Öz
Water is an important part of the ecosystem for life. With industrialization, pollution in water resources has reached a worrying level. Water pollution due to heavy metals and their increasing concentrations have caused researchers to increase their interest in the subject due to the damage they cause to water ecosystems. It requires serious cost and time to eliminate the pollution caused by heavy metals in water. In recent years, the use of biosorption method using bacteria to remove heavy metals in water has become widespread. The main reason why this method is preferred is that gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer on the cell wall and increases the adsorption capacity. In this study, in drinking, waste, river water and artificially prepared samples, batch method of heavy metal biosorption and biosorption competition in multiple prepared heavy metal solutions were investigated. For these processes, Bacillus licheniformis sp. Bacillus subtilis sp. and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) strains were used as a biosorbent. Biosorbtion of Cd (II), Cu (II), Pb (II), Fe (II), Ni (II) and Zn (II) metals from waters with these biosorbents at different pHs at 25 ° C with 0.25 mg L-1 It was carried out using. Surface morphological structures of biosorbents were evaluated using SEM images and element compositions were evaluated using EDAX profile. Element content was determined using ICP-OES. It was determined that heavy metal ions were removed up to 98% with maximum biosorption at pH 6.0.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis Bacillus licheniformis sp. Biosorption , ICP-OES , Wastewater
Destekleyen Kurum
dicle üniversitesi
Proje Numarası
13 ff 055
Teşekkür
Dicle Üniversitesi Bilimsel araştırma proje ofisine teşekkürler
Kaynakça
- Abedinzadeh M, Etesami H, Ali H, Sha S, 2020. Heliyon Combined use of municipal solid waste biochar and bacterial biosorbent synergistically decreases Cd ( II ) and Pb ( II ) concentration in edible tissue of forage maize irrigated with heavy metal – spiked water. Heliyon 6 (6): 1–14.
- Ali S, Sirry SM, Hassanin HA, 2020. Removal and characterisation of Pb ( II ) ions by xylenol orange-loaded chitosan : equilibrium studies. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 00 (00): 1–13.
- Ayucitra A, Gunarto C, Kurniawan V, Hartono SB, 2017. Preparation and characterisation of biosorbent from local robusta spent coffee grounds for heavy metal adsorption. Chem. Eng. Trans. 56 (2010): 1441–1446.
- Baran MF, Duz MZ, 2019. Removal of cadmium (II) in the aqueous solutions by biosorption of Bacillus licheniformis isolated from soil in the area of Tigris River. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 00 (00): 1–16
- Biswas JK, Banerjee A, Sarkar B, Sarkar D, 2020. Exploration of an Extracellular Polymeric Substance from Earthworm Gut Bacterium ( Bacillus licheniformis ) for Bioflocculation and Heavy Metal Removal Potential. Appl. Sci. 10 ((349)): 1–15.
- Borralho T, Gago D, Almeida A, 2020. Study on the Application of Floating Beds of Macrophites ( Vetiveria zizanioide s and Phragmites australis ), in Pilot Scale , for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Água Forte Stream ( Alentejo-Portugal ). J. Ecol. Eng. 21 (3): 153–163.
- Dahaghin Z, Mousavi HZ, Sajjadi SM, 2017. A novel magnetic ion imprinted polymer as a selective magnetic solid phase for separation of trace lead(II) ions from agricultural products, and optimization using a Box–Behnken design. Food Chem. 237: 275–281.
- Eggermont SGF, Prato R, Dominguez-benetton X, Fransaer J, 2020. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering Metal removal from aqueous solutions : insights from modeling precipitation titration curves. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 8 (1): 103596.
- El-yazeed WSA, El-reash YGA, Elatwy LA, Ahmed AI, 2020. Facile fabrication of bimetallic Fe – Mg MOF for the synthesis of xanthenes and removal of heavy metal. R. Chem. 10: 9693–9703.
- Eltarahony M, Zaki S, Abd-el-haleem D, 2020. Aerobic and anaerobic removal of lead and mercury via calcium carbonate precipitation mediated by statistically optimized nitrate reductases. Sci. Rep. 10: 1–20.
- Halimahtussaddiyah R, 2017. Application of Local Adsorbant From Southeast Sulawesi Clay Immobilized Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Bread ’ s Yeast Biomass for Adsorption Of Mn ( II) Metal Ion Application of Local Adsorbant From Southeast Sulawesi Clay Immobilized Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. J. Phys. 846:1–8.
