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The Socioeconomic attributes and Risk behaviour of Small–Scale Oil Palm Processors (Millers) in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Year 2023, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 365 - 376, 30.04.2023

Sunday Akpan Veronica S. Nkanta Udoro J Udo

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1066752

Abstract

This study examines the socioeconomic and risk behaviour of small–scale oil palm processors in Akwa Ibom State, the southern region of Nigeria. The multi-stage sampling technique was used to collect cross-sectional data from one hundred and twenty-five (125) micro-oil palm processors. The results revealed that the majority of the processors were married and males were the dominant sex. The average years of processing experience, age, membership in social organization and educational attainment stood at 11.43 years, 48.23 years, 2.78 years and 12.15 years respectively. The processors' average household size and annual income were 5 members and N319, 658.33 (at 1$ = N380.26 in 2020) respectively. The risk factors identified among the micro-oil palm processors include insufficient raw materials, poor public electricity, high cost of tools and machines and increased operation hazards. The result showed that oil palm processors in the region are risk-takers. The empirical results revealed that processors’ age, educational attainment, membership in social organization, household size, processing experience and processors’ income were significant factors influencing the risk behaviour of oil palm processors. To enhance the well-being of micro-oil palm processors in the region, emphasis should be devoted to the development of education attainment and social capital formation among others.

Keywords

Processors Capacity Oil palm Utilization Risk factors

Thanks

We are grateful to the staff of Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) of Akwa Ibom State and all oil palm processors that participated in this research exercise. The authors also appreciate our colleagues from Akwa Ibom State University and University of Uyo for their useful inputs in various dimensions.

