Research Article
Spreyleme ve Toprak Enjeksiyonu Yöntemleri ile Toprağa Uygulanan Entomopatojen Nematodların Şeftali Bahçesinde Kalıcılığının Belirlenmesi
Abstract
Entomopatojen nematodlar (EPN’ler), toprak ve korunaklı habitatlarda yaşayan zararlılara karşı etkili biyolojik mücadele etmenleridir. EPN’lerin toprağa uygulanmasından sonra topraktaki kalıcılıkları ve yaşamlarını sürdürebilmeleri mücadele çalışmalarında uzun süreli başarı için önemlidir. Bu çalışmada 4 yerel EPN türünün spreyleme sulama ve toprak enjeksiyonu yöntemleri ile şeftali bahçesinde uygulanmasından sonra topraktaki kalıcılık sürelerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, Steinernema feltiae 96, S. carpocapsae 1133, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora 1144 ve S. affine 47 türleri ağaç başına 30 L su içinde 140.000 IJ/ağaç dozunda spreyleme ve toprak enjeksiyonu yöntemleri ile uygulanmıştır. Spreyleme yönteminde, EPN’ler sulama bidonu ile toprak yüzeyine uygulanırken, toprak enjeksiyonu yönteminde bir pülverizatör ile toprağın 5-15 cm derinliğine uygulanmıştır. Uygulamadan sonra aylık olarak toprak örnekleri alınmış ve laboratuvarda EPN varlığı G. mellonella tuzağı yöntemiyle test edilmiştir. Çalışma 2018 ve 2019 yıllarında 2 tekrarlı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda 2018 yılında EPN’lerin toprakta kalıcılıklarının 90 gün, 2019 yılında ise 150 gün sürdüğü belirlenmiştir.
Keywords
Entomopatojen nematod Steinernema feltiae S. carpocapsae S. affine Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
Supporting Institution
Tübitak TOVAG
Project Number
116O361
References
- Akhurst RJ., Boemare NE 1990. Biology and Taxonomy of Xenorhabdus. Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control 75-90.
- Bedding RA, Akhurst RJ 1975. A Simple Technique for the Detection of Insect Parasitic Rhabditid Nematodes in Soil, Nematologica 21: 109-110.
- Bedding RA, Molyneux AS 1982. Penetration of Insect Cuticle by Infective Juveniles of Heterorhabditis spp. (Heterorhabditidae: Nematoda). Nematologica 28: 354-359.
- Bhat AH, Chaubey A, Askary TH 2020. Global Distribution of Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 30(1): 1-15.
- Caamano E, Cloyd R, Solter L, Fallon D 2008. Quality Assessment of Two Commercially Available Species of Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis indica. HortTechnology 10.21273/HORTTECH.18.1.84.
- Canhilal R, Waeyenberge L, Toktay H, Bozbuga R 2016. Distribution of Steinernematids and Heterorhabditids (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in the Southern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 26: 1-6.
- Canhilal R, Waeyenberge L, Yüksel E, Koca A, Deniz Y, İmren M 2017. Assessment of the Natural Presence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Kayseri soils, Turkey. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 27: 237-244.
- Ertürk Ö, Ustaoğlu F, Akyazı F 2014. Occurrence and Distribution of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Ordu Province, Turkey. Turkish journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences 1(4): 469-480.
- Forst SF, Clarke D 2002. Bacteria-nematode Symbiosis, (Ed. Gaugler, R.) in Entomopathogenic Nematology. CABI Publishing, New York, USA.
- Gaugler R, Kaya HK 1990. Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control. CRC Press, Florida, USA, 365 pp.
- Gökçe C, Erbas Z, Yilmaz H, Demirbag Z, Demir I 2015. A New Entomopathogenic Nematode Species from Turkey, Steinernema websteri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and its Virulence. Turkish Journal of Biology 39: 167–174.
- Grewal PS, Selvan S, Gaugler R 1994. Thermal Adaptation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes – Niche Breadth for Infection, Establishment and Reproduction. Journal of Thermal Biology 19: 245–253.
- Grewal PS, Gaugler R, Wang Y 1996. Enhanced Cold Tolerance of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema feltiae through Genetic Selection. Annals of Applied Biology 129(2): 335–341.
- Griffin CT 1993. Temperature Responses of Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Implications for the Success of Biological Control Programs. In: Bedding RA, Akhurst RJ, Kaya HK, eds. Nematodes and the biological Control of Insect Pests. East Melbourne CSIRO Publications, pp. 115-126.
- Griffin CT, Chaerani R, Fallen D, Reid AP, Downes MJ 2000. Occurrence and Distribution of the Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis indica in Indonesia. Journal of Helminthology 74: 143-150.