- He T, Xie D, Ni J, Li Z, 2020. Effect of Cobalt, Cadmium and Manganese on Nitrogen Removal Capacity of Arthrobacter arilaitensis Y-10. 12 (6): 1701–1712.
- Keshvardoostchokami L, Babaei AA, Zamani AH, Parizanganeh FP, 2017. Archive of SID Synthesized chitosan / iron oxide nanocomposite and shrimp shell in removal of nickel , cadmium and lead from aqueous solution. Glob. J. Env. 3 (3): 267–278.
- Khameneh SKE, Moharreri M, 2020. A modified ionic liquid clay to remove heavy metals from water : investigating its catalytic activity. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17 (4): 2043–2058.
- Kouli M, Banis G, Savvidou MG, Ferraro A, Hristoforou E, 2020. A Study on Magnetic Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solutions Using Magnetite / Zeolite-X Composite Particles as Adsorbing Material. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21: 1–19.
- Kucukcongar S, Akbari AJ, Turkyilmaz M, 2020. Removal of Nickel from Aqueous solutions Using Magnetic Nanocomposite synthesised with Agricultural Waste Removal of Nickel from Aqueous solutions Using Magnetic. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 00 (00): 1–19.
- Liu T, Hou J, Wang J, Wang W, Wang X, Wu J, 2018. Biosorption of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution by the Novel Biosorbent Pectobacterium Sp . ND2. 37 (3): 968-974.
- Lieswito AR, Rinanti A, Fachrul MF, 2019. Removal of heavy metal ( Cu2+ ) by immobilized microalgae biosorbent with effect of temperature and contact time Removal of heavy metal ( Cu2+) by immobilized microalgae biosorbent with effect of temperature and contact time.
- Morcali MH, Baysal A, 2019. The miniaturised process for lead removal from water samples using novel bioconjugated sorbents. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 99 (14): 1397–1414.
- Mwandira W, Nakashima K, Togo Y, Sato T, Kawasaki S, 2020. Cellulose-metallothionein biosorbent for removal of Pb(II) and Zn(II) from polluted water. Chemosphere 246: 125733.
- Nasab SG, Teimouri A, Hemmasi M, Jafari Z, 2020. Removal of Cd ( II ) ions from aqueous solutions by nanodiopside as a novel and green adsorbent : Optimisation by response surface methodology. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 00 (00): 1–22.
- Nazmara S, Oskoei V, Zahedi A, Rezanasab M, Fallahizadeh S, Vahidi-kolur R, 2020. Removal of humic acid from aqueous solutions using ultraviolet irradiation coupled with hydrogen peroxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 00 (00): 1–15.
- Parthasarathy P, Narayanan SK, 2014. Effect of Hydrothermal Carbonization Reaction Parameters on. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 33 (3): 676–680.
- Pratush A, 2018. Adverse effect of heavy metals ( As , Pb , Hg , and Cr ) on health and their bioremediation strategies : a review. Int. Microbiol. 21: 97–106.
- Qin H, Hu T, Zhai Y, Lu N, Aliyeva J, 2020. The improved methods of heavy metals removal by biosorbents : A. Environ. Pollut. 258: 113777.
- Reith J, Mayer C, 2011. Peptidoglycan turnover and recycling in Gram-positive bacteria. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 92:1–11.
- Sabri MA, Ibrahim TH, Khamis MI, Al-Asheh S, Hassan MF, 2018. Use of Eucalyptus camaldulensis as Biosorbent for Lead Removal from Aqueous Solution. Int. J. Environ. Res. 12 (4): 513–529.
- Shokoohi R, Salari M, Molla M, Ghiasian SA, Faradmal J, Faraji H, 2020. The sorption of cationic and anionic heavy metal species on the biosorbent of Aspergillus terreus : Isotherm , kinetics studies. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 39 (2): 1–9.
- Su Y, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Chen G, Qin H, Qiao D, Chen Y, Cao Y, 2020. Chemosphere Removal of mercury ( II ), lead ( II ) and cadmium ( II ) from aqueous solutions using Rhodobacter sphaeroides SC01. Chemosphere 243: 125166.
- Subramani BS, Shrihari S, Manu B, Babunarayan KS, 2019. Evaluation of pyrolyzed areca husk as a potential adsorbent for the removal of Fe 2 + ions from aqueous solutions. J. Environ. Manage. 246 (June): 345–354.
- Sun L, Zheng Y, Yu X, 2020. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Flocculation-bio-treatment of heavy metals-vacuum preloading of the river sediments. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 201 (5): 110810.
