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Gernik (Gacer, Kavılca) Buğdayı (Triticum dicoccum) ve Yan Ürünlerinin Ruminant Hayvanlar İçin Yem Değeri

Year 2023, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 210 - 217, 28.02.2023

Selim Sırakaya

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1030415

Abstract

Ata buğday türleri, sağlığa faydaları ve organik tarıma uygunlukları nedeniyle son zamanlarda daha fazla ilgi çekmektedir. Bu ilgi ile birlikte ata buğday türlerinin ve özellikle yan ürünlerinin hayvan beslemede kullanım olanakları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ata buğday çeşitlerinden biri olarak bilinen gernik (gacer, kavılca), tanelerini kaplayan bir kavuza sahiptir. Toplam bitki ağırlığının yaklaşık %70'i kavuz ve saplardan oluşur. Literatür bilgiler incelendiğinde gerniğin kavuz ve sap kısımlarının yem olarak değerlendirilmesine yönelik sınırlı sayıda çalışma yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada ise gernik ve yan ürünlerinin besin değerlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bitkinin yem değeri beş kısımda (kavuzlu dane, bitki sapı, kavuz, kavuzsuz dane ve un) analiz edilmiştir. Her kısım için, kuru madde (KM), ham protein (HP), ham yağ (HY), ham kül (HK), nişasta, ham selüloz (HS), asit deterjan fiber (ADF), nötral deterjan fiber (NDF), asit deterjanda çözünmeyen ham protein (ADICP), nötral deterjanda çözünmeyen ham protein (NDICP), lignin ve mineral analizleri yapılmıştır. Bunlara ilave olarak, fiber olmayan karbonhidrat (NFC), sindirilebilir kuru madde (DDM), hayvan vücut ağırlığına göre kuru madde tüketimi (DMIvücut ağırlığı), toplam sindirilebilir besin (TDN1X), net enerji laktasyon (NEL3X), metabolik enerji (ME), net enerji yaşama (NEM), net enerji verim (NEG) gibi enerji ve sindirilebilirlik hesaplamaları yapılmıştır. Emmer buğday danesinin protein içeriğinin modern buğday çeşitlerine göre daha yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Emmer buğdayı sap kısımlarının ADF ve NDF değerleri modern buğday saplarına göre daha düşük belirlenmiştir ve bu nedenle daha iyi sindirilebilirlik değerlerine sahiptir. Ayrıca modern buğday çeşitlerine göre nişasta sindirim direncinin daha yüksek olması ruminant beslemede tercih sebebi olabilir.

