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Zehirli Bitki Olan Cionura erecta (L.) (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) Üzerinde Kapsamlı Bir Mikromorfolojik ve Anatomik Çalışma

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 5, 1159 - 1172

Seher Güven

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1691710

Öz

Türkiye’de Babrik adıyla bilinen Cionura erecta (L.) Griseb., Apocynaceae familyasının geniş yayılışlı taksonlarından biri olup zehirli olmasının yanı sıra yaygın tedavi edici kullanımı ile de bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma ile C. erecta’nın gövde, petiyol, yaprak ayası ve çiçek kısımları taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ve ışık mikroskobu ile ilk kez detaylı bir şekilde incelenerek türün sistematiğine katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. SEM incelemelerinde vejetatif kısımların yüzeyinin kıvrık tüylü, yaprak epikutikular mum tabakasının çizgili olduğu, colleter salgı yapılarının petiyol, yaprak ayası ve kaliksin üzerinde konumlandığı ve herbirinin kısa, salgı yapmayan bir sap ve konik, bölünmemiş salgı yapan bir baş kısmından oluşan standart tip olarak tanımlandığı belirlendi. Gövdede kollenkima hücreleri ve dağınık sklerenkima hücre gruplarının bulunması, tüm vejetatif kısımlarda bikollateral iletim demetleri, latisiferler ve druz kristallerinin varlığı, ekvifasiyal ve amfistomotik yaprakta ise parasitik, anomositik ve anizositik stomaların varlığı en karakteristik anatomik özellikler olarak belirlendi. Elde edilen sonuçlar, anatomik ve mikromorfolojik karakterlerin C. erecta’nın tanımlanmasında morfolojik karakterlere katkı sağlamak amacıyla kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Apocynaceae Colleter SEM Babrik Cionura erecta

Kaynakça

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  • Abid, A., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Zafar, S., Ramadan, M., Althobaiti, A., Sultana, S., Kilic, O., Makhkamov, T., Yuldashev, A., Mamarakhimov, O., Khaydarov, K., Mammadova, A., Komilov, K., & Majee, S. (2023). Foliar epidermal and trichome micromorphological diversity among poisonous plants and their taxonomic significance. Folia Horticulturae, 35(2), 243-274.
  • Adeniran, A.A., Adeyanju, E., & Okeke, N.K. (2022). Anatomical characterization and physicochemical standardization of Gongronema latifolium Benth. (Apocynaceae). Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources, 19(1), 16-23.
  • Akyalçin, H., Özen, F., & Dulger, B. (2006). Anatomy, morphology, palynology and antimicrobial activity of Amsonia orientalis Decne. (Apocynaceae) growing in Turkey. International Journal of Botany, 2(1), 93-99.
  • Barthlott, W., Neinhuis, C., Cutler, D., Ditsch, F., Meusel, I., Theisen, I., & Wilhelmi, H. (1998). Classification and terminology of plant epicuticular waxes. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 126(3), 237–260.
  • Bashir, K., Sohail, A., Ali, U., Ullah, A., Ul Haq, Z., Gul, B., Ullah, I., Sunera, & Asghar, M. (2020). Foliar micromorphology and its role in identification of the Apocynaceae taxa. Microscopy Research and Technique, 83, 755–766.
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  • Biswas, M., Bhattacharya, S., Mukhopadhyay, R., & Haldar, P.K. (2018). Dregea volubilis (L. f.) Benth. (Asclepiadaceae): An appraisal on pharmacognostic, phytochemical and pharmacological studies. Orient Pharm Exp Med, 18, 1–8.
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  • Demarco, D. (2015). Micromorfología y histoquímica de los laticíferos de órganos vegetativos de especies de Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae). Acta Biológica Colombiana, 20, 57-65.
  • Demarco, D. (2017). Floral glands in asclepiads: structure, diversity and evolution. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 31(3), 477-502.
  • Demir, H., Ergin, E., Açik, L., & Vural, M. (2011). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Cynanchum acutum, Cionura erecta and Trachomitum venetum subsp. sarmatiense grown wild in Turkey. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 9(1), 186–189. https://doi.org/10.1234/4.2011.1934
  • Dilcher, D.L. (1974). Approaches to the identification of angiosperm leaf remains. Botanical Review, 40(1), 1–160.
  • El-Fiki, M., El-Taher, A., EL-Gendy, A., & Lila, M. (2019). Morphological and anatomical studies on some taxa of family Apocynaceae. Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research, 44(1), 136–147.
  • El-Taher, A.M., El-Gendy, A.E.-N.G., Alkahtani, J., Elshamy, A.I., & Abd-ElGawad, A.M. (2020). Taxonomic implication of integrated chemical, morphological, and anatomical attributes of leaves of eight Apocynaceae taxa. Diversity, 12(9), 334.
  • Endress, M.E., & Bruyns, P.V. (2000). A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s. l. Botanical Review, 66, 1–56.
  • Endress, M.E., Liede-Schumann, S., & Meve, U. (2014). An updated classification for Apocynaceae. Phytotaxa, 159(3), 175–194.
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A Comprehensive Micromorphological and Anatomical Study on the Poisonous Plant Cionura erecta (L.) Griseb. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae)

