Bacillus licheniformis sp. İle Sulu Çözeltilerde Kurşun (II) Ağır Metalinin Hızlı ve Ekonomik Biyosorbsiyonu
Yıl 2022,
, 847 - 858, 31.08.2022
Mehmet Fırat Baran
,
Mzahir Düz
,
Ayşe Baran
,
Cumali Keskin
Öz
Kurşun endüstrinin birçok alanınında kullanılmaktadır. Kullanım yaygınlığı düşünülürse buna bağlı olarak bu uygulamaların sonucunda ortaya çıkan atıklarda yoğun kurşun ağır metal içeriği bulunmakta ve büyük oranda en yakın su kaynağını doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak etkilemektedir. Suda yüksek konsantrasyonlarda bulunması ile tüm yaşam formları için ciddi tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Bunların çevre dostu yöntemlerle iyileştirilmesi hem daha kolay hem de ekonomiktir. Çalışmamızda Dicle Nehri topraklarından izole edilen Bacillus licheniformis sp. kullanılarak sulardaki kurşun miktarı kesikli biyosorbsiyon yöntemi kullanılarak 25 oC de pH 5.5 da 120 dakikada 42.92 biyosorbsiyon kapasitesiyle % 98.4 oranında önemli ölçüde iyileştirildi. Biyosorbentin taramalı alan mikroskopisi (SEM) kullanılarak morfolojik görünümleri, fourier İnfrared spektroskopisi (FT-IR) dataları ile yüzey yapısında biyosorbsiyona etki eden fonksiyonel gruplar ve ısıl işlem karşısında gösterdiği direnç de termal gravimetrik analiz (TGA-DTA) verileri ile karakterize edildi. Sulu çözeltideki kurşun element içeriği İndüktif olarak eşleşmiş plazma optik emisyon spektroskopisi (ICP-OES) cihazı ile tespit edildi.
Destekleyen Kurum
dicle üniversitesi
Teşekkür
DÜBAP teşekürler
Kaynakça
- Abedinzadeh M, Etesami H, Ali H, Sha S 2020. Combined use of municipal solid waste biochar and bacterial biosorbent synergistically decreases Cd(II) and Pb(II) concentration in edible tissue of forage maize irrigated with heavy metal–spiked water. Heliyon 6(8): 1–14.
- Ajmal M, Ali R, Rao K, Anwar S, Ahmad J, Ahmad R 2003. Adsorption studies on rice husk : removal and recovery of Cd (II) from wastewater. Bioresource Technology 86: 147–149.
- Amirah N, Zahri M, Nurul S, Jamil A, Chuah L, Jia S, Choong T, Yaw S, Nourouzi M, Salimah N, et al. 2017. Journal of Water Process Engineering Equilibrium and kinetic behaviour on cadmium and lead removal by using synthetic polymer. Journal of Water Process Engineering 17: 277–289.
- Ayucitra A, Gunarto C, Kurniawan V, Hartono SB 2017. Preparation and characterisation of biosorbent from local robusta spent coffee grounds for heavy metal adsorption. Chemical Engineering Transactions 56(2010): 1441–1446.
- Bakalár T, Búgel M, Gajdošová L 2009. Heavy metal removal using reverse osmosis. Acta Montanistica Slovaca 14(3): 250–253.
- Bangaraiah, P., Peele, K.A., Venkateswarulu, T.C. 2021. Removal of lead from aqueous solution using chemically modified green algae as biosorbent: optimization and kinetics study. International Journal of Environmental
Science and Technology 18, 317–326.
- Baran MF, Duz MZ 2019. Removal of cadmium (II) in the aqueous solutions by biosorption of Bacillus licheniformis isolated from soil in the area of Tigris River. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 1–16. doi:10.1080/03067319.2019.1669583.
- Biswas JK, Banerjee A, Sarkar B, Sarkar D 2020. Exploration of an Extracellular Polymeric Substance from Earthworm Gut Bacterium (Bacillus licheniformis) for Bioflocculation and Heavy Metal Removal Potential. Applied Sciences 10(349): 1–15.
- Chellaiah ER 2018. Cadmium (heavy metals) bioremediation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa : a minireview. Applied Water Science 8(6): 1–10.
