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The Effects on the Growth Performance, Some Serum Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Parameters of the Stocking Density in the Sprague-Dawley Rats

Yıl 2020, , 1359 - 1365, 31.10.2020

Murat Genç

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.681294

Öz

Objective of his studywas to compare the growth performances of Sprague-Dawley female rats fed at normal and narrowed stocking density with certain stress parameters. 72 Sprague-Dawley female rats aged 4 weeks were used in the experiment. The average live weight per trial for normal and narrow stock density groups was calculated as 54.22 ± 2.65 and 55.53 ± 2.66 g. Animals’ weekly weighs during a month indicated that as their weight increased, the floor area per animal gradually expanded. Female rats reach sexual maturity at 8-9 weeks. For this reason, the experiment was continued until the animals were 2 months old. Based on the weekly weighing results of the rats, it was found that live weights increased regularly for both groups and growth performances did not change according to stocking density (P>0.05). It was concluded that serum Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and Glutathione (GSH) values were affected by the stocking density and that significantly reduced in the rats fed at narrowed stocking density. On the other hand, Total Oxidant Capacity (TOC), Nitric Oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) values increased approximately 1.5 times in the rats at the group of narrowed stocking density. As a result, it was found that even if the increasing stocking density has no negative effect on the growth performance of the animals, it causes some physiological changes in blood values by stressing the animals. Therefore, in order to get the most accurate results in scientific studies, it must be paid attention to breed the animals at the ideal housing conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Stocking density Sprague-Dawley rats Growth performance Oxidative and nitrosative stress

Teşekkür

The author acknowledges Prof. Dr. Fatih Mehmet KANDEMIR for biochemical analysis.

