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An Alternative Cereal: Forgotten a New Plant from The Past

Yıl 2018, , 447 - 456, 15.06.2018

Uğur Sarı İskender Tiryaki

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksudobil.328540

Öz

Changing
lifestyles and eating habits from the past to the present, and increasing
availability of ready-to-eat foods in daily diet along with increasing health
problems promted consumers to look for alternative herbal nutrients over time.
Such ongoing quests have led to the development of new plant varieties and the
reconsidering of existing nutrients in terms of healthy nutrition and diet
quality criteria. At the same time, such searches have led to the
resurgence of plant species and varieties that have been produced using
traditional or primitive agricultural methods in very marginal areas of the
world, where cultivation has been abandoned for a variety of reasons, or which
are still underdeveloped. Since such plants, which can also be called as fashion-plants,
are announced to consumers by the press, those plants are demanded by the
comsumers and such demand creates new markets. The rediscovery of such plant
species, which seem to have been completely forgotten in the past, is expected
to become even more popular in the near future if they are addressed by
different aspects of today's plants, as compared to the basic plant species and
varieties that make up a large part of people's daily diet around the
worldwide. As a natural plant of Ethiopia, teff [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)
Trotter] is also considered as one of such fashion-plants and takes place very
important role in daily diet of people of the region. The plant has recently
been shown as an alternative source of carbohydrates in terms of balanced
nutrition in different parts of the world. New scientific studies are causing
the plant to become more recognized and to increase its importance. This study
has been prepared to introduce many aspects of teff plant which may have an
important agricultural potential in near future for our country.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Teff diet gluten cereal nutrition