- Guo W, Yan Y, Zhao G, Han R 2013. Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Steinernema and Heterorhabditis Nematodes against White Grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Peanut Fields. Journal of Economic Entomology 106(3): 1112-1117.
- Hazır S, Stock SP, Kaya HK, Koppenhöfer AM, Keskin N 2001. Developmental Temperature Effects on Five Geographic Isolates of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 77(4): 243–250.
- Hazır S, Kaya HK, Stock SP, Keskin N 2003. Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for Biological Control of Soil Pests. Turkish Journal of Biology 27: 181-202.
- Ishibashi I, Kondo E 1986. Steinernema feltiae (DD-136) and S. glaseri Persistence in Soil and Bark Compost and Their Influence on Native Nematodes. Journal of Nematology 18: 310–316.
- Ishibashi N, Kondo E 1987. Dynamics of Entomogenous Nematode Steinernema feltiae Applied to Soil with and without Nematicide Treatment. Journal of Nematology 19: 404-412.
- Kaya HK, Gaugler R, 1993. Entomopathogenic Nematodes. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 38:181-206.
- Kaya HK, Stock SP 1997. Techniques in Insect Nematology, in: Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology, Lacey LA, ed Academic Press, London. pp. 281-324
- Kepenekçi İ 2002. Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida) in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Nematologia Mediterranea 30: 13–15.
- Kepenekçi İ, Susurluk İA 2000. Türkiye için Yeni bir Entomopatojen Nematod türü; Heterorhabditis marelatus Lui and Berry, 1996 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 6: 59–64.
- Kepenekçi İ, Babaroğlu NE, Öztürk G, Halıcı S 1999. Türkiye için yeni bir Entomopatojen Nematod Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). 4. Biyolojik Mücadele Kongresi, Adana, 587–596.
- Koppenhöfer AM, Gaugler R 2009. Entomopathogenic Nematode and Bacteria Mutualism. In: White, J.F., Torres, M.S. (eds) Defensive Mutualism in Microbial Symbiosis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 99-115.
- Malan AP, Knoetze R, Tiedt L 2014. Heterorhabditis noenieputensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), A New Entomopathogenic Nematode from South Africa. Journal of Helmintology 88: 139–151.
- Martinez de Altube MM, Strauch O, De Castro GF, Pena AM 2008. Control of the Flat-headed Root Borer Capnodis tenebrionis (Linné) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) with the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) in a Chitosan Formulation in Apricot Orchards. Biocontrol 53(3): 531-539.
- Morton A, Garcia Del Pino F 2008. Field Efficacy of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema feltiae against the Mediterranean Flat-headed Rootborer Capnodis tenebrionis. Journal of Applied Entomology 132(8): 632-637.
- Perez EE, Lewis EE, Shapiro-Ilan DI 2003. Impact of Host Cadaver on Survival and Infectivity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) under Desiccating Conditions. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 82: 111–118.
- Poinar GO 1976. Description and Biology of a new Insect Parasitic Rhabitoid Heterorhabditis bacteriophora n. gen. n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae n. family). Nematologica 21: 463–470.
- Puza V, Campos-Herrera R, Blanco-Pérez R, Jakubíková H, Vicente-Díez I, Nermut J 2020. Steinernema riojaense n. sp., a new Entomopathogenic Nematode (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) from Spain. Nematology https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003343.
- Shapiro-Ilan DI, Lewis EE, Tedders WL, Son Y 2003. Superior Efficacy Observed in E0ntomopathogenic Nematodes Applied in Infected-host Cadavers Compared with Application in Aqueous Suspension. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 83: 270–272.
- Steiner G 1923. Aplectana kraussei n. sp., eine in der Blattwespe Lyda sp. Parasitierende Nematoden form, nebst Bemerkungenüber das Seitenorgan der Parasitischen Nematoden. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektions-krankheiten und Hygiene, Abteilung 59: 14–18.
- Stock SP, Goodrich-Blair H 2008. Entomopathogenic Nematodes and their Bacterial Symbionts. The Inside out of a Mutualistic Association. Symbiosis 46(2): 65–75.
- Stock SP, Pryor BM, Kaya HK 1999. Distribution of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Natural Habitats in California, USA. Biodiversity Conservation 8: 535–549.
- Susurluk A, Ehlers RU 2008. Field Persistence of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in Different Crops. Biocontrol 53: 627-641.