References

  • Adebo. G.M., Ayodele. O.J., & Olowokere. K (2015). “Palm Oil Production as a Poverty Alleviation Strategy among Small-scale Farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria.” World Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(2), 43-48. DOI: 10.12691/wjar-3-2-1.
  • Adesiji, G.B, Komolafe S.E, Kayode A. O., & Paul A. B (2016). Socio-Economic Benefits of Oil Palm Value Chain Enterprises in Rural Areas of Kogi State Nigeria. Production, Agriculture and Technology; 12(1), 36-47.
  • Akhtar, S., Gu-Cheng, L., Ullah, R., Nazir, A., Amjed Iqbal, M., Raza, H., Iqbal, N., & Muhammad Faisal, M (2017). Factors influencing hybrid maize farmers’ risk attitudes and their perceptions in Punjab Province, Pakistan. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 16(1), 60345-7. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com.
  • Akinniran, T. N., Ojedokun, I. K., Sanusi, W. A., & Ganiyu, M. O (2013). Economic Analysis of Oil Palm Production in Surulere Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Developing Country Studies: 3(13), 8-16.
  • Akpan, S. B (2019). Oil palm fruit supply function in Nigeria. Ife Journal of Agriculture, 31(3), 11-26.
  • Akpan, S. B., & Akpan, E. M (2020). Capacity utilization of small scale oil Palm Fruit Processing mills in Ikot Ekpene agricultural zone of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. African Journal of Agriculture, Technology and Environment 9(1), 51-61.
  • Akpan, S. B., & Ebong, V. O. (2021). Agricultural land use and population growth in Nigeria. The need for synergy for a sustainable agricultural production. Journal Agribusiness and Rural Development, 61(3), 269–278..
  • Akpan, S. B. & John. D. N (2020). Technical efficiency of small scale cassava-based Processors (Cassava grater operators) in Eket Agricultural Zone of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment. 16(3), 137-149.
  • Akpan, S. B., Edet J. U. & Inimfon V. P (2016). Sustaining Small Scale Farming: Evidence of Poverty and Income Disparity among Rural Farming Households in South-South Region of Nigeria. Path of Science: International Electronic Scientific Journal; 2 (9), 4-9.
  • Akpan, S. B., Offor, O. S. & Archibong, A. E (2020a). Access and demand for credit among small scale agro-based processors in Uyo agricultural zone, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture 51(1), 132-141.
  • Akpan, S. B., Okon, U. E., Udo, U. J., & Akpaden, I. S (2020b). Analysis of income inequality and poverty incidence among oil palm farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Ife Journal of Agriculture, 32(2), 102- 117.
  • Akpan, S. B., Umoren, A. A & Okon, U. O (2017). Youths and off- Farm Economic Employments: a Case Study of Youths in the Rural Areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 20 (1), 2914-2925.
  • Akpan, S. B., Uwemedimo E. O. & Imaabasi S. A (2019). Poverty coping strategies of oil palmfarmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment; 15(1), 20-30.
  • Alabi, D. L., Famakinwa, M. & Akinnawonu, O. E (2020). Involvement of rural households in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruits postharvest activities in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 24(1), 42-53.
  • Anyaoha, K. E., Sakrabani, R., Patchigolla, K., Mouazen, A. M (2018). Evaluating oil palm fresh fruit bunch processing in Nigeria. Waste Management & Research. 36(3), 236–246
  • Bassey, O. J (2016). Overview of oil palm production in Nigeria, comparative social and environmental impacts; the case of Ekong Anaku Community in Cross River State Nigeria. Institute of social science, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, the Hague Netherlands; 3(15), 1-10.
  • Biodun, M. B., Akinlabi, E. T., Okokpjie, I. P., &Fayomi, O. S (2020). An overview of palm oil production processing in Nigeria. A case study of IIashe, Nigeria. International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW). IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107 (1), 012134. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/ 012134.
  • Central Bank of Nigeria (2020). Guidelines for the private sector-led accelerated agriculture development scheme. Retrieved on, the 3rd of December and is available at: https://www. cbn.gov.ng/out/2020/dfd/guidelines%20for%20the%20p-aads.pdf.
  • Ebere, E. C., Wirnkor, V. A., Chinedu, E. E., & Ngozi, V. E (2018). A Review on the Quality of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) Produced Locally in Imo State, Nigeria. Sustainable Food Production Submitted: 4(1), 40-50
  • Emokaro, C. O. & Ugbekile, P. C 2014. Economic analysis of oil palm processing in Ovia northeast and Ikpoba-Okha local government areas of Edo State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment. 10(2), 70-78.
  • Enwelu, I. A., Nwanegbo, O. A., Onoh Peter & Ifejika, P. I (2013). Challenges and Prospects of Smallholder Oil Palm Production in Awka Agricultural Zone of Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension 17 (2), 39-46.
  • Ezeh, C.C., & Olukosi, J. O (1991). Farmers’ perception of risks and their responses in dry season farming: A study of the Kano River Project. The Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Extension, 6(1-2), 12-17.