Kaynakça

  • Adedara IA, Ebokaiwe AP, Farombi EO 2013. Tissues Distribution of Heavy Metals and Erythrocytes Antioxidant Status in Rats Exposed to Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil. Toxicology and industrial health. 29 (2): 162-168.
  • Alves MJM, Colli W 2006. Animal Experimentation: A Controversy About the Scientific Work. Ciência Hoje. 39 (231): 24-29.
  • Arakawa H 2005 Age Dependent Effects of Space Limitation and Social Tension on Open-Field Behavior in Male Rats. Physiology & Behavior. 84 (3): 429-436.
  • Barker TH, George RP, Howarth GS, Whittaker AL 2017. Assessment of Housing Density, Space Allocation and Social Hierarchy of Laboratory Rats on Behavioural Measures of Welfare. PloS one. 12 (9), e0185135.
  • Bean K, Nemelka K, Canchola P, Hacker S, Rodney X, Pedro JR 2008. Effects of Housing Density on Long Evans and Fischer 344 Rats. Lab animal. 37 (9): 421-428.
  • Benzer F, Kandemir FM, Kucukler S, Comaklı S, Caglayan C 2018. Chemoprotective Effects of Curcumin on Doxorubicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Wistar Rats: By Modulating Inflammatory Cytokines, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Oxidative DNA Damage. Archives of physiology and biochemistry. 124 (5): 448-457.
  • Blanchard RJ, Yudko E, Dulloog L, Blanchard DC 2001. Defense Changes in Stress Nonresponsive Subordinate Males in a Visible Burrow System. Physiology & behavior. 72 (5): 635-642.
  • Bozkurt Y, Fırat U, Atar M, Sancaktutar AA, Pembegul N, Soylemez H, Buyukbas S 2012. The Protective Effect of Ellagic Acid Against Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Male Rats. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 18 (5): 823-828.
  • Caglayan C, Kandemir FM, Yıldırım S, Kucukler S, Kılınc MA, Saglam YS 2018. Zingerone Ameliorates Cisplatin‐Induced Ovarian and Uterine Toxicity via Suppression of Sex Hormone Imbalances, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Female Wistar Rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 102: 517-530.
  • Council NR 2010. Guide For The Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. National Academies Press.
  • EU Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010.
  • Duncan LM, Jones MA, van Lierop M, Pillay N 2013. Chimpanzees Use Multiple Strategies to Limit Aggression and Stress During Spatial Density Changes. Applied animal behaviour science. 147 (1-2): 159-171.
  • El-Tantawy WH 2016. Antioxidant Effects Of Spirulina Supplement Against Lead Acetate-Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 6 (4): 327-331.
  • Erel O 2004. A Novel Automated Direct Measurement Method for Total Antioxidant Capacity Using a New Generation, More Stable ABTS Radical Cation. Clinical biochemistry. 37 (4): 277-285.
  • Erel O 2005. A New Automated Colorimetric Method for Measuring Total Oxidant Status. Clinical biochemistry. 38 (12): 1103-1111.
  • Ergün Y 2011. Deney Hayvanı Refahı. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi. 20 (1): 55-68.
  • Eugen KV, Nordquist RE, Zeinstra E, Staay FJVD 2019. Stocking Density Affects Stress and Anxious Behavior in The Laying Hen Chick During Rearing. Animals. 9 (2): 53.
  • Fullwood S, Hicks TA, Brown JC, Norman RL, McGlone JJ 1998. Floor Space Needs for Laboratory Mice: C57BL/6 Males in Solid-Bottom Cages With Bedding. ILAR journal. 39 (1): 29-36.
  • Gamallo A, Villanua A, Beato M 1986. Body Weight Gain and Food Intake Alterations in Crowd-Reared Rats. Physiology & behavior. 36 (5): 835-837.
  • Gonder JC, Laber K 2007. A Renewed Look at Laboratory Rodent Housing and Management. ILAR journal, 48 (1): 29-36.
  • Heibashy M, Mazen G, Ibrahim M 2014 Efficacy and Safety of Some Medical Herbs on Gastric Ulcer Induced by Aspirin in Rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 9 (3): 19-27.
  • Hurst J, Barnard CJ, Nevison CM, West CD 1997. Housing and Welfare in Laboratory Rats: Welfare Implications of Isolation and Social Contact Among Caged Males. Animal Welfare. 6 (4): 329-347.
  • Hurst J, Barnard CJ, Tolladay U, Nevison CM, West CD 1999. Housing and Welfare in Laboratory Rats: Effects of Cage Stocking Density and Behavioural Predictors of Welfare. Animal Behaviour. 58 (3): 563-586.
  • Jia R, Liu BL, Han C, Huang B, Lei JL 2016. Influence of Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status, and Physiological Response of Juvenile Turbot, Scophthalmus Maximu, Reared in Land‐Based Recirculating Aquaculture System. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 47 (4): 587-599.
  • Kaya A 2009. Sıçanlarda Kafes Yoğunluğunun Bazı Önemli Özelliklere Etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, 79 sy.
  • Kessler M, Turner D 1999. Effects of Density and Cage Size on Stress in Domestic Cats (Felis Silvestris Catus) Housed in Animal Shelters and Boarding Catteries. Animal Welfare. 8 (3): 259-267.