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 5, 1159 - 1172

Seher Güven

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1691710

Öz

Cionura erecta (L.) Griseb., named as Babrik in Türkiye, is one of the widespread taxa of Apocynaceae, which is known for its toxicity as well as its common therapeutic use. This study aimed to contribute to the systematics of C. erecta by examining the stem, petiole, lamina and flower parts of the species in detail, for the first time, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy. SEM examinations determined that the surface of vegetative parts was crisped hairy, leaf epicuticular wax was striate, and colleters were in petiolar, laminar and calycine positions, and each was defined as standard type consisting of a short, non-secretory stalk, and a conical, undivided main secretory head. The presence of collenchyma cells and scattered sclerenchyma cell groups in the stem, bicollateral vascular bundles, laticifers and druse crystals in all vegetative portions, and paracytic, anomocytic, and anisocytic stomata on the amphistomotic and equifacial leaf were determined as the most characteristic anatomical features. The obtained results revealed that anatomical and micromorphological characters could be used to contribute to the morphological characters in the identification of C. erecta.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Apocynaceae Colleter SEM Babrik Cionura erecta

Kaynakça

  • Abeysinghe, P.D., & Scharaschkin, T. (2022). Comparative anatomy of two forms of Sri Lankan Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. (family Apocynaceae S.L. – subfamily Asclepiadoideae) -taxonomic implications. Ceylon Journal of Science, 51(3), 307–318.
  • Abid, A., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Zafar, S., Ramadan, M., Althobaiti, A., Sultana, S., Kilic, O., Makhkamov, T., Yuldashev, A., Mamarakhimov, O., Khaydarov, K., Mammadova, A., Komilov, K., & Majee, S. (2023). Foliar epidermal and trichome micromorphological diversity among poisonous plants and their taxonomic significance. Folia Horticulturae, 35(2), 243-274.
  • Adeniran, A.A., Adeyanju, E., & Okeke, N.K. (2022). Anatomical characterization and physicochemical standardization of Gongronema latifolium Benth. (Apocynaceae). Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources, 19(1), 16-23.
  • Akyalçin, H., Özen, F., & Dulger, B. (2006). Anatomy, morphology, palynology and antimicrobial activity of Amsonia orientalis Decne. (Apocynaceae) growing in Turkey. International Journal of Botany, 2(1), 93-99.
  • Barthlott, W., Neinhuis, C., Cutler, D., Ditsch, F., Meusel, I., Theisen, I., & Wilhelmi, H. (1998). Classification and terminology of plant epicuticular waxes. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 126(3), 237–260.
  • Bashir, K., Sohail, A., Ali, U., Ullah, A., Ul Haq, Z., Gul, B., Ullah, I., Sunera, & Asghar, M. (2020). Foliar micromorphology and its role in identification of the Apocynaceae taxa. Microscopy Research and Technique, 83, 755–766.
  • Baumann, H. (1996). Greek Wild Flora and Plant Lore in Ancient Greece. Herbert Press, London, p 124.
  • Biswas, M., Bhattacharya, S., Mukhopadhyay, R., & Haldar, P.K. (2018). Dregea volubilis (L. f.) Benth. (Asclepiadaceae): An appraisal on pharmacognostic, phytochemical and pharmacological studies. Orient Pharm Exp Med, 18, 1–8.
  • Browicz, K. (1967). Genus Cionura Grisebach – Distribution, history and application. Arboretum Kórnickie, 12, 5–32.
  • Browicz, K. (1978). Asclepiadaceae. In: Davis, P.H. (ed), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 6, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp 163-174.
  • Capelli, N.V., Rodrigues, B.A., & Demarco, D. (2017). Stipules in Apocynaceae: An ontogenetic perspective. AoB Plants, 9, plw083.
  • Carvalho, R., Pellissari, L.C.O., Pace, M.R., Scremin-Dias, E., Arruda, R.D.O., & Farinaccio, M.A. (2017). Leaf morphoanatomy of Araujia and Morrenia (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae): Phylogenetic implications and species key. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 183(2), 280–293.