Keywords

Ata buğday Emmer buğdayı Gacer Emmer kavuzu Triticum dicoccon

References

  • AOAC (1997). Fiber (Acid Detergent) and lignin in animal feed 973.18. In AOAC Official Method, 4, 28–29.
  • AOAC (2002). Amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds 2002-4. In
  • AOAC Official Method, 4, 48–55.
  • AOAC (2005). Ash of animal feed, in official methods of analysis of AOAC international 942.05. In AOAC Official Method, 4, 8.
  • AOAC (2006). Protein (crude) in animal feed, combustion method 990.03. In AOAC Official Method, 4, 30–31.
  • AOAC (2009). Improvement of AOAC official method 984.27 for the determination of nine nutritional elements in food products by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy after microwave digestion. 92(5), 1484-1518.
  • AOCS (2004). Rapid determination of oil / fat utilizing high temperature solvent extraction. 1–3.
  • Arzani, A. & Ashraf, M. (2017). Cultivated ancient wheats (Triticum spp.): a potential source of health-beneficial food products. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(3), 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12262.
  • Atak, M. (2017). Buğday ve Türkiye buğday köy çeşitleri. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Mustafa Kemal University, 22(2), 71-88.
  • Bhuvaneswari, G., Yenagi, N.B. & Hanchinal, R.R. (2004). Carbohydrate profile of dicoccum wheat varieties. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 17(4), 781–786.
  • Biel, W., Jaroszewska, A., Stankowski, S., Sobolewska, M. & Kępińska‑Pacelik, J. (2021). Comparison of yield, chemical composition and farinograph properties of common and ancient wheat grains. European Food Research and Technology, 247, 1525-1538. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00217-021-03729-7.
  • Bilalis, D., Roussis, I., Fuentes, F., Kakabouki, I. & Travlos, I. (2017). Organic agriculture and innovative crops under mediterranean conditions. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj Napoca, 45(2), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.15835/ nbha45210867
  • Bulut, S. (2022). Mineral composition of emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccum) landraces. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 31, 963-970.
  • Cazzato, E., Tufarelli, V., Laudadio, V., Stellacci, A.M., Selvaggi, M., Leoni, B. & Troccoli, C. (2013). Forage yield and quality of emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schu¨bler) and spelt (Triticum spelta L.) as affected by harvest period and nitrogen fertilization. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science, 63(7), 571-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2013.828097.
  • Dairy One (2021). Feed composition library. https://dairyone.com/services/forage-laboratory-services/feed-composition-library/interactive-feed-composition-libraries/ (Access time: 14 March 2021).
  • Dhanavath, S. & Prasada Rao, U.J.S. (2017). Nutritional and nutraceutical properties of Triticum dicoccum wheat and its health benefits: an overview. Journal of Food Science, 82(10), 2243–2250. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841. 13844.
  • Feedipedia (2021). Feedipedia animal feed resources information system. https://www.feedipedia.org/ node/223 (Access time: 14 March 2021).
  • Gurcan, K., Demirel, F., Tekin, M., Demirel, S. & Akar, T. (2017). Molecular and agro-morphological characterization of ancient wheat landraces of Turkey. BMC Plant Biology, 17, 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-017-1133-0.
  • ISO 10520 (1997). Determination of starch content - ewers polarimetric method. International Standard.
  • ISO 6865 (2000). Animal feeding stuffs - determination of crude fibre content - method with intermediate filtration. International Standard.
  • Kaplan, M., Akar, T., Kamalak, A. & Bulut, S. (2014). Use of diploid and tetraploid hulled wheat genotypes for animal feeding. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 38(6), 838–846. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1401-20.
  • Köksel, H. & Çetiner, B. (2015). Grain science and industry in Turkey: past, present, and future. Cereal Foods World, 60, 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1094/CFW-60-20090.
  • Kulathunga, J., Reuhs, B.L. & Simsek, S. (2020). A review: novel trends in hulled wheat processing for value addition. Trends in Food Science Technology, 106, 232–241. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.09.033.
  • Kulathunga, J., Reuhs, B.L., Zwinger, S. & Simsek, S. (2021). Comparative study on kernel quality and chemical composition of ancient and modern wheat species: einkorn, emmer, spelt and hard red spring wheat. Foods, 10, 761. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/foods10040761
  • Lachman, J., Orsák, M., Pivec, V. & Jírů, K. (2012). Antioxidant activity of grain of einkorn (Triticum mono-coccum l.), emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schuebl [Schrank]) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum l.) varieties. Plant Soil Environ, 58(1), 15–21.
  • Longin, C.F.H. & Würschum, T. (2016). Back to the future – tapping into ancient grains for food diversity. Trends in Plant Science, 21(9), 731–737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2016.05.005.
  • Marino, S., Tognetti, R. & Alvino, A. (2011). Effects of varying nitrogen fertilization on crop yield and grain quality of emmer grown in a typical Mediterranean environment in central Italy. European Journal of Agronomy, 34(3), 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2010.10.006.
  • NRC (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. National Academy Press, seventh revised edition. Washington.
  • Singh, J., Dartois, A. & Kaur, L. (2010). Starch digestibility in food matrix: a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 21(4), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2009.12.001.
  • Suchowilska, E., Wiwart, M., Kandler, W. & Krska, R. (2012). A Comparison of macro and microelement concentrations in the whole grain of four triticum species. Plant Soil Environ, 58(3), 141–147.
  • Zaharieva, M., Ayana, N.G., Hakimi, A., Misra, S.C. & Monneveux, P. (2010). Cultivated emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank), an old crop with promising future: a review. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 57(6), 937–962. http://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10722-010-9572-6.