  • Kolatan HE 2008. Farklı Laboratuvar Ortamlarında Yetiştirilen Sıçanların Yetiştirilme Şartlarının Fizyolojik Parametreler Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 54 sy.
  • Kusano C, Ferrari B 2008. Total Antioxidant Capacity: A Biomarker in Biomedical and Nutritional Studies. J Cell Mol Biol. 7(1): 1-15.
  • Laber K, Veatch LM, Lopez MF, Mulligan JK, Lathers DM 2008. Effects of Housing Density on Weight Gain, Immune Function, Behavior, and Plasma Corticosterone Concentrations in BALB/C And C57BL/6 Mice. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 47 (2): 16-23.
  • Laskoski F, Faccin JE, De Conti ER, Mellagi AP, Ulguim R, Bortolozzo F 2019. Effects of Proportion of Pigs Per Feeder Hole and Stocking Density on Growth Performance and Tail and Ear Biting in the Nursery. Journal of Animal Science. 97: 97-97.
  • Liu B, Jia R, Han C, Huang B, Lei JL 2016. Effects of Stocking Density on Antioxidant Status, Metabolism and Immune Response in Juvenile Turbot (Scophthalmus Maximus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. 190: 1-8.
  • Loberg JM, Lundmark F 2016. The Effect of Space on Behaviour in Large Groups of Domestic Cats Kept Indoors. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 182: 23-29.
  • McGlone JJ, Anderson DL, Norman RL 2001. Floor Space Needs for Laboratory Mice: BALB/Cj Males or Females in Solid-Bottom Cages With Bedding. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 40 (3): 21-25.
  • Michel C, Duclos M, Cabanac M, Richard D 2005. Chronic Stress Reduces Body Fat Content in Both Obesity-Prone and Obesity-Resistant Strains of Mice. Hormones and behavior. 48 (2): 172-179.
  • Mormède P 1997. Genetic Influences on the Responses to Psychosocial Challenges in Rats. Acta physiologica scandinavica. Supplementum. 640: 65-68.
  • Nicholson A, Malcolm RD, Russ PL, Cough K, Touma C, Palme R, Wiles MV 2009. The Response of C57BL/6J And BALB/Cj Mice to Increased Housing Density. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 48 (6): 740-753.
  • Onbasilar I, Onbasilar E 2011. Effects of Environmental Enrichment and Animal Density on Some Welfare Parameters in Male Swiss Albino Mice. Revue Méd. Vét. 162 (7): 341-345.
  • Palanza P 2001. Animal Models of Anxiety and Depression: How Are Females Different? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 25 (3): 219-233.
  • Peters A, Festing M 1990. Population Density and Growth Rate in Laboratory Mice. Laboratory animals. 24 (3): 273-279.
  • Placer ZA, Cushman LL, Johnson BC 1966. Estimation of Product of Lipid Peroxidation (Malonyl Dialdehyde) in Biochemical Systems. Analytical biochemistry. 16 (2): 359-364.
  • Sahin K, Yazlak H, Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Akdemir F, Sahin N 2014. The Effect of Lycopene on Antioxidant Status in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Reared Under High Stocking Density. Aquaculture. 418: 132-138.
  • Saruhan BG, Dereli S 2016. Reproduction, Shelter and Feeding of the Experimental Animals. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 1 (3): 16-21.
  • Scollo A, Gottardo F, Contiero B, Edwards SA 2014. Does Stocking Density Modify Affective State in Pigs As Assessed by Cognitive Bias, Behavioural and Physiological Parameters? Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 153: 26-35.
  • Sedlak J, Lindsay RH 1968. Estimation of Total, Protein-Bound, and Nonprotein Sulfhydryl Groups in Tissue With Ellman's Reagent. Analytical biochemistry. 25: 192-205.
  • Sen Y 2015. Yerleşim Sıklığının Balb/C ve Cd-1 Genotipli Farelerde Bazı Özellikler Üzerine Etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Zootekni Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, 95 sy.
  • Sengupta P 2013. The Laboratory Rat: Relating Its Age With Human's. International journal of preventive medicine. 4 (6): 624-630.
  • Simsek UG, Erisir M, Ciftci M, Seven PT 2014. Effects of Cage and Floor Housing Systems on Fattening Performance, Oxidative Stress and Carcass Defects in Broiler Chicken. Kafkas Vet Fak Derg. 20: 727-733.
  • Smith AL, Mabus SL, Muir C, Woo Y 2005. Effects of Housing Density and Cage Floor Space on Three Strains of Young Adult Inbred Mice. Comparative medicine. 55 (4): 368-376.
  • Smith AL, Mabus SL, Stockwell JD, Muir C 2004. Effects of Housing Density and Cage Floor Space on C57BL/6J Mice. Comparative medicine. 54 (6), 656-663.
  • SPSS 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 for Windows.
  • Whitaker J, Moy SS, Saville BR, Godfrey V, Nielsen J, Bellinger D, Bradfield J 2007. The Effect of Cage Size on Reproductive Performance and Behavior of C57BL/6 Mice. Lab animal. 36 (10): 32-39.
  • Yamagiwa J 1999. Socioecological Factors Influencing Population Structure of Gorillas and Chimpanzees. Primates. 40 (1): 87-104.
  • Yildiz A, Hayirli A, Okumus Z, Kaynar O, Kisa F 2007. Physiological Profile of Juvenile Rats: Effects of Cage Size And Cage Density. Lab animal. 36 (2): 28-38.

