is It Possible to Improve the Fermentation and Nutritional Quality of Wheat Straw Silage by Replacing Commercial Inoculant with Kefir?. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 25(1), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.879170