Determination of Irrigation Lengths in Vertisol Soils Using the Two-Point Infiltration Method and Kostiakov-Lewis Equation
Öz
Vertisol soils, which cover large lands in irrigated areas in Turkey and the world, swell when wet and form deep cracks when dry. These properties of Vertisol soils cause a significant decrease in irrigation efficiency when irrigating with surface irrigation methods, thus causing water insufficiency and drainage problems. If appropriate irrigation time, flow rate and furrow-border lengths are used, water application efficiency can be increased in these soils. For this purpose, two-point infiltration tests were carried out using 120 m long, 0.5-0.6% slopping furrows. A constant water level orifice was used to keep the flow rate unchanged during the tests. Water advanced and recession times were observed and recorded at stations created at 20 m intervals. Before and after the test, the cross-sectional area of the furrow was measured with a rill-meter. By evaluating the obtained data, the Kostiakov-Lewis infiltration equation, which is expressed as Z = 0.00822 τ 0.27695 + 0.00048 τ equation, was obtained. With the determined equation, the optimal irrigation length was estimated to be approximately 85 m for 90% water application efficiency and 115 m for 80% water application efficiency, using the advance and recession curves.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Harran plain Infiltration Methods Surface Irrigation Orifice
Kaynakça
- Bautista E, Wallender WW 1993. Identification of furrow infiltration parameters from advance times and rates. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE, 119 (2): 295-311
- Clemmens AJ, Camacho E, Strelkoff TS 1998. Furrow irrigation design with simulation.-p. 1135-1140. In Int. Conf. on Water Resources Engineering Proceedings, Memphis, TN. Aug. 3- 7, 1998.
- Çakmaklı M 2008. Harran Ovası Topraklarının Kökeni ve Oluşum Mekanizmaları (Jeoloji ve Toprak ilişkileri). Harran Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Toprak Anabilim Dalı (Doktora Tezi), Şanlıurfa, 155 s
- Esfandiari M, Maheshwari BL 1996. Mathematical Modelling of Furrow Irrigation. Sixth International Conference on Computers in Agriculture, Cancun-Mexico, 1002-1012
- FAO 1989. Guidelines for designing and evaluating surface irrigation systems Water Resources, Development and Management Service, Land and Water Development Division
- FAO 1990. Irrigation Water Management: Irrigation Methods, training manuel no 5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
- Güngör Y, Erözel Z, Yıldırım O 1996. Sulama. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Halkla İlişkiler ve Yayın Ünitesi, Ankara, 295 s.
- Hillel D 1998. Environmental Soil Physics Fundamentals, Applications, and Environmental Considerations. Academic Press, Waltham.
- Holzapfel EA, Leiva C, Marino A, Paredes J, Arumi JL, Billib M 2010. Furrow Irrigation Management and Design Criteria Using Efficiency Parameters and Simulation Models. Chilean J. Agric. Res. [online]. 70(2): 278-296. ISSN 0718-5839. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4067/S0718-583920100 00200012.
- Hulugalle NR, Weaver TB, Finlay LA 2001. Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil Near Cracks in Irrigated Vertisols Sown with Cotton-Wheat Rotations. Arid Land Research and Management, 15:13-22
- Kanber R, Önder S, Ünlü M, Köksal H, Özekici B, Sezen SM, Yazar A, Koç K 1996. Optimization of surface irrigation methods for cotton and comparison with sprinkler irrigation. Research Report no:18
- Kanber R 1997. Sulama. Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Yay, No, 174, Ders Kitapları Yay No, 52, Adana, 530 s.
- Kanber R 2010. Tarla Sulama Sistemleri. Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi, Genel Yayın No: 283, Ders kitapları Yayın No. A-89, Adana, 584 s.
- Ley TW 1978. Sensitivity of Furrow Irrigation Performance to Field and Operation Variables. M.S. Thesis. Dep. of Agric. And Chemical Engineering. Colorado State Univ. Fort Collins. Colo.
- Mitchell AR, van Genuchten M Th 1993. Flood irrigation of a cracked soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 57:490-497
- Probert ME, Fergus IF, Bridge BJ, Mcgarry D, Thompson CH, Russell JS 1987. The properties and management of Vertisols. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
- Rawls WJ, Brakensiek DL, Miller N 1993. Green-Ampt Infiltration Parameters From Soils Data. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering Volume 109(1):50-62.