  • FAO (2021). FAOSTAT Website, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Statistics Division, Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ faostat/en/#data/. On the 31st of December, 2021.
  • Food and Agricultural Organization (2020). Oil Palm production in Nigeria. Retrieved on the 3rd of January, 2022 at: www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data.
  • Gourichon H (2013). Analysis of incentives and disincentives for Palm Oil in Nigeria. Technical notes series, MAFAP, FAO, Rome.
  • Gunn, P (2014). Problems and Prospects of Small- Scale Palm oil Processing in Delta State. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 4(20), 170-174.
  • Hassan, M. A., Njeshu, G., Raji, A., Zhengwuvi, L., & Salisu, J (2016). Small-Scale Palm Oil Processing in West and Central Africa: Development and Challenges. Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability 2 (5), 102-114.
  • Izah, S. C (2016). Possible Challenges of Potential Drivers of Oil Palm Processing Sector in Nigeria. Journal of Biotechnology Research 2(10), 73-79.
  • Izah, S. C. & Ohimain, E. I (2016). The opportunities and weakness of Nigerian oil palm industry. Biotechnology Research, 2, 33–43.
  • Nmadu, J. N., Eze, G. P., & Jirgi, A. J (2012). Determinants of Risk Status of Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade, 2(2), 92-108.
  • Nwalieji, H. U., & Ojike, H. U 2018. Characteristics of Small-Scale Palm Oil Production Enterprise in Anambra State. Journal of Agricultural Extension; 22(1), 22- 34. Available at; https://dx.doi.org/ 10.4314/jae.v22i1.3.
  • Ohimain, E. I. & Izah, S. C (2014). Manual energy contribution to palm oil processing by the semi-mechanized mill in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. International Journal of Farming and Allied Science 3, 729-732.
  • Ojo G. U., R. A. Offiong, S. O. Akhaine, A. Baiyewu-Teru & F. Allen (2017). Oil palm plantations in forest landscapes: impacts, aspirations and ways forward in Nigeria. Wageningen, the Netherlands: Tropenbos International, 2017.
  • Okolo, C. C., Solomon, S. & Igene, L (2015). Analysis of women participation in oil palm processing in Dekina LGA of Kogi state, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment. 11(2), 57 -160.
  • Onu, S. E., Ekwe K. C. & Nwachukwu I. M (2021). Gender Analysis of Rural Households’ Involvement in Oil Palm Production, Processing and Marketing in Southeast Nigeria. Journal of Community & Communication Research 6(1, 76-84.
  • Osei-Amponsah, C., Agbotse, P., Swanzy, F. & Stomph, T. J (2018). Role of smallscale enterprises in Agricultural Development Agendas: Insights from oil palm processing enterprises in the Kwae bibirem district of Ghana. Ghana Journal of Agric. Sci., 52(1), 131-144.
  • Oyeronke, A. T. & Adedotun, Y. O (2019). Socio–economic factors affecting the choice of oil palm fruit processing technologies in Ondo State, Nigeria. Invited paper presented at the 6th African Conference of Agricultural Economists, September 23-26, 2019, Abuja, Nigeria. Number of pages
  • Patrick, I. M., Sunday B. Akpan, Samuel J. Udoka, Daniel E. John & Ubong E. Etokeren (2013). Factors affecting performance of palm oil processors in the South-South Region of Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension 1(4), 17-023.
  • Reddy, M. T., Kalpana, M., Sivaraj, N., Kamala, V., Pandravada, S. R., & Sunil, N (2019). Indigenous traditional knowledge on health and equitable benefits of oil palm (Elaeis spp.). Open Access Libr J.; 06(01), 1–25.
  • Salimonu, K. K., & Falusi, A. O (2009). An Empirical Analysis of Attitude towards risk and the influence of socio-economic and demographic factors among food crop farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Agricultural and Apicultural Research, 5(1), 32-43.
  • Soyebo, K. O., Farinde, A. J., & Dionco-Adetayo, E. D (2005). Constraints of Oil Palm Production in Ife Central Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Social Science, 10(1), 55-59.
  • Udoh, E. J., Akpan, S. B., & Edidiong R. Effiong (2011). Economic Analysis of Land Allocation Use and Intensification among Arable Crop Farmers in Uruan Local Government Area of Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 2(11-12), 1-10.
  • Udoh, O. S., & Essien, B. S (2015). Palm Oil Processing and Marketing and Sustainable Livelihood in Rural Communities of Akwa Ibom State, South-South- Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 17(10), 43-50.
  • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2019). Reports on Oilseeds and Products Annual on palm production 2019. International Production Assessment Division.
  • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2020). Reports on the World oil palm production 2020. International Production Assessment Division.
  • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2022). Reports on the World oil palm production (2022). International Production Assessment Division.
  • Voora, V., Larrea, C., Bermudez, S., & Baliño, S. (2019). Global Market Report: Palm Oil Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development In collaboration with ITC and Fibl.