Kaynakça

  • Alaunyte I, Stojceska V, Plunkett A, Ainsworth P, Derbyshire E. 2012. Improving the quality of nutrient-rich Teff (Eragrostis tef) breads by combination of enzymes in straight dough and sourdough breadmaking. Journal of Cereal Science, 55(1):22-30.
  • Alkamper J. 1973. The fertilization of teff. J. Assoc. Adv. Agric. Sci. Africa 1: 56–65.
  • Assefa K, Yu JK, Zeid M, Belay G, Tefera H, Sorrells ME. 2011. Breeding tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) trotter]: Conventional and molecular approaches. Plant Breeding, 130: 1–9.
  • Baye, K. 2014. Synopsis:Teff: nutrient composition and health benefits. ESSP Research Note 34. Washington, D.C.
  • Bedane GM, Saukuru AM, George DL, Gupta ML. 2015. Evaluation of teff (Eragrostis tef [Zucc.] Trotter) lines for agronomic traits in Australia. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 9: 242–247.
  • Bekele E, Fido RJ, Tatham AS, Shewry PR. 1995. Heterogeneity and Polymorphism of Seed Proteins in Tef (Eragrotis Tef). Hereditas, 122: 67–72.
  • Belay G, Tefera H, Tadesse B, Metaferia G, Jarra D, Tadesse T. 2006. Participatory Variety Selection in the Ethiopian Cereal Tef (Eragrostis Tef). Experimental Agriculture, 42: 91.
  • Berhanu K. 1986. A review of weed control research activities on tef in Ethiopia. In Proceedings of the First Ethiopian Crop Protection Symposium, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 4-7 Feb 1986. IAR.
  • Bultosa G. 2007. Physicochemical characteristics of grain and flour in 13 tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] grain varieties. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3: 2042–2050.
  • Bultosa G, Taylor JRN. 2004. Teff. Encyclopedia of grain science, 3: 281–290.
  • Cannarozzi G, Plaza-Wüthrich S, Esfeld K, Larti S, Wilson YS, Girma D, de Castro E, Chanyalew S, Blösch R, Farinelli L, Lyons E. 2014. Genome and transcriptome sequencing identifies breeding targets in the orphan crop tef (Eragrostis tef). BMC genomics, 15: 581.
  • Cheverton MR, Chapman GP. 1989. Ethiopian tef: A cereal confined to its centre of variability. In: Wickens GE, Haq N, Day P (eds.) New Crops for Food and Industry. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp: 235-238.
  • Conert HJ. 1992. Eragrostoideae. in Hegi G (Ed.) Illustriert Flora von Mittel-Europa. Band. I, Vol. 3. Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Monocotyledones 1(2) Poaceae (Parey Buchverlag: Berlin). Pp. 75–120.
  • Crymes AR. 2015. The International Footprint of Teff: Resurgence of an Ancient Ethiopian Grain. Arts & Sciences, Electronic Theses and Dissertations,394.
  • Debelo A. 1992. Germination, Yield, and Yield Components of Tef (Eragrostis Tef (Zucc.) Trotter) as Affected by Environment, Tillage and Weed Control Practices (Doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University).
  • Ebba T. 1969. Tef (Eragrostis tef). The Cultivation, Usage and Some of its Known Diseases and Insect Pests. Part I. Expt. Sta. Bull. No. 66. Haile Sellassie I Univesity (HSIU), College of Agriculture, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
  • Evert S, Staggenborg S, Olson BLS. 2009. Soil temperature and planting depth effects on tef emergence. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 195: 232–236.
  • Fardet A, Leenhardt F, Lioger D, Scalbert A, Rémésy C. 2006. Parameters controlling the glycaemic response to breads. Nutrition Research Reviews, 19: 18–25.
  • Gebremariam MM, Zarnkow M, Becker T. 2012. Teff (Eragrostis tef) as a raw material for malting, brewing and manufacturing of gluten-free foods and beverages: A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51: 2881–2895.
  • Gebremedhin T. 1987. The control of red tef worm, in Ethiopia. Trop Pest Manage. London : Taylor & Francis. Apr/June 1987 33: 170–172.
  • Georgie MK. 2011. Long-term brain and behavioral consequences of early iron deficiency. Nutrition reviews, 69: S43-8.
  • Harris P, Geor RJ. 2009. Primer on Dietary Carbohydrates and Utility of the Glycemic Index in Equine Nutrition. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Equine Practice, 25: 23–37.
  • Hopman E, Dekking L, Blokland ML, Wuisman M, Zuijderduin W, Koning F, Schweizer J. 2008. Tef in the diet of celiac patients in The Netherlands. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 43: 277–282.