  • Demarco, D. (2015). Micromorfología y histoquímica de los laticíferos de órganos vegetativos de especies de Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae). Acta Biológica Colombiana, 20, 57-65.
  • Demarco, D. (2017). Floral glands in asclepiads: structure, diversity and evolution. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 31(3), 477-502.
  • Demir, H., Ergin, E., Açik, L., & Vural, M. (2011). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Cynanchum acutum, Cionura erecta and Trachomitum venetum subsp. sarmatiense grown wild in Turkey. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 9(1), 186–189. https://doi.org/10.1234/4.2011.1934
  • Dilcher, D.L. (1974). Approaches to the identification of angiosperm leaf remains. Botanical Review, 40(1), 1–160.
  • El-Fiki, M., El-Taher, A., EL-Gendy, A., & Lila, M. (2019). Morphological and anatomical studies on some taxa of family Apocynaceae. Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research, 44(1), 136–147.
  • El-Taher, A.M., El-Gendy, A.E.-N.G., Alkahtani, J., Elshamy, A.I., & Abd-ElGawad, A.M. (2020). Taxonomic implication of integrated chemical, morphological, and anatomical attributes of leaves of eight Apocynaceae taxa. Diversity, 12(9), 334.
  • Endress, M.E., & Bruyns, P.V. (2000). A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s. l. Botanical Review, 66, 1–56.
  • Endress, M.E., Liede-Schumann, S., & Meve, U. (2014). An updated classification for Apocynaceae. Phytotaxa, 159(3), 175–194.
  • Endress, M.E., Meve, U., Middleton, D.J., & Liede-Schumann, S. (2019). Apocynaceae. In: Kadereit, J.W., & Bittrich, V. (Eds). Flowering Plants. Eudicots, the Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Vol. 15. Berlin, Springer International Publishing AG, pp 207–411.
  • Erdogan, M.K., Toy, Y., Gundogdu, R., Gecibesler, I.H., Sever, A., Yapar, Y., Behcet, L., & Zengin, G. (2025). Assessment of cytotoxic, apoptotic, enzyme inhibitory, and antioxidant properties, and phytochemical characterization of ethanolic extract from Cionura erecta. Food Bioscience, 65, 106082.
  • Fahn, A. (1990). Plant Anatomy, 4th Edn. Oxford, Pergamon Press.
  • Fishbein, M., Livshultz, T., Straub, S.C.K., Simões, A.O., Boutte, J., McDonnell, A., & Foote, A. (2018). Evolution on the backbone: Apocynaceae phylogenomics and new perspectives on growth forms, flowers, and fruits. Am J Bot., 105(3), 495–513.
  • Gabr, D.G., Khafagi, A.A.F., Mohamed, A.H., & Mohamed, F.S. (2015). The significance of leaf morphological characters in the identification of some species of Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. Journal of American Science, 11, 61–70.
  • Guidoti, D.G., Guidoti, D.T., Rocha, C.L.M.S.C., & Mourão, K.S.M. (2015). Morphoanatomic characterization of the stem and the leaf of Tabernaemontana catharinensis A.DC (Apocynaceae) and antimutagenic activity of its leaves. Rev. Bras. Pl. Med., 17(4), 667–678.
  • Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., & Babaç, M.T.. (2012) Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). 1. Baskı, Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayınları, sy. 83-86.
  • Güven, S. & Doğan, S. M. (2025). A scanning electron microscope study of vegetative parts of the genus Vincetoxicum in Türkiye. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 28(2), 380-402.
  • Güven, S., Makbul, S., Mertayak, F., & Coşkunçelebi, K. (2021). Anatomical properties of Epilobium and Chamaenerion from a taxonomical perspective in Turkey. Protoplasma, 258(4), 827–847.
  • Güven, S., & Sarıkaya, E. (2024). Morphological and chorological contributions to the genus Cionura (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) from Türkiye. 7th Symposium on EuroAsian Biodiversity (SEAB), Erzurum, Türkiye, 22-24 Agust 2024, ss. 94.
  • İlçim, A., Özay, S.G., & Kökdil, G. (2010). Exomorphic seed characters and anatomy of leaf and stem of some Vincetoxicum (Asclepiadaceae/Apocynaceae) species from Turkey. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 39(1), 1–16.
  • Joubert, L. (2007). A Taxonomic Study of Cryptolepis (Apocynaceae) in Southern Africa. [Master’s Thesis, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences (Botany), University of the Free State Bloemfontein]. South Africa.