- Da̧browski A, Hubicki Z, Podkościelny P, Robens E 2004. Selective removal of the heavy metal ions from waters and industrial wastewaters by ion-exchange method. Chemosphere 56(2): 91–106.
- Dahaghin Z, Mousavi HZ, Sajjadi SM 2017. A novel magnetic ion-imprinted polymer as a selective magnetic solid-phase for separation of trace lead(II) ions from agricultural products, and optimization using a Box–Behnken design. Food Chemistry 237: 275–281.
- Deniz F, Saygideger SD 2010. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of Acid Orange 52 dye biosorption by Paulownia tomentosa Steud. leaf powder as a low-cost natural biosorbent. Bioresource Technology 101(14): 5137–5143.
- Eltarahony M, Zaki S, Abd-el-haleem D 2020. Aerobic and anaerobic removal of lead and mercury via calcium carbonate precipitation mediated by statistically optimized nitrate reductases. Scientific Reports 10: 1–20.
- Fillipi BR, Scamehorn JF, Christian SD, Taylor RW 1998. A comparative economic analysis of copper removal from water by ligand-modified micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration and by conventional solvent extraction. Journal of Membrane Science 145(1): 27–44.
- Hannachi Y, Hafidh A 2020. Biosorption potential of Sargassum muticum algal biomass for methylene blue and lead removal from aqueous medium. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 17(9): 3875–3890.
- Heraldy E, Lestari WW, Permatasari D, Arimurti DD 2018. Biosorbent from tomato waste and apple juice residue for lead removal. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 6(1): 1201–1208.
- Hoyle‐Gardner, J., Jones, W., Badisa, V.L.D., Mwashote, B., Ibeanusi, V., Gaines, T., Lowenthal, H., Tucker, L., 2021. Lead metal biosorption and isotherms studies by metal‐resistant Bacillus strain MRS‐2 bacterium. Journal of Basic Microbiology 61: 697–708.
- Huang J, Huang A, Lu L, Jiang W, Zhang D, Wu Q, Li P, Zhong X 2020. Improving the yield of Anoectochilus roxburghii by Bacillus licheniformis cultured in Agaricus bisporus industrial wastewater. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 48: 13–22.
- Kariuki Z, Kiptoo J, Onyancha D 2017. Biosorption studies of lead and copper using rogers mushroom biomass ‘Lepiota hystrix’. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering 23: 62–70.
- Keshvardoostchokami M, Babaei L, Zamani AA, Parizanganeh AH 2017. Synthesized chitosan/iron oxide nanocomposite and shrimp shell in the removal of nickel, cadmium and lead from aqueous solution. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management 3(3): 267–278.
- Khameneh SKES, Moharreri MHHMM 2020. A modified ionic liquid clay to remove heavy metals from water : investigating its catalytic activity. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 17(4): 2043–2058.
- Kouli M, Banis G, Savvidou MG, Ferraro A, Hristoforou E 2020. A Study on Magnetic Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solutions Using Magnetite/Zeolite-X Composite Particles as Adsorbing Material. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21: 1–19.
- Lennete EH, Ballows A, Hausler JWJ, Shadomy JH 1985. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Vol 4, USA, 1149sy.
- Lu Y, Wilkins E 1996. Heavy metal removal by caustic-treated yeast immobilized in alginate. Journal of Hazardous Materials 49(2–3): 165–179.
- Maranescu B, Lupa L, Visa A 2019. Synthesis, characterization and rare earth elements adsorption properties of phosphonate metal-organic frameworks. Applied Surface Science 481(11): 83–91.
- Masoumi A, Ghaemy M 2014. Removal of metal ions from water using nano hydrogel tragacanth gum-g-polyamidoxime: Isotherm and kinetic study. Carbohydrate Polymers 108: 206–215.
- Mattenberger H, Fraissler G, Brunner T, Herk P, Hermann L, Obernberger I 2008. Sewage sludge ash to phosphorus fertiliser: Variables influencing heavy metal removal during thermochemical treatment. Waste Management 28(12): 2709–2722.
- Morcali MH, Baysal A 2019. The miniaturised process for lead removal from water samples using novel bioconjugated sorbents. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 99(14): 1397–1414.