The Socioeconomic attributes and Risk behaviour of Small–Scale Oil Palm Processors (Millers) in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Year 2023, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 365 - 376, 30.04.2023

Sunday Akpan Veronica S. Nkanta Udoro J Udo

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1066752

Abstract

This study examines the socioeconomic and risk behaviour of small–scale oil palm processors in Akwa Ibom State, the southern region of Nigeria. The multi-stage sampling technique was used to collect cross-sectional data from one hundred and twenty-five (125) micro-oil palm processors. The results revealed that the majority of the processors were married and males were the dominant sex. The average years of processing experience, age, membership in social organization and educational attainment stood at 11.43 years, 48.23 years, 2.78 years and 12.15 years respectively. The processors' average household size and annual income were 5 members and N319, 658.33 (at 1$ = N380.26 in 2020) respectively. The risk factors identified among the micro-oil palm processors include insufficient raw materials, poor public electricity, high cost of tools and machines and increased operation hazards. The result showed that oil palm processors in the region are risk-takers. The empirical results revealed that processors’ age, educational attainment, membership in social organization, household size, processing experience and processors’ income were significant factors influencing the risk behaviour of oil palm processors. To enhance the well-being of micro-oil palm processors in the region, emphasis should be devoted to the development of education attainment and social capital formation among others.