  • Hunter M, Barney P, Kilcer T, Cherney J, Lawrence J, Ketterings Q. 2007. Teff as emergency forage. Cornell Univ.Coop.Ext., Agronomy Fact Sheet, 24.
  • Ingram AL, Doyle JJ. 2003. The origin and evolution of Eragrostis tef (Poaceae) and related polyploids: Evidence from nuclear waxy and plastid rps16. American Journal of Botany, 90: 116–122.
  • Jackman N.D. 1999. Tef and finger millet, archaeobotanical studies of two indigenous East African cereals (Doctoral dissertation, Simon Fraser University).
  • Jansen GR, Dimailo LR, Hause NL. 1962. Amino acid composition and lysine supplementation of teff. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 10: 62–64.
  • Kaplan M, Üke Ö, Kale H, Yavuz S, Kurt Ö, Atalay Aİ. 2016. Olgunlaşma Döneminin Teff Otunun Potansiyel Besleme Değeri, Gaz ve Metan Üretimine Etkisi. Iğdır Üni. Fen Bilimleri Enst. Der. / Iğdır Univ. J. Inst. Sci. & Tech., 6: 181–186.
  • Ketema S. 1993. Tef (Eragrostis tef): breeding, agronomy, genetic resources, utilization, and role in Ethiopian agriculture.
  • Ketema, S. 1997. Tef. Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. Vol. 12 Institute of plant genetics and crop plant research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
  • Kreitschitz A, Tadele Z, Gola EM. 2009. Slime cells on the surface of Eragrostis seeds maintain a level of moisture around the grain to enhance germination. Seed Science Research, 19: 27-35.
  • Watson L, Macfarlane TD, Dallwitz MJD. 1992. Grass genera of the world-introduction. CAB international.
  • Miller D. 2010. Teff grass: crop overview and forage production guide. Cal/West Seed Company. Woodland, CA 95695.
  • Mosi AK, Butterworth MH. 1985. The voluntary intake and digestibility of combinations of cereal crop residues and legume hay for sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 12: 241–251.
  • National Academy of Sciences. 1996. Lost Crops of Africa. National Academies Press.
  • Refera A. 2001. TEF: Post-harvest operations. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Institute of Agricultural Research Organization, Holetta Agricultural Research Center (IARO).
  • Roseberg RJ, Norberg S, Smith J, Charlton B, Rykbost K, Shock C. 2005. Yield and quality of teff forage as a function of varying rates of applied irrigation and nitrogen. Klamath Experiment Station, 1069: 119–136.
  • Stallknecht GF, Gilbertson KM, Eckhoff JL. 1993. Teff: Food Crop for Humans and Animals. New crops.Wiley, New York, 5: 231–234.
  • Stewart RB, Yiroou D. 1967. Index of plant diseases in Ethiopia. Bull.Exp.Stn Coll.Agric.Halle Selassie Univ. 30.
  • Tadesse D, Kebede H. 1995. Germplasm collection, conservation and characterization of tef. Plant Genetic Resources Centre/Ethiopia.Internal Report.Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.
  • Tareke B. 1981. Inheritance of lemma color, seed color and panicle form among four cultivars of Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter. PhD thesis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska.
  • Teegarden D. 2003. Calcium Intake and Reduction in Weight or Fat Mass. The Journal of nutrition, 133(1):249-251.
  • Tefera H, Assefa K, Hundera F, Kefyalew T, Teferra T. 2003. Heritability and genetic advance in recombinant inbred lines of tef (Eragrostis tef). Euphytica, 131: 91–96.
  • Thompson T. 2000. Folate, iron, and dietary fiber contents of the gluten-free diet. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100: 1389–1396.
  • USDA USDOARS. 2016. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 28.
  • Vinning GS, McMahon G. 2006. Gluten-free Grains: A Demand-and-supply Analysis of Prospects for the Australian Health Grains Industry: a Report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Rural Industries and Development Corporation.
  • WHO. 2003. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of osteoporosis. Public Health Nutrition, 7: 227–43.
  • Wolter A, Hager AS, Zannini E, Arendt EK. 2013. In vitro starch digestibility and predicted glycaemic indexes of buckwheat, oat, quinoa, sorghum, teff and commercial gluten-free bread. Journal of Cereal Science, 58: 431–436.
  • Zemel MB. 2003. Role of dietary calcium and dairy products in modulating adiposity. Lipids, 38: 139–146.
  • Zimmermann MB, Hurrell RF. 2007. Nutritional iron deficiency. The Lancet, 370(9586): 511-520.