- Umana EK 2014. Biological Aspects of new Steinernema feltiae isolate from Chile. University of Reading. Ünlü I, Ehlers RU, Susurluk A 2007. Additional Data and First record of the Entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema weiseri from Turkey. Nematology 9(5): 739-741
- Yılmaz H, Waeyenberge L., Demir I, Moens M, Demirbag Z 2009. A New Entomopathogenic Nematode Species for Turkey, Heterorhabditis megidis. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 33: 385-391.
Determination of Entomopathogenic Nematode Persistency with Surface Spraying and Soil Injection Applications in a Peach Orchard
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are effective biological control agents against underground and cryptic pests. Persistency and survival of EPN in soil after soil application is important for long term success of management programs. In this study, it was aimed to determine the soil persistency of 4 native EPN species after surface spraying and soil injection applications in a peach orchard. In the study, S. feltiae (96), S. carpocapsae 1133, H. bacteriophora 1144 and S. affine 47 species were applied in 30 l water with 140.000 IJ/tree dose per tree by surface spraying and soil injection methods. EPN were applied to soil with a watering can in surface spraying method and with a pulverizator into 5-15 cm depth in soil injection method. After the monthly application, soil samples were collected and EPN presence was tested with G. mellonella larvae and White traps in the laboratory. The study was conducted for 2 times in 2018 and 2019. At the end of the study, EPN persistency in soil was found to be 90 days in 2018 and 150 days in 2019.
Project Number
116O361
References
- Akhurst RJ., Boemare NE 1990. Biology and Taxonomy of Xenorhabdus. Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control 75-90.
- Bedding RA, Akhurst RJ 1975. A Simple Technique for the Detection of Insect Parasitic Rhabditid Nematodes in Soil, Nematologica 21: 109-110.
- Bedding RA, Molyneux AS 1982. Penetration of Insect Cuticle by Infective Juveniles of Heterorhabditis spp. (Heterorhabditidae: Nematoda). Nematologica 28: 354-359.
- Bhat AH, Chaubey A, Askary TH 2020. Global Distribution of Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 30(1): 1-15.
- Caamano E, Cloyd R, Solter L, Fallon D 2008. Quality Assessment of Two Commercially Available Species of Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis indica. HortTechnology 10.21273/HORTTECH.18.1.84.
- Canhilal R, Waeyenberge L, Toktay H, Bozbuga R 2016. Distribution of Steinernematids and Heterorhabditids (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in the Southern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 26: 1-6.
- Canhilal R, Waeyenberge L, Yüksel E, Koca A, Deniz Y, İmren M 2017. Assessment of the Natural Presence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Kayseri soils, Turkey. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 27: 237-244.
- Ertürk Ö, Ustaoğlu F, Akyazı F 2014. Occurrence and Distribution of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Ordu Province, Turkey. Turkish journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences 1(4): 469-480.
- Forst SF, Clarke D 2002. Bacteria-nematode Symbiosis, (Ed. Gaugler, R.) in Entomopathogenic Nematology. CABI Publishing, New York, USA.
- Gaugler R, Kaya HK 1990. Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control. CRC Press, Florida, USA, 365 pp.
- Gökçe C, Erbas Z, Yilmaz H, Demirbag Z, Demir I 2015. A New Entomopathogenic Nematode Species from Turkey, Steinernema websteri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and its Virulence. Turkish Journal of Biology 39: 167–174.
- Grewal PS, Selvan S, Gaugler R 1994. Thermal Adaptation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes – Niche Breadth for Infection, Establishment and Reproduction. Journal of Thermal Biology 19: 245–253.
- Grewal PS, Gaugler R, Wang Y 1996. Enhanced Cold Tolerance of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema feltiae through Genetic Selection. Annals of Applied Biology 129(2): 335–341.
- Griffin CT 1993. Temperature Responses of Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Implications for the Success of Biological Control Programs. In: Bedding RA, Akhurst RJ, Kaya HK, eds. Nematodes and the biological Control of Insect Pests. East Melbourne CSIRO Publications, pp. 115-126.
- Griffin CT, Chaerani R, Fallen D, Reid AP, Downes MJ 2000. Occurrence and Distribution of the Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis indica in Indonesia. Journal of Helminthology 74: 143-150.
- Guo W, Yan Y, Zhao G, Han R 2013. Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Steinernema and Heterorhabditis Nematodes against White Grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Peanut Fields. Journal of Economic Entomology 106(3): 1112-1117.
- Hazır S, Stock SP, Kaya HK, Koppenhöfer AM, Keskin N 2001. Developmental Temperature Effects on Five Geographic Isolates of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 77(4): 243–250.
- Hazır S, Kaya HK, Stock SP, Keskin N 2003. Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for Biological Control of Soil Pests. Turkish Journal of Biology 27: 181-202.