Keywords

Processors Capacity Oil palm Utilization Risk factors

References

  • Adebo. G.M., Ayodele. O.J., & Olowokere. K (2015). “Palm Oil Production as a Poverty Alleviation Strategy among Small-scale Farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria.” World Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(2), 43-48. DOI: 10.12691/wjar-3-2-1.
  • Adesiji, G.B, Komolafe S.E, Kayode A. O., & Paul A. B (2016). Socio-Economic Benefits of Oil Palm Value Chain Enterprises in Rural Areas of Kogi State Nigeria. Production, Agriculture and Technology; 12(1), 36-47.
  • Akhtar, S., Gu-Cheng, L., Ullah, R., Nazir, A., Amjed Iqbal, M., Raza, H., Iqbal, N., & Muhammad Faisal, M (2017). Factors influencing hybrid maize farmers’ risk attitudes and their perceptions in Punjab Province, Pakistan. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 16(1), 60345-7. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com.
  • Akinniran, T. N., Ojedokun, I. K., Sanusi, W. A., & Ganiyu, M. O (2013). Economic Analysis of Oil Palm Production in Surulere Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Developing Country Studies: 3(13), 8-16.
  • Akpan, S. B (2019). Oil palm fruit supply function in Nigeria. Ife Journal of Agriculture, 31(3), 11-26.
  • Akpan, S. B., & Akpan, E. M (2020). Capacity utilization of small scale oil Palm Fruit Processing mills in Ikot Ekpene agricultural zone of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. African Journal of Agriculture, Technology and Environment 9(1), 51-61.
  • Akpan, S. B., & Ebong, V. O. (2021). Agricultural land use and population growth in Nigeria. The need for synergy for a sustainable agricultural production. Journal Agribusiness and Rural Development, 61(3), 269–278..
  • Akpan, S. B. & John. D. N (2020). Technical efficiency of small scale cassava-based Processors (Cassava grater operators) in Eket Agricultural Zone of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment. 16(3), 137-149.
  • Akpan, S. B., Edet J. U. & Inimfon V. P (2016). Sustaining Small Scale Farming: Evidence of Poverty and Income Disparity among Rural Farming Households in South-South Region of Nigeria. Path of Science: International Electronic Scientific Journal; 2 (9), 4-9.
  • Akpan, S. B., Offor, O. S. & Archibong, A. E (2020a). Access and demand for credit among small scale agro-based processors in Uyo agricultural zone, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture 51(1), 132-141.
  • Akpan, S. B., Okon, U. E., Udo, U. J., & Akpaden, I. S (2020b). Analysis of income inequality and poverty incidence among oil palm farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Ife Journal of Agriculture, 32(2), 102- 117.
  • Akpan, S. B., Umoren, A. A & Okon, U. O (2017). Youths and off- Farm Economic Employments: a Case Study of Youths in the Rural Areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 20 (1), 2914-2925.
  • Akpan, S. B., Uwemedimo E. O. & Imaabasi S. A (2019). Poverty coping strategies of oil palmfarmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment; 15(1), 20-30.
  • Alabi, D. L., Famakinwa, M. & Akinnawonu, O. E (2020). Involvement of rural households in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruits postharvest activities in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 24(1), 42-53.
  • Anyaoha, K. E., Sakrabani, R., Patchigolla, K., Mouazen, A. M (2018). Evaluating oil palm fresh fruit bunch processing in Nigeria. Waste Management & Research. 36(3), 236–246
  • Bassey, O. J (2016). Overview of oil palm production in Nigeria, comparative social and environmental impacts; the case of Ekong Anaku Community in Cross River State Nigeria. Institute of social science, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, the Hague Netherlands; 3(15), 1-10.
  • Biodun, M. B., Akinlabi, E. T., Okokpjie, I. P., &Fayomi, O. S (2020). An overview of palm oil production processing in Nigeria. A case study of IIashe, Nigeria. International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW). IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107 (1), 012134. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/ 012134.
  • Central Bank of Nigeria (2020). Guidelines for the private sector-led accelerated agriculture development scheme. Retrieved on, the 3rd of December and is available at: https://www. cbn.gov.ng/out/2020/dfd/guidelines%20for%20the%20p-aads.pdf.
  • Ebere, E. C., Wirnkor, V. A., Chinedu, E. E., & Ngozi, V. E (2018). A Review on the Quality of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) Produced Locally in Imo State, Nigeria. Sustainable Food Production Submitted: 4(1), 40-50
  • Emokaro, C. O. & Ugbekile, P. C 2014. Economic analysis of oil palm processing in Ovia northeast and Ikpoba-Okha local government areas of Edo State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment. 10(2), 70-78.
  • Enwelu, I. A., Nwanegbo, O. A., Onoh Peter & Ifejika, P. I (2013). Challenges and Prospects of Smallholder Oil Palm Production in Awka Agricultural Zone of Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension 17 (2), 39-46.
  • Ezeh, C.C., & Olukosi, J. O (1991). Farmers’ perception of risks and their responses in dry season farming: A study of the Kano River Project. The Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Extension, 6(1-2), 12-17.
  • FAO (2021). FAOSTAT Website, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Statistics Division, Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ faostat/en/#data/. On the 31st of December, 2021.