Yerleşim Sıklığının Sprague Dawley Ratlarda Büyüme Performansı, Bazı Serum Oksidatif ve Nitrosatif Stres Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2020, , 1359 - 1365, 31.10.2020

Murat Genç

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.681294

Öz

Bu çalışma, normal ve dar yerleşim sıklığında yetiştirilen dişi Sprague-Dawley ratların büyüme performanslarının ve bazı stres parametrelerinin karşılaştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Denemede 4 haftalık yaştaki 72 adet Sprague Dawley cinsi dişi rat kullanılmıştır. Normal ve dar yerleşim sıklığı grupları için deneme başı canlı ağırlık ortalamaları 54.22±2.65 ve 55.53±2.66 gr olarak hesaplanmıştır. Hayvanlar 1 ay boyunca haftalık olarak tartılmış ve ağırlıkları arttıkça hayvan başına düşen taban alanları tedrici olarak artırılmıştır. Dişi ratlar, 8-9. haftada cinsel olgunluğa eriştiği için, deneme hayvanlar 2 aylık oluncaya kadar sürdürülmüştür. Ratların haftalık tartım sonuçlarına göre canlı ağırlıkların her iki grup için düzenli bir artış gösterdiği ve büyüme performanslarının yerleşim sıklığına göre değişmediği tespit edilmiştir (P>0.05). Serum Toplam Antioksidan Kapasite (TAC) ve Glutatyon (GSH) değerlerinin yerleşim sıklığından etkilendiği ve dar yerleşim sıklığında yetiştirilen ratlarda önemli ölçüde azaldığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Toplam Oksidan Kapasite (TOC), Nitrik oksit (NO) ve Malondialdehit (MDA) değerlerinin ise dar yerleşim sıklığı grubundaki ratlarda yaklaşık 1.5 kat arttığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak artan stoklama yoğunluğunun hayvanların büyüme performansı üzerine olumsuz bir etkisi olmasa bile, hayvanları strese sokarak kan değerlerinde bir takım fizyolojik değişikliklere yol açtığı saptanmıştır. Bu sebeple bilimsel çalışmalarda en doğru sonucun elde edilebilmesi için hayvanların mutlaka ideal barındırma koşullarında yetiştirilmiş olmasına dikkat edilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yerleşim sıklığı Sprague-Dawley sıçan Büyüme performansı Oksidatif ve nitrosatif stres