- Ishibashi I, Kondo E 1986. Steinernema feltiae (DD-136) and S. glaseri Persistence in Soil and Bark Compost and Their Influence on Native Nematodes. Journal of Nematology 18: 310–316.
- Ishibashi N, Kondo E 1987. Dynamics of Entomogenous Nematode Steinernema feltiae Applied to Soil with and without Nematicide Treatment. Journal of Nematology 19: 404-412.
- Kaya HK, Gaugler R, 1993. Entomopathogenic Nematodes. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 38:181-206.
- Kaya HK, Stock SP 1997. Techniques in Insect Nematology, in: Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology, Lacey LA, ed Academic Press, London. pp. 281-324
- Kepenekçi İ 2002. Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida) in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Nematologia Mediterranea 30: 13–15.
- Kepenekçi İ, Susurluk İA 2000. Türkiye için Yeni bir Entomopatojen Nematod türü; Heterorhabditis marelatus Lui and Berry, 1996 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 6: 59–64.
- Kepenekçi İ, Babaroğlu NE, Öztürk G, Halıcı S 1999. Türkiye için yeni bir Entomopatojen Nematod Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). 4. Biyolojik Mücadele Kongresi, Adana, 587–596.
- Koppenhöfer AM, Gaugler R 2009. Entomopathogenic Nematode and Bacteria Mutualism. In: White, J.F., Torres, M.S. (eds) Defensive Mutualism in Microbial Symbiosis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 99-115.
- Malan AP, Knoetze R, Tiedt L 2014. Heterorhabditis noenieputensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), A New Entomopathogenic Nematode from South Africa. Journal of Helmintology 88: 139–151.
- Martinez de Altube MM, Strauch O, De Castro GF, Pena AM 2008. Control of the Flat-headed Root Borer Capnodis tenebrionis (Linné) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) with the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) in a Chitosan Formulation in Apricot Orchards. Biocontrol 53(3): 531-539.
- Morton A, Garcia Del Pino F 2008. Field Efficacy of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema feltiae against the Mediterranean Flat-headed Rootborer Capnodis tenebrionis. Journal of Applied Entomology 132(8): 632-637.
- Perez EE, Lewis EE, Shapiro-Ilan DI 2003. Impact of Host Cadaver on Survival and Infectivity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) under Desiccating Conditions. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 82: 111–118.
- Poinar GO 1976. Description and Biology of a new Insect Parasitic Rhabitoid Heterorhabditis bacteriophora n. gen. n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae n. family). Nematologica 21: 463–470.
- Puza V, Campos-Herrera R, Blanco-Pérez R, Jakubíková H, Vicente-Díez I, Nermut J 2020. Steinernema riojaense n. sp., a new Entomopathogenic Nematode (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) from Spain. Nematology https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003343.
- Shapiro-Ilan DI, Lewis EE, Tedders WL, Son Y 2003. Superior Efficacy Observed in E0ntomopathogenic Nematodes Applied in Infected-host Cadavers Compared with Application in Aqueous Suspension. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 83: 270–272.
- Steiner G 1923. Aplectana kraussei n. sp., eine in der Blattwespe Lyda sp. Parasitierende Nematoden form, nebst Bemerkungenüber das Seitenorgan der Parasitischen Nematoden. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektions-krankheiten und Hygiene, Abteilung 59: 14–18.
- Stock SP, Goodrich-Blair H 2008. Entomopathogenic Nematodes and their Bacterial Symbionts. The Inside out of a Mutualistic Association. Symbiosis 46(2): 65–75.
- Stock SP, Pryor BM, Kaya HK 1999. Distribution of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Natural Habitats in California, USA. Biodiversity Conservation 8: 535–549.
- Susurluk A, Ehlers RU 2008. Field Persistence of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in Different Crops. Biocontrol 53: 627-641.
- Umana EK 2014. Biological Aspects of new Steinernema feltiae isolate from Chile. University of Reading. Ünlü I, Ehlers RU, Susurluk A 2007. Additional Data and First record of the Entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema weiseri from Turkey. Nematology 9(5): 739-741
- Yılmaz H, Waeyenberge L., Demir I, Moens M, Demirbag Z 2009. A New Entomopathogenic Nematode Species for Turkey, Heterorhabditis megidis. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 33: 385-391.
There are 39 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences |
| Journal Section | RESEARCH ARTICLE |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 116O361 |
| Publication Date | December 30, 2022 |
| Submission Date | January 19, 2022 |
| Acceptance Date | March 17, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022Volume: 25 Issue: Ek Sayı 1 |
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