Alternatif Tahıl: Eskinin Unutulmuş Yeni Bitkisi Tef (Eragrostis tef [Zucc.] Trotter)

Yıl 2018, , 447 - 456, 15.06.2018

Uğur Sarı İskender Tiryaki

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksudobil.328540

Öz

Geçmişten
günümüze değişen yaşam ve beslenme alışkanlıkları, günlük diyet içerisinde
hazır gıdaların giderek daha fazla yer almasına ve her geçen gün artan sağlık
sorunları tüketicilerin zaman içerisinde alternatif bitkisel besin kaynaklarını
aramasına neden olmuştur. Süre gelen bu arayışlar, yeni bitki çeşitlerinin
geliştirilmesine ve var olan besin kaynaklarının sağlıklı beslenme ve diyet
kalite kriterleri açısından tekrar ele alınması sonucunu doğurmuştur. Bu
arayışlar aynı zamanda geçmişi çok eskilere dayanmasına karşın,
yetiştiriciliğinin farklı nedenlerle terkedildiği ya da halen dünyanın az
gelişmiş, çok marjinal alanlarında geleneksel, daha ziyade ilkel tarımsal
yöntemler kullanılarak üretimi yapılan bitki tür ve çeşitlerinin tekrar gündeme
gelmesine neden olmuştur. Moda-bitkiler olarak da isimlendirilebilecek bu
bitkiler basın ve yayın aracılığı ile tüketicilere duyurulmakta ve
tüketicilerin bu bitkileri talep etmesine ve yeni pazarların oluşmasına sebep
olmaktadır. Dünya genelinde insanların günlük diyetlerinin büyük bir kısmını
oluşturan temel bitki tür ve çeşitleri ile kıyaslandığında, tamamen unutulmuş
gibi gözüken bu bitki türlerinin yeniden keşfi, bu bitkilerin günümüzde farklı
yönleri ile ele alınarak alternatif diyet ürünü olarak piyasadaki yerlerini
almalarını sağlamıştır.  Söz konusu
moda-bitkilerden biri olan tef (Eragrostis
tef) Etiyopya’nın doğal bitkisi
olarak bölge insanlarının günlük diyetlerinde çok önemli bir yer tutmaktadır.
Bitki son zamanlarda dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde de dengeli beslenme açısından
alternatif karbonhidrat kaynağı olarak gösterilmektedir. Yeni bilimsel
çalışmalar bitkinin daha fazla tanınmasına ve öneminin giderek artmasına neden
olmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ülkemiz için önemli bir tarımsal potansiyele sahip
olabilecek tef bitkisinin birçok yönü ile ele alınarak tanıtılmasını
amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tef diyet gluten tahıl beslenme