Kaynakça

  • Adedara IA, Ebokaiwe AP, Farombi EO 2013. Tissues Distribution of Heavy Metals and Erythrocytes Antioxidant Status in Rats Exposed to Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil. Toxicology and industrial health. 29 (2): 162-168.
  • Alves MJM, Colli W 2006. Animal Experimentation: A Controversy About the Scientific Work. Ciência Hoje. 39 (231): 24-29.
  • Arakawa H 2005 Age Dependent Effects of Space Limitation and Social Tension on Open-Field Behavior in Male Rats. Physiology & Behavior. 84 (3): 429-436.
  • Barker TH, George RP, Howarth GS, Whittaker AL 2017. Assessment of Housing Density, Space Allocation and Social Hierarchy of Laboratory Rats on Behavioural Measures of Welfare. PloS one. 12 (9), e0185135.
  • Bean K, Nemelka K, Canchola P, Hacker S, Rodney X, Pedro JR 2008. Effects of Housing Density on Long Evans and Fischer 344 Rats. Lab animal. 37 (9): 421-428.
  • Benzer F, Kandemir FM, Kucukler S, Comaklı S, Caglayan C 2018. Chemoprotective Effects of Curcumin on Doxorubicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Wistar Rats: By Modulating Inflammatory Cytokines, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Oxidative DNA Damage. Archives of physiology and biochemistry. 124 (5): 448-457.
  • Blanchard RJ, Yudko E, Dulloog L, Blanchard DC 2001. Defense Changes in Stress Nonresponsive Subordinate Males in a Visible Burrow System. Physiology & behavior. 72 (5): 635-642.
  • Bozkurt Y, Fırat U, Atar M, Sancaktutar AA, Pembegul N, Soylemez H, Buyukbas S 2012. The Protective Effect of Ellagic Acid Against Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Male Rats. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 18 (5): 823-828.
  • Caglayan C, Kandemir FM, Yıldırım S, Kucukler S, Kılınc MA, Saglam YS 2018. Zingerone Ameliorates Cisplatin‐Induced Ovarian and Uterine Toxicity via Suppression of Sex Hormone Imbalances, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Female Wistar Rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 102: 517-530.
  • Council NR 2010. Guide For The Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. National Academies Press.
  • EU Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010.
  • Duncan LM, Jones MA, van Lierop M, Pillay N 2013. Chimpanzees Use Multiple Strategies to Limit Aggression and Stress During Spatial Density Changes. Applied animal behaviour science. 147 (1-2): 159-171.
  • El-Tantawy WH 2016. Antioxidant Effects Of Spirulina Supplement Against Lead Acetate-Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 6 (4): 327-331.
  • Erel O 2004. A Novel Automated Direct Measurement Method for Total Antioxidant Capacity Using a New Generation, More Stable ABTS Radical Cation. Clinical biochemistry. 37 (4): 277-285.
  • Erel O 2005. A New Automated Colorimetric Method for Measuring Total Oxidant Status. Clinical biochemistry. 38 (12): 1103-1111.
  • Ergün Y 2011. Deney Hayvanı Refahı. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi. 20 (1): 55-68.
  • Eugen KV, Nordquist RE, Zeinstra E, Staay FJVD 2019. Stocking Density Affects Stress and Anxious Behavior in The Laying Hen Chick During Rearing. Animals. 9 (2): 53.
  • Fullwood S, Hicks TA, Brown JC, Norman RL, McGlone JJ 1998. Floor Space Needs for Laboratory Mice: C57BL/6 Males in Solid-Bottom Cages With Bedding. ILAR journal. 39 (1): 29-36.
  • Gamallo A, Villanua A, Beato M 1986. Body Weight Gain and Food Intake Alterations in Crowd-Reared Rats. Physiology & behavior. 36 (5): 835-837.
  • Gonder JC, Laber K 2007. A Renewed Look at Laboratory Rodent Housing and Management. ILAR journal, 48 (1): 29-36.
  • Heibashy M, Mazen G, Ibrahim M 2014 Efficacy and Safety of Some Medical Herbs on Gastric Ulcer Induced by Aspirin in Rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 9 (3): 19-27.
  • Hurst J, Barnard CJ, Nevison CM, West CD 1997. Housing and Welfare in Laboratory Rats: Welfare Implications of Isolation and Social Contact Among Caged Males. Animal Welfare. 6 (4): 329-347.
  • Hurst J, Barnard CJ, Tolladay U, Nevison CM, West CD 1999. Housing and Welfare in Laboratory Rats: Effects of Cage Stocking Density and Behavioural Predictors of Welfare. Animal Behaviour. 58 (3): 563-586.
  • Jia R, Liu BL, Han C, Huang B, Lei JL 2016. Influence of Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status, and Physiological Response of Juvenile Turbot, Scophthalmus Maximu, Reared in Land‐Based Recirculating Aquaculture System. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 47 (4): 587-599.
  • Kaya A 2009. Sıçanlarda Kafes Yoğunluğunun Bazı Önemli Özelliklere Etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, 79 sy.
  • Kessler M, Turner D 1999. Effects of Density and Cage Size on Stress in Domestic Cats (Felis Silvestris Catus) Housed in Animal Shelters and Boarding Catteries. Animal Welfare. 8 (3): 259-267.
  • Kolatan HE 2008. Farklı Laboratuvar Ortamlarında Yetiştirilen Sıçanların Yetiştirilme Şartlarının Fizyolojik Parametreler Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 54 sy.
  • Kusano C, Ferrari B 2008. Total Antioxidant Capacity: A Biomarker in Biomedical and Nutritional Studies. J Cell Mol Biol. 7(1): 1-15.