- Mousavi SA, Almasi A, Navazeshkh F, Falahi F 2019. Biosorption of lead from aqueous solutions by algae biomass: Optimization and modelling. Desalination and Water Treatment 148: 229–237.
- Mwandira W, Nakashima K, Togo Y, Sato T, Kawasaki S 2020. Cellulose-metallothionein biosorbent for removal of Pb(II) and Zn(II) from polluted water. Chemosphere 246: 125733.
- Nasab SG, Teimouri A, Hemmasi M, Jafari Z 2020. Removal of Cd (II) ions from aqueous solutions by nanodiopside as a novel and green adsorbent : Optimisation by response surface methodology. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 1–22. doi:10.1080/03067319. 2019. 1699917.
- Nazarzadeh E, Mansour M, Kasirian N 2018. Development of effective nano-biosorbent based on poly m- phenylenediamine grafted dextrin for removal of Pb (II) and methylene blue from water. Carbohydrate Polymers 201: 539–548.
- Nazmara S, Oskoei V, Zahedi A, Rezanasab M, Fallahizadeh S, Vahidi-kolur R 2020. Removal of humic acid from aqueous solutions using ultraviolet irradiation coupled with hydrogen peroxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 00(00): 1–15.
- Pugazhendhi A, Boovaragamoorthy GM, Ranganathan K, Naushad M, Kaliannan T 2018. New insight into effective biosorption of lead from aqueous solution using Ralstonia solanacearum: Characterization and mechanism studies. Journal of Cleaner Production 174: 1234–1239.
- Qin H, Hu T, Zhai Y, Lu N, Aliyeva J 2020. The improved methods of heavy metals removal by biosorbents : A. Environmental Pollution 258: 113777.
- Rangabhashiyam S, Balasubramanian P 2019. Characteristics, performances, equilibrium and kinetic modelling aspects of heavy metal removal using algae. Bioresource Technology Reports 5: 261–279.
- Reith J, Mayer C 2011. Peptidoglycan turnover and recycling in Gram-positive bacteria. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 92: 1–11.
- Sabri MA, Ibrahim TH, Khamis MI, Al-Asheh S, Hassan MF 2018. Use of Eucalyptus camaldulensis as Biosorbent for Lead Removal from Aqueous Solution. International Journal of Environmental Research 12(4): 513–529.
- Samarth DP, Chandekar CJ, Kaustubh R 2012. Biosorption of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution using Bacillus licheniformis Introduction : International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology 10(2): 12–19.
- Sneath PHA, Mair NS, Sharpe ME, Holt JG 1986. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology 2. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1104sy.
- Sharma R, Talukdar D, Bhardwaj S, Jaglan S, Kumar R, Kumar R, Akhtar MS, Beniwal V, Umar A 2020. Bioremediation potential of novel fungal species isolated from wastewater for the removal of lead from liquid
medium. Environmental Technology and Innovation 18: 100757.
- Shokoohi R, Salari M, Molla M, Ghiasian SA, Faradmal J, Faraji H 2020. The sorption of cationic and anionic heavy metal species on the biosorbent of Aspergillus terreus : Isotherm, kinetics studies. Environmental Progress Sustainable Energy 39(2): 1–9.
- Su Y, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Chen G, Qin H, Qiao D, Chen Y, Cao Y 2020. Removal of mercury (II), lead (II) and cadmium (II) from aqueous solutions using Rhodobacter sphaeroides SC01. Chemosphere 243: 125166.
- Subramani BS, Shrihari S, Manu B, Babunarayan KS 2019. Evaluation of pyrolyzed areca husk as a potential adsorbent for the removal of Fe 2 + ions from aqueous solutions. Journal of Environmental Management 246(June): 345–354.
- Syed S, Chinthala P 2015. Heavy Metal Detoxification by Different Bacillus Species Isolated from Solar Salterns. Scientifica 2015: 1–8.
- Taleb A, Kumar R, Al-rashdi AA, Seliem MK, Barakat MA 2020. Fabrication of SiO2/CuFe2O4/ polyaniline composite : A highly efficient adsorbent for heavy metals removal from the aquatic environment. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 13(10): 7533–7543.