Kaynakça

  • Alaunyte I, Stojceska V, Plunkett A, Ainsworth P, Derbyshire E. 2012. Improving the quality of nutrient-rich Teff (Eragrostis tef) breads by combination of enzymes in straight dough and sourdough breadmaking. Journal of Cereal Science, 55(1):22-30.
  • Alkamper J. 1973. The fertilization of teff. J. Assoc. Adv. Agric. Sci. Africa 1: 56–65.
  • Assefa K, Yu JK, Zeid M, Belay G, Tefera H, Sorrells ME. 2011. Breeding tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) trotter]: Conventional and molecular approaches. Plant Breeding, 130: 1–9.
  • Baye, K. 2014. Synopsis:Teff: nutrient composition and health benefits. ESSP Research Note 34. Washington, D.C.
  • Bedane GM, Saukuru AM, George DL, Gupta ML. 2015. Evaluation of teff (Eragrostis tef [Zucc.] Trotter) lines for agronomic traits in Australia. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 9: 242–247.
  • Bekele E, Fido RJ, Tatham AS, Shewry PR. 1995. Heterogeneity and Polymorphism of Seed Proteins in Tef (Eragrotis Tef). Hereditas, 122: 67–72.
  • Belay G, Tefera H, Tadesse B, Metaferia G, Jarra D, Tadesse T. 2006. Participatory Variety Selection in the Ethiopian Cereal Tef (Eragrostis Tef). Experimental Agriculture, 42: 91.
  • Berhanu K. 1986. A review of weed control research activities on tef in Ethiopia. In Proceedings of the First Ethiopian Crop Protection Symposium, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 4-7 Feb 1986. IAR.
  • Bultosa G. 2007. Physicochemical characteristics of grain and flour in 13 tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] grain varieties. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3: 2042–2050.
  • Bultosa G, Taylor JRN. 2004. Teff. Encyclopedia of grain science, 3: 281–290.
  • Cannarozzi G, Plaza-Wüthrich S, Esfeld K, Larti S, Wilson YS, Girma D, de Castro E, Chanyalew S, Blösch R, Farinelli L, Lyons E. 2014. Genome and transcriptome sequencing identifies breeding targets in the orphan crop tef (Eragrostis tef). BMC genomics, 15: 581.
  • Cheverton MR, Chapman GP. 1989. Ethiopian tef: A cereal confined to its centre of variability. In: Wickens GE, Haq N, Day P (eds.) New Crops for Food and Industry. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp: 235-238.
  • Conert HJ. 1992. Eragrostoideae. in Hegi G (Ed.) Illustriert Flora von Mittel-Europa. Band. I, Vol. 3. Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Monocotyledones 1(2) Poaceae (Parey Buchverlag: Berlin). Pp. 75–120.
  • Crymes AR. 2015. The International Footprint of Teff: Resurgence of an Ancient Ethiopian Grain. Arts & Sciences, Electronic Theses and Dissertations,394.
  • Debelo A. 1992. Germination, Yield, and Yield Components of Tef (Eragrostis Tef (Zucc.) Trotter) as Affected by Environment, Tillage and Weed Control Practices (Doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University).
  • Ebba T. 1969. Tef (Eragrostis tef). The Cultivation, Usage and Some of its Known Diseases and Insect Pests. Part I. Expt. Sta. Bull. No. 66. Haile Sellassie I Univesity (HSIU), College of Agriculture, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
  • Evert S, Staggenborg S, Olson BLS. 2009. Soil temperature and planting depth effects on tef emergence. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 195: 232–236.
  • Fardet A, Leenhardt F, Lioger D, Scalbert A, Rémésy C. 2006. Parameters controlling the glycaemic response to breads. Nutrition Research Reviews, 19: 18–25.
  • Gebremariam MM, Zarnkow M, Becker T. 2012. Teff (Eragrostis tef) as a raw material for malting, brewing and manufacturing of gluten-free foods and beverages: A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51: 2881–2895.
  • Gebremedhin T. 1987. The control of red tef worm, in Ethiopia. Trop Pest Manage. London : Taylor & Francis. Apr/June 1987 33: 170–172.
  • Georgie MK. 2011. Long-term brain and behavioral consequences of early iron deficiency. Nutrition reviews, 69: S43-8.
  • Harris P, Geor RJ. 2009. Primer on Dietary Carbohydrates and Utility of the Glycemic Index in Equine Nutrition. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Equine Practice, 25: 23–37.
  • Hopman E, Dekking L, Blokland ML, Wuisman M, Zuijderduin W, Koning F, Schweizer J. 2008. Tef in the diet of celiac patients in The Netherlands. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 43: 277–282.
  • Hunter M, Barney P, Kilcer T, Cherney J, Lawrence J, Ketterings Q. 2007. Teff as emergency forage. Cornell Univ.Coop.Ext., Agronomy Fact Sheet, 24.
  • Ingram AL, Doyle JJ. 2003. The origin and evolution of Eragrostis tef (Poaceae) and related polyploids: Evidence from nuclear waxy and plastid rps16. American Journal of Botany, 90: 116–122.