- Renault D, Wallender WW 1996. Initial-Inflow-Variation Impact on Furrow Irrigation Evaluation. Jounal of Irrigation and Drainage Engin. 122(1):7-14.
- Skaggs RW, Khaleel R 1982. Infiltration. In: Hydrological Modeling of Small Watersheds ed. T. C. Haan, H. P. Johnson and D. L. Rakensiek, ASEA Monograph no. 5, Michigan, USA, 121-166.
- Temizel KE, Apan M 2010. Bafra ovası arazi koşullarında uygun karık uzunluklarının belirlenmesi, Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Science, 25 (2):84-88.
- Turner ER 2006. Comparison of Infiltration Equations and Their Field Validation With Rainfall Simulation Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science p:202
- USDA-NRCS 2012. Surface Irrigation Chapter 4, Irrigation National Engineering Handbook, Part 623. https://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/39787.wba
- USDA-SCS 1998. Keys to soil taxonomy. Eighth ed. USDA Nat. Res. Conservation Service. Washington DC.
- Walker WR, Skogerboe GV 1987. Surface Irrigation: Theory and Practice. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Clifss, New Jersey, 375 s.
- Walker WR 1989. Guidelines for Designing and Evaluation “Surface Irrigation Systems”. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, No: 25, Rome, 167 p.
- Waller PM, Wallender WW 1991. Infiltration in surface irrigated swelling soils. Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 5:249-266
- Zhang Y, Wu P, Zhao X, Li P 2012. Evaluation and modeling of furrow infiltration for un-cropped ridge–furrow tillage in Loess Plateau soils. Soil Res 50:360–370
- Zerihun D, Sanchez CA, Farrell-Poe KL 2004 Modified Two-Point Method for Closed-End Level-Bed Furrows World Water and Environmental Resources Congress.
İki Nokta İnfiltrayon Yöntemi ve Kostiakov-Lewis Denklemi Kullanılarak Vertisol Topraklarda Sulama Uzunluklarının Belirlenmesi
Öz
Türkiye ve Dünya'da sulanan alanlarda geniş arazileri kaplayan vertisol topraklar, ıslakken şişer ve kuruduğunda derin çatlaklar oluştururlar. Vertisol toprakların bu özellikleri, yüzey sulama ile sulanırken sulama randımanının önemli ölçüde düşmesine, dolayısıyla su yetersizliğine ve drenaj sorunlarına neden olur. Uygun sulama süresi, debi ve karık-border uzunlukları kullanılırsa, bu topraklarda su uygulama randımanları artabilir. Bu amaçla 120 m uzunluğunda, %0.5-0.6 eğimli karıklar kullanılarak iki nokta yöntemi ile infiltrasyon testleri yapılmıştır. Test süresince akış debisinin değişmemesi için sabit su seviyeli orifis kullanılmıştır. Su ilerleme ve çekilme süreleri 20 m aralıklarla oluşturulan istayonlarda gözlenerek kaydedilmiştir. Test öncesinde ve sonrasında rillmetre ile karık kesit alanı ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesiyle, Z = 0.00822 τ 0.27695 + 0.00048 τ eşitliği ile ifade edilen Kostiakov-Lewis infiltrasyon eşitliği elde edilmiştir. Belirlenen eşitlik ile, ilerleme ve çekilme eğrileri kullanılarak, %90 su uygulama randımanı için en uygun sulama uzunluğu yaklaşık 85 m ve %80 su uygulama randımanı için 115 m olarak tahmin edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Bautista E, Wallender WW 1993. Identification of furrow infiltration parameters from advance times and rates. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE, 119 (2): 295-311
- Clemmens AJ, Camacho E, Strelkoff TS 1998. Furrow irrigation design with simulation.-p. 1135-1140. In Int. Conf. on Water Resources Engineering Proceedings, Memphis, TN. Aug. 3- 7, 1998.