- Tocheva EI, López-Garrido J, Hughes HV, Fredlund J, Kuru E, Vannieuwenhze MS, Brun Y V, Pogliano K, Jensen GJ 2013. Peptidoglycan transformations during Bacillus subtilis sporulation. Molecular Microbiology (2013) 88(4): 673–686.
- Turkyilmaz A, Sevik H, Cetin M, Ahmaida Saleh EA 2018. Changes in heavy metal accumulation depend on traffic density in some landscape plants. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 27(5): 2277–2284.
- Verma A, Singh A, Bishnoi NR, Gupta A 2013. Biosorption of Cu (II) using free and immobilized biomass of Penicillium citrinum. Ecological Engineering 61: 486–490.
- Wen X, Du C, Zeng G, Huang D, Zhang J, Yin L, Tan S, Huang L, Chen H, Yu G 2018. A novel biosorbent prepared by immobilized Bacillus licheniformis for lead removal from wastewater. Chemosphere 200: 173–179.
- Wu Z, Chen X, Yuan B, Fu M 2020. Chemosphere A facile foaming-polymerization strategy to prepare 3D MnO 2 modified biochar-based porous hydrogels for efficient removal of Cd (II) and Pb (II). Chemosphere 239: 124745.
- Yang G, Tang L, Lei X, Zeng G, Cai Y, Wei X 2014. Applied Surface Science Cd (II) removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on -ketoglutaric acid-modified magnetic chitosan. Applied Surface Science 292: 710–716.
- Zahra N 2012. Lead Removal from Water by Low-Cost Adsorbents: A Review. Pakistan Journal Analytical Environmental Chemistry 13(1): 1–8.
- Zendehdel M, Ramezani M, Shoshtari-yeganeh B, Salmani A 2019. Simultaneous removal of Pb (II), Cd (II) and bacteria from aqueous solution using amino-functionalized Fe3O4 / NaP zeolite nanocomposite Simultaneous removal of Pb (II), Cd (II) and bacteria from aqueous solution using. Environmental Technology 40(28): 3689–3704.
- Zhang B, Fan R, Bai Z, Wang S 2013. Biosorption characteristics of Bacillus gibsonii S-2 waste biomass for removal of lead (II) from aqueous solution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20: 1367–1373.
- Zu S, Ahmad N, Norharyati W, Salleh W, Yusof N, Yusop ZM, Hamdan R, Awang NA, Ismail NH 2020. Pb (II) removal and its adsorption from aqueous solution using zinc oxide/graphene oxide composite. Chemical Engineering Communications 208(5): 646-660.
Fast and Economical Biosorption of Lead (II) Heavy Metal in Aqueous Solutions by Bacillus licheniformis sp.
Yıl 2022,
, 847 - 858, 31.08.2022
Mehmet Fırat Baran
,
Mzahir Düz
,
Ayşe Baran
,
Cumali Keskin
Öz
Lead is used in many areas of industry. Considering the prevalence of use, there is an intense lead and heavy metal content in the wastes resulting from these applications, and the toxic pollution caused by these metals affects the nearest water source directly or indirectly. Lead poses a serious threat to all life forms in the ecosystem, even at low concentrations in water. Lead recovery with environmentally friendly methods is both easier and more economical. Bacillus licheniformis sp. type was used as a biosorbent in the study. Nearly 98.4% of lead was removed by using the batch biosorption method, at 25 oC, pH 5.5, with an adsorption capacity of 42.92 in 120 minutes. from the water. The properties of the biosorbent, such as its morphological appearance, were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Besides, the functional groups affecting biosorption in the surface structure were investigated by fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)while its resistance to heat treatment was measured by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA-DTA). The lead(II) element content in the aqueous solution was also determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).
Kaynakça
- Abedinzadeh M, Etesami H, Ali H, Sha S 2020. Combined use of municipal solid waste biochar and bacterial biosorbent synergistically decreases Cd(II) and Pb(II) concentration in edible tissue of forage maize irrigated with heavy metal–spiked water. Heliyon 6(8): 1–14.
- Ajmal M, Ali R, Rao K, Anwar S, Ahmad J, Ahmad R 2003. Adsorption studies on rice husk : removal and recovery of Cd (II) from wastewater. Bioresource Technology 86: 147–149.