  • Johansen, D.A. (1940). Plant Microtechnique. New York, McGraw Hill Book.
  • Khaleeda, R. & Meekiong, K. (2023). Comparative micromorphology leaf surface of selected Hoya spp. (Apocynaceae) from Sarawak. Reinwardtia, 22(2), 69‒77.
  • Koch, K., Bhushan, B., & Barthlott, W. (2008). Diversity of structure, morphology and wetting of plant surfaces. Soft Matter, 4, 1943–63.
  • Manzoor, R., Zafar, M., Yaqoob, T., Ahmad, M., Ramadan, M.F., Althobaiti, A..T, Demirpolat, A., Çobanoğlu, D.N., Sultana, S., Makhkamov, T., Mamarakhimov, O., Yuldashev, A., Khakimova, D., Nizomova, M., Ochilov, U., & Majeed. S. (2023). Micromorphological sculptural diversity in foliar epidermis and trichomes features among invasive species. Microsc Microanal., 29(4):1531-1555.
  • Markgraf, F. (1972). Flora Europaea, Vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 978-0521084895, pp. 71–73.
  • Medina, M.C., Sousa-Baena, M.S., Capelli, N.d.V., Koch, R., & Demarco, D. (2021). Stinging trichomes in Apocynaceae and their evolution in angiosperms. Plants, 10(11), 2324.
  • Metcalfe, C.R. & Chalk, L. (1950). Anatomy of Dicotyledons. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  • Mirza, M., & Navaei, M.N. (2009). Chemical composition of the essential oils extracted from the leaf and flowers of Marsdenia erecta (L.) R. Br. in Iran. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants, 12, 87-91.
  • Molik, Z.A., Ajayi, T.O., Ogunniyi, Q.A., Fijagbade, A.O., & Ogbole, O.O. (2025). Latex of medicinal plants: a reservoir of antimicrobial peptides, proteins, and enzymes for drug discovery. Discover Molecules, 2(1).
  • Mozaffari, E., Abai, M.R., Khanavi, M., Vatandoost, H., Sedaghat, M.M., Moridnia, A., Saber-Navaei, M., Sanei-Dehkordi, A., & Rafi, F. (2014). Chemical composition, larvicidal and repellency properties of Cionura erecta (L.) Griseb. against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). J Arthropod Borne Dis, 8(2), 147-155.
  • Myrianthopoulos, V., Fokialakis, N., Melliou, E., & Mitaku, S. (2007). Chemical composition of the essential oil of Cionura erecta (asclepiadaceae) Inforescences. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 19(3), 266–268.
  • Naidoo, C., Naidoo, Y., & Dewir, Y.H. The secretory apparatus of Tabernaemontana ventricosa Hochst. ex A.DC. (Apocynaceae): laticifer identification, characterization and distribution. Plants (Basel), 9(6), 686.
  • Nikalje, G.C., Zimare, S.B., & Malpathak, N.P. (2013). A comparative pharmacognostic study on the leaf, stem and root components of Gymnema sylvestre (Retz) R. Br. ex. Sm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci. 83, 125–134.
  • Nisa, S.U., Shah, S.A., Mumtaz, A.S., & Sultan, A. (2019). Stomatal novelties in Vincetoxicum arnottianum (Asclepiadeae: Asclepiadoideae: Apocynaceae). Flora, 260, 151464.
  • Öztürk, M., Uysal, I., Gücel, S., Mert, T., Akçiçek, E., & Çelik, S. (2008). Ethnoecology of poisonous plants of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. Pak J Bot, 40(4), 1359-1386.
  • Pham, H.T.T., Hoang, M.C., Ha, T.K.Q., Dang, L.H., Tran, V.O., Nguyen, T.B.T., Lee, C.H., & Oh, W.K. (2018). Discrimination of different geographic varieties of Gymnema sylvestre, an anti-sweet plant used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Phytochemistry, 150, 12-22.
  • Pirolla-Souza, A., Arruda, R.C.O, Pace, M.R., & Farinaccio, M.A. (2019). Leaf anatomical characters of Rhabdadenia (Rhabdadenieae, Apocynaceae), their taxonomic implications, and notes on the presence of articulated laticifers in the genus. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 305, 797–810.
  • Pobedimova, G. (1952). Antitoxicum. In: Shishkin, B. K. & Bobrov, E. G. (eds.) Flora of USSR Vol. 18. Academy of Science of the USSR Press, Leningrad-Moscow, pp. 674–691.
  • Prüm, B., Seidel, R., Bohn, H. F., & Speck, T. (2012). Plant surfaces with cuticular folds are slippery for beetles. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 9, 127–35.
  • Rajput K.S., Rami M, Rahangdale S.S., Rahangdale S.R. & Raole V.M. (2024). Stem anatomy and ontogeny of phloem wedges in some species of Gymnema (Apocynaceae), Plant Biosystems, 158(3), 365-379.