  • Food and Agricultural Organization (2020). Oil Palm production in Nigeria. Retrieved on the 3rd of January, 2022 at: www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data.
  • Gourichon H (2013). Analysis of incentives and disincentives for Palm Oil in Nigeria. Technical notes series, MAFAP, FAO, Rome.
  • Gunn, P (2014). Problems and Prospects of Small- Scale Palm oil Processing in Delta State. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 4(20), 170-174.
  • Hassan, M. A., Njeshu, G., Raji, A., Zhengwuvi, L., & Salisu, J (2016). Small-Scale Palm Oil Processing in West and Central Africa: Development and Challenges. Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability 2 (5), 102-114.
  • Izah, S. C (2016). Possible Challenges of Potential Drivers of Oil Palm Processing Sector in Nigeria. Journal of Biotechnology Research 2(10), 73-79.
  • Izah, S. C. & Ohimain, E. I (2016). The opportunities and weakness of Nigerian oil palm industry. Biotechnology Research, 2, 33–43.
  • Nmadu, J. N., Eze, G. P., & Jirgi, A. J (2012). Determinants of Risk Status of Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade, 2(2), 92-108.
  • Nwalieji, H. U., & Ojike, H. U 2018. Characteristics of Small-Scale Palm Oil Production Enterprise in Anambra State. Journal of Agricultural Extension; 22(1), 22- 34. Available at; https://dx.doi.org/ 10.4314/jae.v22i1.3.
  • Ohimain, E. I. & Izah, S. C (2014). Manual energy contribution to palm oil processing by the semi-mechanized mill in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. International Journal of Farming and Allied Science 3, 729-732.
  • Ojo G. U., R. A. Offiong, S. O. Akhaine, A. Baiyewu-Teru & F. Allen (2017). Oil palm plantations in forest landscapes: impacts, aspirations and ways forward in Nigeria. Wageningen, the Netherlands: Tropenbos International, 2017.
  • Okolo, C. C., Solomon, S. & Igene, L (2015). Analysis of women participation in oil palm processing in Dekina LGA of Kogi state, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment. 11(2), 57 -160.
  • Onu, S. E., Ekwe K. C. & Nwachukwu I. M (2021). Gender Analysis of Rural Households’ Involvement in Oil Palm Production, Processing and Marketing in Southeast Nigeria. Journal of Community & Communication Research 6(1, 76-84.
  • Osei-Amponsah, C., Agbotse, P., Swanzy, F. & Stomph, T. J (2018). Role of smallscale enterprises in Agricultural Development Agendas: Insights from oil palm processing enterprises in the Kwae bibirem district of Ghana. Ghana Journal of Agric. Sci., 52(1), 131-144.
  • Oyeronke, A. T. & Adedotun, Y. O (2019). Socio–economic factors affecting the choice of oil palm fruit processing technologies in Ondo State, Nigeria. Invited paper presented at the 6th African Conference of Agricultural Economists, September 23-26, 2019, Abuja, Nigeria. Number of pages
  • Patrick, I. M., Sunday B. Akpan, Samuel J. Udoka, Daniel E. John & Ubong E. Etokeren (2013). Factors affecting performance of palm oil processors in the South-South Region of Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension 1(4), 17-023.
  • Reddy, M. T., Kalpana, M., Sivaraj, N., Kamala, V., Pandravada, S. R., & Sunil, N (2019). Indigenous traditional knowledge on health and equitable benefits of oil palm (Elaeis spp.). Open Access Libr J.; 06(01), 1–25.
  • Salimonu, K. K., & Falusi, A. O (2009). An Empirical Analysis of Attitude towards risk and the influence of socio-economic and demographic factors among food crop farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Agricultural and Apicultural Research, 5(1), 32-43.
  • Soyebo, K. O., Farinde, A. J., & Dionco-Adetayo, E. D (2005). Constraints of Oil Palm Production in Ife Central Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Social Science, 10(1), 55-59.
  • Udoh, E. J., Akpan, S. B., & Edidiong R. Effiong (2011). Economic Analysis of Land Allocation Use and Intensification among Arable Crop Farmers in Uruan Local Government Area of Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 2(11-12), 1-10.
  • Udoh, O. S., & Essien, B. S (2015). Palm Oil Processing and Marketing and Sustainable Livelihood in Rural Communities of Akwa Ibom State, South-South- Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 17(10), 43-50.
  • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2019). Reports on Oilseeds and Products Annual on palm production 2019. International Production Assessment Division.
  • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2020). Reports on the World oil palm production 2020. International Production Assessment Division.
  • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2022). Reports on the World oil palm production (2022). International Production Assessment Division.
  • Voora, V., Larrea, C., Bermudez, S., & Baliño, S. (2019). Global Market Report: Palm Oil Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development In collaboration with ITC and Fibl.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors

Sunday Akpan 0000-0002-0458-028X

Veronica S. Nkanta 0000-0001-7035-7978

Udoro J Udo 0000-0002-6915-2788

Publication Date April 30, 2023
Submission Date February 1, 2022
Acceptance Date July 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023Volume: 26 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akpan, S., Nkanta, V. S., & Udo, U. J. (2023). The Socioeconomic attributes and Risk behaviour of Small–Scale Oil Palm Processors (Millers) in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 26(2), 365-376. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1066752
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