- Amirah N, Zahri M, Nurul S, Jamil A, Chuah L, Jia S, Choong T, Yaw S, Nourouzi M, Salimah N, et al. 2017. Journal of Water Process Engineering Equilibrium and kinetic behaviour on cadmium and lead removal by using synthetic polymer. Journal of Water Process Engineering 17: 277–289.
- Ayucitra A, Gunarto C, Kurniawan V, Hartono SB 2017. Preparation and characterisation of biosorbent from local robusta spent coffee grounds for heavy metal adsorption. Chemical Engineering Transactions 56(2010): 1441–1446.
- Bakalár T, Búgel M, Gajdošová L 2009. Heavy metal removal using reverse osmosis. Acta Montanistica Slovaca 14(3): 250–253.
- Bangaraiah, P., Peele, K.A., Venkateswarulu, T.C. 2021. Removal of lead from aqueous solution using chemically modified green algae as biosorbent: optimization and kinetics study. International Journal of Environmental
Science and Technology 18, 317–326.
- Baran MF, Duz MZ 2019. Removal of cadmium (II) in the aqueous solutions by biosorption of Bacillus licheniformis isolated from soil in the area of Tigris River. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 1–16. doi:10.1080/03067319.2019.1669583.
- Biswas JK, Banerjee A, Sarkar B, Sarkar D 2020. Exploration of an Extracellular Polymeric Substance from Earthworm Gut Bacterium (Bacillus licheniformis) for Bioflocculation and Heavy Metal Removal Potential. Applied Sciences 10(349): 1–15.
- Chellaiah ER 2018. Cadmium (heavy metals) bioremediation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa : a minireview. Applied Water Science 8(6): 1–10.
- Da̧browski A, Hubicki Z, Podkościelny P, Robens E 2004. Selective removal of the heavy metal ions from waters and industrial wastewaters by ion-exchange method. Chemosphere 56(2): 91–106.
- Dahaghin Z, Mousavi HZ, Sajjadi SM 2017. A novel magnetic ion-imprinted polymer as a selective magnetic solid-phase for separation of trace lead(II) ions from agricultural products, and optimization using a Box–Behnken design. Food Chemistry 237: 275–281.
- Deniz F, Saygideger SD 2010. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of Acid Orange 52 dye biosorption by Paulownia tomentosa Steud. leaf powder as a low-cost natural biosorbent. Bioresource Technology 101(14): 5137–5143.
- Eltarahony M, Zaki S, Abd-el-haleem D 2020. Aerobic and anaerobic removal of lead and mercury via calcium carbonate precipitation mediated by statistically optimized nitrate reductases. Scientific Reports 10: 1–20.
- Fillipi BR, Scamehorn JF, Christian SD, Taylor RW 1998. A comparative economic analysis of copper removal from water by ligand-modified micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration and by conventional solvent extraction. Journal of Membrane Science 145(1): 27–44.
- Hannachi Y, Hafidh A 2020. Biosorption potential of Sargassum muticum algal biomass for methylene blue and lead removal from aqueous medium. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 17(9): 3875–3890.
- Heraldy E, Lestari WW, Permatasari D, Arimurti DD 2018. Biosorbent from tomato waste and apple juice residue for lead removal. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 6(1): 1201–1208.
- Hoyle‐Gardner, J., Jones, W., Badisa, V.L.D., Mwashote, B., Ibeanusi, V., Gaines, T., Lowenthal, H., Tucker, L., 2021. Lead metal biosorption and isotherms studies by metal‐resistant Bacillus strain MRS‐2 bacterium. Journal of Basic Microbiology 61: 697–708.
- Huang J, Huang A, Lu L, Jiang W, Zhang D, Wu Q, Li P, Zhong X 2020. Improving the yield of Anoectochilus roxburghii by Bacillus licheniformis cultured in Agaricus bisporus industrial wastewater. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 48: 13–22.
- Kariuki Z, Kiptoo J, Onyancha D 2017. Biosorption studies of lead and copper using rogers mushroom biomass ‘Lepiota hystrix’. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering 23: 62–70.