Feed Value of Emmer Wheat (Triticum dicoccum) and By-products for Ruminant Animals

Year 2023, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 210 - 217, 28.02.2023

Selim Sırakaya

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1030415

Abstract

Ancient wheat species attracts more attention recently due to their health benefits and suitability for organic farming. With this attention, the possibilities of using ancient wheat species and especially their by-products in animal nutrition are emerging. Unlike modern wheat varieties, emmer is known as one of the ancient wheat varieties, has hull covering its grains. Approximately 70% of the total plant weight consists of hulls and stalks. Looking at the literature, limited studies has been conducted regarding the evaluation of the hull and stalk parts of emmer wheat as feed. Herein, this study aims to determine the nutritional values of emmer wheat and its by-products. The feed value of the plant was analyzed in five parts (hulled grain, stalk of plant, hull, naked grain and flour). For each part, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether exract (EE), crude ash (CA), starch, crude fiber (CF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP), neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP), lignin and mineral analyzes were made. In addition, non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC), digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter intake by animal body weight (DMIBW), total digestible nutriton (TDN1X), net energy lactation (NEL3X), metabolic energy (ME), net energy maintanence (NEM), net energy gain (NEG), energy and digestibility calculations were performed. The protein content of emmer grain was observed higher than that of modern wheat. ADF and NDF values of the emmer wheat stalks are lower than modern wheat stalks and therefore have better digestibility values. Additionally, the higher resistance to starch digestion compared to modern wheat varieties may be a reason for preference in ruminant feeding.