- Çakmaklı M 2008. Harran Ovası Topraklarının Kökeni ve Oluşum Mekanizmaları (Jeoloji ve Toprak ilişkileri). Harran Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Toprak Anabilim Dalı (Doktora Tezi), Şanlıurfa, 155 s
- Esfandiari M, Maheshwari BL 1996. Mathematical Modelling of Furrow Irrigation. Sixth International Conference on Computers in Agriculture, Cancun-Mexico, 1002-1012
- FAO 1989. Guidelines for designing and evaluating surface irrigation systems Water Resources, Development and Management Service, Land and Water Development Division
- FAO 1990. Irrigation Water Management: Irrigation Methods, training manuel no 5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
- Güngör Y, Erözel Z, Yıldırım O 1996. Sulama. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Halkla İlişkiler ve Yayın Ünitesi, Ankara, 295 s.
- Hillel D 1998. Environmental Soil Physics Fundamentals, Applications, and Environmental Considerations. Academic Press, Waltham.
- Holzapfel EA, Leiva C, Marino A, Paredes J, Arumi JL, Billib M 2010. Furrow Irrigation Management and Design Criteria Using Efficiency Parameters and Simulation Models. Chilean J. Agric. Res. [online]. 70(2): 278-296. ISSN 0718-5839. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4067/S0718-583920100 00200012.
- Hulugalle NR, Weaver TB, Finlay LA 2001. Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil Near Cracks in Irrigated Vertisols Sown with Cotton-Wheat Rotations. Arid Land Research and Management, 15:13-22
- Kanber R, Önder S, Ünlü M, Köksal H, Özekici B, Sezen SM, Yazar A, Koç K 1996. Optimization of surface irrigation methods for cotton and comparison with sprinkler irrigation. Research Report no:18
- Kanber R 1997. Sulama. Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Yay, No, 174, Ders Kitapları Yay No, 52, Adana, 530 s.
- Kanber R 2010. Tarla Sulama Sistemleri. Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi, Genel Yayın No: 283, Ders kitapları Yayın No. A-89, Adana, 584 s.
- Ley TW 1978. Sensitivity of Furrow Irrigation Performance to Field and Operation Variables. M.S. Thesis. Dep. of Agric. And Chemical Engineering. Colorado State Univ. Fort Collins. Colo.
- Mitchell AR, van Genuchten M Th 1993. Flood irrigation of a cracked soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 57:490-497
- Probert ME, Fergus IF, Bridge BJ, Mcgarry D, Thompson CH, Russell JS 1987. The properties and management of Vertisols. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
- Rawls WJ, Brakensiek DL, Miller N 1993. Green-Ampt Infiltration Parameters From Soils Data. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering Volume 109(1):50-62.
- Renault D, Wallender WW 1996. Initial-Inflow-Variation Impact on Furrow Irrigation Evaluation. Jounal of Irrigation and Drainage Engin. 122(1):7-14.
- Skaggs RW, Khaleel R 1982. Infiltration. In: Hydrological Modeling of Small Watersheds ed. T. C. Haan, H. P. Johnson and D. L. Rakensiek, ASEA Monograph no. 5, Michigan, USA, 121-166.
- Temizel KE, Apan M 2010. Bafra ovası arazi koşullarında uygun karık uzunluklarının belirlenmesi, Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Science, 25 (2):84-88.
- Turner ER 2006. Comparison of Infiltration Equations and Their Field Validation With Rainfall Simulation Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science p:202
- USDA-NRCS 2012. Surface Irrigation Chapter 4, Irrigation National Engineering Handbook, Part 623. https://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/39787.wba
- USDA-SCS 1998. Keys to soil taxonomy. Eighth ed. USDA Nat. Res. Conservation Service. Washington DC.
- Walker WR, Skogerboe GV 1987. Surface Irrigation: Theory and Practice. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Clifss, New Jersey, 375 s.
- Walker WR 1989. Guidelines for Designing and Evaluation “Surface Irrigation Systems”. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, No: 25, Rome, 167 p.
- Waller PM, Wallender WW 1991. Infiltration in surface irrigated swelling soils. Irrigation and Drainage Systems. 5:249-266
- Zhang Y, Wu P, Zhao X, Li P 2012. Evaluation and modeling of furrow infiltration for un-cropped ridge–furrow tillage in Loess Plateau soils. Soil Res 50:360–370
- Zerihun D, Sanchez CA, Farrell-Poe KL 2004 Modified Two-Point Method for Closed-End Level-Bed Furrows World Water and Environmental Resources Congress.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Ekim 2022 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 31 Mayıs 2021 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 19 Ekim 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022Cilt: 25 Sayı: 5 |
2022-JIF = 0.500
2022-JCI = 0.170
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