- Keshvardoostchokami M, Babaei L, Zamani AA, Parizanganeh AH 2017. Synthesized chitosan/iron oxide nanocomposite and shrimp shell in the removal of nickel, cadmium and lead from aqueous solution. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management 3(3): 267–278.
- Khameneh SKES, Moharreri MHHMM 2020. A modified ionic liquid clay to remove heavy metals from water : investigating its catalytic activity. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 17(4): 2043–2058.
- Kouli M, Banis G, Savvidou MG, Ferraro A, Hristoforou E 2020. A Study on Magnetic Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solutions Using Magnetite/Zeolite-X Composite Particles as Adsorbing Material. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21: 1–19.
- Lennete EH, Ballows A, Hausler JWJ, Shadomy JH 1985. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Vol 4, USA, 1149sy.
- Lu Y, Wilkins E 1996. Heavy metal removal by caustic-treated yeast immobilized in alginate. Journal of Hazardous Materials 49(2–3): 165–179.
- Maranescu B, Lupa L, Visa A 2019. Synthesis, characterization and rare earth elements adsorption properties of phosphonate metal-organic frameworks. Applied Surface Science 481(11): 83–91.
- Masoumi A, Ghaemy M 2014. Removal of metal ions from water using nano hydrogel tragacanth gum-g-polyamidoxime: Isotherm and kinetic study. Carbohydrate Polymers 108: 206–215.
- Mattenberger H, Fraissler G, Brunner T, Herk P, Hermann L, Obernberger I 2008. Sewage sludge ash to phosphorus fertiliser: Variables influencing heavy metal removal during thermochemical treatment. Waste Management 28(12): 2709–2722.
- Morcali MH, Baysal A 2019. The miniaturised process for lead removal from water samples using novel bioconjugated sorbents. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 99(14): 1397–1414.
- Mousavi SA, Almasi A, Navazeshkh F, Falahi F 2019. Biosorption of lead from aqueous solutions by algae biomass: Optimization and modelling. Desalination and Water Treatment 148: 229–237.
- Mwandira W, Nakashima K, Togo Y, Sato T, Kawasaki S 2020. Cellulose-metallothionein biosorbent for removal of Pb(II) and Zn(II) from polluted water. Chemosphere 246: 125733.
- Nasab SG, Teimouri A, Hemmasi M, Jafari Z 2020. Removal of Cd (II) ions from aqueous solutions by nanodiopside as a novel and green adsorbent : Optimisation by response surface methodology. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 1–22. doi:10.1080/03067319. 2019. 1699917.
- Nazarzadeh E, Mansour M, Kasirian N 2018. Development of effective nano-biosorbent based on poly m- phenylenediamine grafted dextrin for removal of Pb (II) and methylene blue from water. Carbohydrate Polymers 201: 539–548.
- Nazmara S, Oskoei V, Zahedi A, Rezanasab M, Fallahizadeh S, Vahidi-kolur R 2020. Removal of humic acid from aqueous solutions using ultraviolet irradiation coupled with hydrogen peroxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 00(00): 1–15.
- Pugazhendhi A, Boovaragamoorthy GM, Ranganathan K, Naushad M, Kaliannan T 2018. New insight into effective biosorption of lead from aqueous solution using Ralstonia solanacearum: Characterization and mechanism studies. Journal of Cleaner Production 174: 1234–1239.
- Qin H, Hu T, Zhai Y, Lu N, Aliyeva J 2020. The improved methods of heavy metals removal by biosorbents : A. Environmental Pollution 258: 113777.
- Rangabhashiyam S, Balasubramanian P 2019. Characteristics, performances, equilibrium and kinetic modelling aspects of heavy metal removal using algae. Bioresource Technology Reports 5: 261–279.
- Reith J, Mayer C 2011. Peptidoglycan turnover and recycling in Gram-positive bacteria. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 92: 1–11.
- Sabri MA, Ibrahim TH, Khamis MI, Al-Asheh S, Hassan MF 2018. Use of Eucalyptus camaldulensis as Biosorbent for Lead Removal from Aqueous Solution. International Journal of Environmental Research 12(4): 513–529.
- Samarth DP, Chandekar CJ, Kaustubh R 2012. Biosorption of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution using Bacillus licheniformis Introduction : International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology 10(2): 12–19.