Keywords

Ancient wheat Emmer wheat Gacer Hull of emmer Triticum dicoccon

References

  • AOAC (1997). Fiber (Acid Detergent) and lignin in animal feed 973.18. In AOAC Official Method, 4, 28–29.
  • AOAC (2002). Amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds 2002-4. In
  • AOAC Official Method, 4, 48–55.
  • AOAC (2005). Ash of animal feed, in official methods of analysis of AOAC international 942.05. In AOAC Official Method, 4, 8.
  • AOAC (2006). Protein (crude) in animal feed, combustion method 990.03. In AOAC Official Method, 4, 30–31.
  • AOAC (2009). Improvement of AOAC official method 984.27 for the determination of nine nutritional elements in food products by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy after microwave digestion. 92(5), 1484-1518.
  • AOCS (2004). Rapid determination of oil / fat utilizing high temperature solvent extraction. 1–3.
  • Arzani, A. & Ashraf, M. (2017). Cultivated ancient wheats (Triticum spp.): a potential source of health-beneficial food products. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(3), 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12262.
  • Atak, M. (2017). Buğday ve Türkiye buğday köy çeşitleri. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Mustafa Kemal University, 22(2), 71-88.
  • Bhuvaneswari, G., Yenagi, N.B. & Hanchinal, R.R. (2004). Carbohydrate profile of dicoccum wheat varieties. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 17(4), 781–786.
  • Biel, W., Jaroszewska, A., Stankowski, S., Sobolewska, M. & Kępińska‑Pacelik, J. (2021). Comparison of yield, chemical composition and farinograph properties of common and ancient wheat grains. European Food Research and Technology, 247, 1525-1538. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00217-021-03729-7.
  • Bilalis, D., Roussis, I., Fuentes, F., Kakabouki, I. & Travlos, I. (2017). Organic agriculture and innovative crops under mediterranean conditions. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj Napoca, 45(2), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.15835/ nbha45210867
  • Bulut, S. (2022). Mineral composition of emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccum) landraces. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 31, 963-970.
  • Cazzato, E., Tufarelli, V., Laudadio, V., Stellacci, A.M., Selvaggi, M., Leoni, B. & Troccoli, C. (2013). Forage yield and quality of emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schu¨bler) and spelt (Triticum spelta L.) as affected by harvest period and nitrogen fertilization. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science, 63(7), 571-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2013.828097.
  • Dairy One (2021). Feed composition library. https://dairyone.com/services/forage-laboratory-services/feed-composition-library/interactive-feed-composition-libraries/ (Access time: 14 March 2021).
  • Dhanavath, S. & Prasada Rao, U.J.S. (2017). Nutritional and nutraceutical properties of Triticum dicoccum wheat and its health benefits: an overview. Journal of Food Science, 82(10), 2243–2250. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841. 13844.
  • Feedipedia (2021). Feedipedia animal feed resources information system. https://www.feedipedia.org/ node/223 (Access time: 14 March 2021).
  • Gurcan, K., Demirel, F., Tekin, M., Demirel, S. & Akar, T. (2017). Molecular and agro-morphological characterization of ancient wheat landraces of Turkey. BMC Plant Biology, 17, 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-017-1133-0.
  • ISO 10520 (1997). Determination of starch content - ewers polarimetric method. International Standard.
  • ISO 6865 (2000). Animal feeding stuffs - determination of crude fibre content - method with intermediate filtration. International Standard.
  • Kaplan, M., Akar, T., Kamalak, A. & Bulut, S. (2014). Use of diploid and tetraploid hulled wheat genotypes for animal feeding. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 38(6), 838–846. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1401-20.
  • Köksel, H. & Çetiner, B. (2015). Grain science and industry in Turkey: past, present, and future. Cereal Foods World, 60, 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1094/CFW-60-20090.
  • Kulathunga, J., Reuhs, B.L. & Simsek, S. (2020). A review: novel trends in hulled wheat processing for value addition. Trends in Food Science Technology, 106, 232–241. http://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.09.033.
  • Kulathunga, J., Reuhs, B.L., Zwinger, S. & Simsek, S. (2021). Comparative study on kernel quality and chemical composition of ancient and modern wheat species: einkorn, emmer, spelt and hard red spring wheat. Foods, 10, 761. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/foods10040761
  • Lachman, J., Orsák, M., Pivec, V. & Jírů, K. (2012). Antioxidant activity of grain of einkorn (Triticum mono-coccum l.), emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schuebl [Schrank]) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum l.) varieties. Plant Soil Environ, 58(1), 15–21.
  • Longin, C.F.H. & Würschum, T. (2016). Back to the future – tapping into ancient grains for food diversity. Trends in Plant Science, 21(9), 731–737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2016.05.005.
  • Marino, S., Tognetti, R. & Alvino, A. (2011). Effects of varying nitrogen fertilization on crop yield and grain quality of emmer grown in a typical Mediterranean environment in central Italy. European Journal of Agronomy, 34(3), 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2010.10.006.
  • NRC (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. National Academy Press, seventh revised edition. Washington.
  • Singh, J., Dartois, A. & Kaur, L. (2010). Starch digestibility in food matrix: a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 21(4), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2009.12.001.
  • Suchowilska, E., Wiwart, M., Kandler, W. & Krska, R. (2012). A Comparison of macro and microelement concentrations in the whole grain of four triticum species. Plant Soil Environ, 58(3), 141–147.
  • Zaharieva, M., Ayana, N.G., Hakimi, A., Misra, S.C. & Monneveux, P. (2010). Cultivated emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank), an old crop with promising future: a review. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 57(6), 937–962. http://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10722-010-9572-6.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors

Selim Sırakaya 0000-0003-2733-1726

Publication Date February 28, 2023
Submission Date November 30, 2021
Acceptance Date February 17, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023Volume: 26 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sırakaya, S. (2023). Feed Value of Emmer Wheat (Triticum dicoccum) and By-products for Ruminant Animals. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 26(1), 210-217. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1030415
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