  • Jackman N.D. 1999. Tef and finger millet, archaeobotanical studies of two indigenous East African cereals (Doctoral dissertation, Simon Fraser University).
  • Jansen GR, Dimailo LR, Hause NL. 1962. Amino acid composition and lysine supplementation of teff. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 10: 62–64.
  • Kaplan M, Üke Ö, Kale H, Yavuz S, Kurt Ö, Atalay Aİ. 2016. Olgunlaşma Döneminin Teff Otunun Potansiyel Besleme Değeri, Gaz ve Metan Üretimine Etkisi. Iğdır Üni. Fen Bilimleri Enst. Der. / Iğdır Univ. J. Inst. Sci. & Tech., 6: 181–186.
  • Ketema S. 1993. Tef (Eragrostis tef): breeding, agronomy, genetic resources, utilization, and role in Ethiopian agriculture.
  • Ketema, S. 1997. Tef. Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. Vol. 12 Institute of plant genetics and crop plant research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
  • Kreitschitz A, Tadele Z, Gola EM. 2009. Slime cells on the surface of Eragrostis seeds maintain a level of moisture around the grain to enhance germination. Seed Science Research, 19: 27-35.
  • Watson L, Macfarlane TD, Dallwitz MJD. 1992. Grass genera of the world-introduction. CAB international.
  • Miller D. 2010. Teff grass: crop overview and forage production guide. Cal/West Seed Company. Woodland, CA 95695.
  • Mosi AK, Butterworth MH. 1985. The voluntary intake and digestibility of combinations of cereal crop residues and legume hay for sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 12: 241–251.
  • National Academy of Sciences. 1996. Lost Crops of Africa. National Academies Press.
  • Refera A. 2001. TEF: Post-harvest operations. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Institute of Agricultural Research Organization, Holetta Agricultural Research Center (IARO).
  • Roseberg RJ, Norberg S, Smith J, Charlton B, Rykbost K, Shock C. 2005. Yield and quality of teff forage as a function of varying rates of applied irrigation and nitrogen. Klamath Experiment Station, 1069: 119–136.
  • Stallknecht GF, Gilbertson KM, Eckhoff JL. 1993. Teff: Food Crop for Humans and Animals. New crops.Wiley, New York, 5: 231–234.
  • Stewart RB, Yiroou D. 1967. Index of plant diseases in Ethiopia. Bull.Exp.Stn Coll.Agric.Halle Selassie Univ. 30.
  • Tadesse D, Kebede H. 1995. Germplasm collection, conservation and characterization of tef. Plant Genetic Resources Centre/Ethiopia.Internal Report.Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.
  • Tareke B. 1981. Inheritance of lemma color, seed color and panicle form among four cultivars of Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter. PhD thesis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska.
  • Teegarden D. 2003. Calcium Intake and Reduction in Weight or Fat Mass. The Journal of nutrition, 133(1):249-251.
  • Tefera H, Assefa K, Hundera F, Kefyalew T, Teferra T. 2003. Heritability and genetic advance in recombinant inbred lines of tef (Eragrostis tef). Euphytica, 131: 91–96.
  • Thompson T. 2000. Folate, iron, and dietary fiber contents of the gluten-free diet. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100: 1389–1396.
  • USDA USDOARS. 2016. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 28.
  • Vinning GS, McMahon G. 2006. Gluten-free Grains: A Demand-and-supply Analysis of Prospects for the Australian Health Grains Industry: a Report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Rural Industries and Development Corporation.
  • WHO. 2003. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of osteoporosis. Public Health Nutrition, 7: 227–43.
  • Wolter A, Hager AS, Zannini E, Arendt EK. 2013. In vitro starch digestibility and predicted glycaemic indexes of buckwheat, oat, quinoa, sorghum, teff and commercial gluten-free bread. Journal of Cereal Science, 58: 431–436.
  • Zemel MB. 2003. Role of dietary calcium and dairy products in modulating adiposity. Lipids, 38: 139–146.
  • Zimmermann MB, Hurrell RF. 2007. Nutritional iron deficiency. The Lancet, 370(9586): 511-520.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm DERLEME MAKALE (Review Article)
Yazarlar

Uğur Sarı 0000-0001-7564-997X

İskender Tiryaki 0000-0002-7504-2892

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Haziran 2017
Kabul Tarihi 13 Kasım 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018

Kaynak Göster

APA Sarı, U., & Tiryaki, İ. (2018). Alternatif Tahıl: Eskinin Unutulmuş Yeni Bitkisi Tef (Eragrostis tef [Zucc.] Trotter). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 21(3), 447-456. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksudobil.328540

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