- Sneath PHA, Mair NS, Sharpe ME, Holt JG 1986. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology 2. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1104sy.
- Sharma R, Talukdar D, Bhardwaj S, Jaglan S, Kumar R, Kumar R, Akhtar MS, Beniwal V, Umar A 2020. Bioremediation potential of novel fungal species isolated from wastewater for the removal of lead from liquid
medium. Environmental Technology and Innovation 18: 100757.
- Shokoohi R, Salari M, Molla M, Ghiasian SA, Faradmal J, Faraji H 2020. The sorption of cationic and anionic heavy metal species on the biosorbent of Aspergillus terreus : Isotherm, kinetics studies. Environmental Progress Sustainable Energy 39(2): 1–9.
- Su Y, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Chen G, Qin H, Qiao D, Chen Y, Cao Y 2020. Removal of mercury (II), lead (II) and cadmium (II) from aqueous solutions using Rhodobacter sphaeroides SC01. Chemosphere 243: 125166.
- Subramani BS, Shrihari S, Manu B, Babunarayan KS 2019. Evaluation of pyrolyzed areca husk as a potential adsorbent for the removal of Fe 2 + ions from aqueous solutions. Journal of Environmental Management 246(June): 345–354.
- Syed S, Chinthala P 2015. Heavy Metal Detoxification by Different Bacillus Species Isolated from Solar Salterns. Scientifica 2015: 1–8.
- Taleb A, Kumar R, Al-rashdi AA, Seliem MK, Barakat MA 2020. Fabrication of SiO2/CuFe2O4/ polyaniline composite : A highly efficient adsorbent for heavy metals removal from the aquatic environment. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 13(10): 7533–7543.
- Tocheva EI, López-Garrido J, Hughes HV, Fredlund J, Kuru E, Vannieuwenhze MS, Brun Y V, Pogliano K, Jensen GJ 2013. Peptidoglycan transformations during Bacillus subtilis sporulation. Molecular Microbiology (2013) 88(4): 673–686.
- Turkyilmaz A, Sevik H, Cetin M, Ahmaida Saleh EA 2018. Changes in heavy metal accumulation depend on traffic density in some landscape plants. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 27(5): 2277–2284.
- Verma A, Singh A, Bishnoi NR, Gupta A 2013. Biosorption of Cu (II) using free and immobilized biomass of Penicillium citrinum. Ecological Engineering 61: 486–490.
- Wen X, Du C, Zeng G, Huang D, Zhang J, Yin L, Tan S, Huang L, Chen H, Yu G 2018. A novel biosorbent prepared by immobilized Bacillus licheniformis for lead removal from wastewater. Chemosphere 200: 173–179.
- Wu Z, Chen X, Yuan B, Fu M 2020. Chemosphere A facile foaming-polymerization strategy to prepare 3D MnO 2 modified biochar-based porous hydrogels for efficient removal of Cd (II) and Pb (II). Chemosphere 239: 124745.
- Yang G, Tang L, Lei X, Zeng G, Cai Y, Wei X 2014. Applied Surface Science Cd (II) removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on -ketoglutaric acid-modified magnetic chitosan. Applied Surface Science 292: 710–716.
- Zahra N 2012. Lead Removal from Water by Low-Cost Adsorbents: A Review. Pakistan Journal Analytical Environmental Chemistry 13(1): 1–8.
- Zendehdel M, Ramezani M, Shoshtari-yeganeh B, Salmani A 2019. Simultaneous removal of Pb (II), Cd (II) and bacteria from aqueous solution using amino-functionalized Fe3O4 / NaP zeolite nanocomposite Simultaneous removal of Pb (II), Cd (II) and bacteria from aqueous solution using. Environmental Technology 40(28): 3689–3704.
- Zhang B, Fan R, Bai Z, Wang S 2013. Biosorption characteristics of Bacillus gibsonii S-2 waste biomass for removal of lead (II) from aqueous solution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20: 1367–1373.
- Zu S, Ahmad N, Norharyati W, Salleh W, Yusof N, Yusop ZM, Hamdan R, Awang NA, Ismail NH 2020. Pb (II) removal and its adsorption from aqueous solution using zinc oxide/graphene oxide composite. Chemical Engineering Communications 208(5): 646-660.