  • Laber K, Veatch LM, Lopez MF, Mulligan JK, Lathers DM 2008. Effects of Housing Density on Weight Gain, Immune Function, Behavior, and Plasma Corticosterone Concentrations in BALB/C And C57BL/6 Mice. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 47 (2): 16-23.
  • Laskoski F, Faccin JE, De Conti ER, Mellagi AP, Ulguim R, Bortolozzo F 2019. Effects of Proportion of Pigs Per Feeder Hole and Stocking Density on Growth Performance and Tail and Ear Biting in the Nursery. Journal of Animal Science. 97: 97-97.
  • Liu B, Jia R, Han C, Huang B, Lei JL 2016. Effects of Stocking Density on Antioxidant Status, Metabolism and Immune Response in Juvenile Turbot (Scophthalmus Maximus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. 190: 1-8.
  • Loberg JM, Lundmark F 2016. The Effect of Space on Behaviour in Large Groups of Domestic Cats Kept Indoors. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 182: 23-29.
  • McGlone JJ, Anderson DL, Norman RL 2001. Floor Space Needs for Laboratory Mice: BALB/Cj Males or Females in Solid-Bottom Cages With Bedding. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 40 (3): 21-25.
  • Michel C, Duclos M, Cabanac M, Richard D 2005. Chronic Stress Reduces Body Fat Content in Both Obesity-Prone and Obesity-Resistant Strains of Mice. Hormones and behavior. 48 (2): 172-179.
  • Mormède P 1997. Genetic Influences on the Responses to Psychosocial Challenges in Rats. Acta physiologica scandinavica. Supplementum. 640: 65-68.
  • Nicholson A, Malcolm RD, Russ PL, Cough K, Touma C, Palme R, Wiles MV 2009. The Response of C57BL/6J And BALB/Cj Mice to Increased Housing Density. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 48 (6): 740-753.
  • Onbasilar I, Onbasilar E 2011. Effects of Environmental Enrichment and Animal Density on Some Welfare Parameters in Male Swiss Albino Mice. Revue Méd. Vét. 162 (7): 341-345.
  • Palanza P 2001. Animal Models of Anxiety and Depression: How Are Females Different? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 25 (3): 219-233.
  • Peters A, Festing M 1990. Population Density and Growth Rate in Laboratory Mice. Laboratory animals. 24 (3): 273-279.
  • Placer ZA, Cushman LL, Johnson BC 1966. Estimation of Product of Lipid Peroxidation (Malonyl Dialdehyde) in Biochemical Systems. Analytical biochemistry. 16 (2): 359-364.
  • Sahin K, Yazlak H, Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Akdemir F, Sahin N 2014. The Effect of Lycopene on Antioxidant Status in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Reared Under High Stocking Density. Aquaculture. 418: 132-138.
  • Saruhan BG, Dereli S 2016. Reproduction, Shelter and Feeding of the Experimental Animals. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 1 (3): 16-21.
  • Scollo A, Gottardo F, Contiero B, Edwards SA 2014. Does Stocking Density Modify Affective State in Pigs As Assessed by Cognitive Bias, Behavioural and Physiological Parameters? Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 153: 26-35.
  • Sedlak J, Lindsay RH 1968. Estimation of Total, Protein-Bound, and Nonprotein Sulfhydryl Groups in Tissue With Ellman's Reagent. Analytical biochemistry. 25: 192-205.
  • Sen Y 2015. Yerleşim Sıklığının Balb/C ve Cd-1 Genotipli Farelerde Bazı Özellikler Üzerine Etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Zootekni Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, 95 sy.
  • Sengupta P 2013. The Laboratory Rat: Relating Its Age With Human's. International journal of preventive medicine. 4 (6): 624-630.
  • Simsek UG, Erisir M, Ciftci M, Seven PT 2014. Effects of Cage and Floor Housing Systems on Fattening Performance, Oxidative Stress and Carcass Defects in Broiler Chicken. Kafkas Vet Fak Derg. 20: 727-733.
  • Smith AL, Mabus SL, Muir C, Woo Y 2005. Effects of Housing Density and Cage Floor Space on Three Strains of Young Adult Inbred Mice. Comparative medicine. 55 (4): 368-376.
  • Smith AL, Mabus SL, Stockwell JD, Muir C 2004. Effects of Housing Density and Cage Floor Space on C57BL/6J Mice. Comparative medicine. 54 (6), 656-663.
  • SPSS 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 for Windows.
  • Whitaker J, Moy SS, Saville BR, Godfrey V, Nielsen J, Bellinger D, Bradfield J 2007. The Effect of Cage Size on Reproductive Performance and Behavior of C57BL/6 Mice. Lab animal. 36 (10): 32-39.
  • Yamagiwa J 1999. Socioecological Factors Influencing Population Structure of Gorillas and Chimpanzees. Primates. 40 (1): 87-104.
  • Yildiz A, Hayirli A, Okumus Z, Kaynar O, Kisa F 2007. Physiological Profile of Juvenile Rats: Effects of Cage Size And Cage Density. Lab animal. 36 (2): 28-38.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article)
Yazarlar

Murat Genç 0000-0002-9565-0887

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Ocak 2020
Kabul Tarihi 14 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA Genç, M. (2020). The Effects on the Growth Performance, Some Serum Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Parameters of the Stocking Density in the Sprague-Dawley Rats. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(5), 1359-1365. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.681294

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