  • Ribeiro, J.C., Ferreira, M.J.P., & Demarco, D. (2017). Colleters in Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae): protection of meristems against desiccation and new functions assigned. Int. J. Plant Sci., 178, 465–477.
  • Ribeiro, J.C., Tölke, E.D., & Demarco, D. (2021). Secretory patterns in colleters of Apocynaceae. Plants, 10, 2770.
  • Salomé, B.M.C., Santos, A.F., Ribeiro, L.M., De Azevedo, I.F.P., Mercadante-Simões, M.O. (2023). Anastomosing laticifer in the primary and secondary structures of Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton (Apocynaceae) stems. Protoplasma, 260(2), 497-508.
  • Sargın, S. (2021). Micro-morphological, anatomical and statistical correlative evaluation between different altitudes and leaf structural features of Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae), growing in the middle-west Taurus, Turkey. Botany Research Journal, 14(1), 1-9.
  • Sarıkaya, E., & Güven, S. (2024). Contributions to the taxonomy of Periplocoideae and Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) in Türkiye based on fruit and seed morphology. Plant Biosystems, 158(5), 963–977.
  • Sathya, E., Muthukumar, T. & Sekar, T. (2022). Comparative vegetative anatomy of Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. and the endemic Wrightia indica Ngan (Apocynaceae Juss.) occurring in Peninsular India. Flora, 290, 152043.
  • Schweingruber, F., Börner, A., & Schulze, E.D. (2011). Material and Methods. In: Atlas of Stem Anatomy in Herbs, Shrubs and Trees. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Simões, A.O., Castro, M.M., & Kinoshita, L.S. (2006). Calycine colleters of seven species of Apocynaceae (Apocynoideae) from Brazil. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 152, 387-398.
  • Smith, W.K., Vogelmann, T.C., DeLucia, E.H, Bell, D.T., & Shepherd, K.A. (1997). Leaf form and photosynthesis. BioScience, 47(11), 785–793.
  • Stearn, W.T. (1978). Apocynaceae. In: Davis, P.H. (Ed). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 6. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp, 158-163.
  • Stearn. W.T. (1992). Botanical Latin. London, David and Charles Publication.
  • Takım, K., Akan, H., Dinç, H., & Gökmen, A. (2022). Poisoning of sheep by Babrik plant (Cionura erecta (L.) Griseb.) in Şanlıurfa / Turkey. Harran University Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11(1), 128-131.
  • Thomas, V., & Dave, Y. (1991). Comparative and phylogenetic significance of colleters in Apocynaceae. Feddes Repertorium, 102, 23-28.
  • Tomaszewski, D., & Zieliński, J. (2014). Epicuticular wax structures on stems and comparison between stems and leaves–a survey. Flora, 209(5–6), 215–232.
  • Ünsal, Ç., Vural, H., Sarıyar, G., Özbek B., & Öztürk, G. (2010). Traditional medicine in Bilecik province (Turkey) and antimicrobial activities of selected species. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(2), 139–150.
  • Woodland, D.W. (1997). Contemporary Plant Systematics. Berrien Springs (MI), Andrews University Press.
  • Xin-sheng, Q. (2010). Studies on the micromorphology of leaf epidermis in Cynanchum (Asclepiadaceae) from China under environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Journal of South China Agricultural University, 31(3), 47–51.
  • Yaman, B., & Tumen, I. (2012). Anatomical notes on Marsdenia erecta (Apocynaceae) wood: is it secondarily woody? Dendrobiology, 67, 87-92.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bitki Morfolojisi ve Anatomisi
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article)
Yazarlar

Seher Güven 0000-0001-8883-8489

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 13 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025Cilt: 28 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Güven, S. (2025). A Comprehensive Micromorphological and Anatomical Study on the Poisonous Plant Cionura erecta (L.) Griseb. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 28(5), 1159-1172. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1691710
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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