- Tocheva EI, López-garrido J, Hughes HV, Fredlund J, Kuru E, Vannieuwenhze MS, Brun YV, Pogliano K, Jensen GJ, 2013. Peptidoglycan transformations during Bacillus subtilis sporulation. Mol. Microbiol. 88 (4): 673–686.
- Verma A, Singh A, Bishnoi NR, Gupta A, 2013. Biosorption of Cu ( II ) using free and immobilized biomass of Penicillium citrinum. Ecol. Eng. 61: 486–490
- Wu Z, Chen X, Yuan B, Fu M, 2020. Chemosphere A facile foaming-polymerization strategy to prepare 3D MnO 2 modi fi ed biochar-based porous hydrogels for ef fi cient removal of Cd ( II ) and Pb ( II ). 239: 124745.
- Xu S, Xing Y, Liu S, Hao X, Chen W, Huang Q, 2020. Chemosphere Characterization of Cd 2 þ biosorption by Pseudomonas sp . strain 375 , a novel biosorbent isolated from soil polluted with heavy metals in Southern China. Chemosphere 240: 124893.
- Yahiaoui K, Boudrahem F, Ziani S, Yahiaoui I, 2020. Removal studies of Pb ( II ) ions by carbon powder prepared from p ο lyethylene terephthalate ( PET ) b ο ttles. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 00 (00): 1–14.
- Yasmin C, Lobna E, Mouna M, Kais D, Mariam K, Rached S, Abdelwaheb C, Ismail T, 2020. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation New trend of Jebel Chakir land fi ll leachate pre-treatment by photocatalytic TiO 2 / Ag nanocomposite prior to fermentation using Candida tropicalis strain. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 146 (May 2019): 104829.
- Zendehdel M, Ramezani M, Shoshtari-yeganeh B, Salmani A, 2019. Simultaneous removal of Pb ( II ), Cd ( II ) and bacteria from aqueous solution using amino-functionalized Fe3O4/NaP zeolite nanocomposite Simultaneous removal of Pb ( II ), Cd ( II ) and bacteria from aqueous solution using. Environmental Technology, 40(28): 3689-3704.
- Zhang B, Fan R, Bai Z, Wang S, 2013. Biosorption characteristics of Bacillus gibsonii S-2 waste biomass for removal of lead ( II ) from aqueous solution. 20: 1367–1373.
- Zhao X, Wang M, Wang H, Tang D, Huang J, Sun Y. 2019. Study on the Remediation of Cd Pollution by the Biomineralization of Urease-Producing Bacteria. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16 (268): 1–14.
Öz
Water is an important part of the ecosystem for life. With industrialization, pollution in water resources has reached a worrying level. Water pollution due to heavy metals and their increasing concentrations have caused researchers to increase their interest in the subject due to the damage they cause to water ecosystems. It requires serious cost and time to eliminate the pollution caused by heavy metals in water. In recent years, the use of biosorption method using bacteria to remove heavy metals in water has become widespread. The main reason why this method is preferred is that gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer on the cell wall and increases the adsorption capacity. In this study, in drinking, waste, river water and artificially prepared samples, batch method of heavy metal biosorption and biosorption competition in multiple prepared heavy metal solutions were investigated. For these processes, Bacillus licheniformis sp. Bacillus subtilis sp. and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) strains were used as a biosorbent. Biosorbtion of Cd (II), Cu (II), Pb (II), Fe (II), Ni (II) and Zn (II) metals from waters with these biosorbents at different pHs at 25 ° C with 0.25 mg L-1 It was carried out using. Surface morphological structures of biosorbents were evaluated using SEM images and element compositions were evaluated using EDAX profile. Element content was determined using ICP-OES. It was determined that heavy metal ions were removed up to 98% with maximum biosorption at pH 6.0.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bacillus subtilis Bacillus licheniformis sp. , Bacillus licheniformis sp. Biosorption ICP-OES Watewater
Proje Numarası
13 ff 055
Kaynakça
- Abedinzadeh M, Etesami H, Ali H, Sha S, 2020. Heliyon Combined use of municipal solid waste biochar and bacterial biosorbent synergistically decreases Cd ( II ) and Pb ( II ) concentration in edible tissue of forage maize irrigated with heavy metal – spiked water. Heliyon 6 (6): 1–14.
- Ali S, Sirry SM, Hassanin HA, 2020. Removal and characterisation of Pb ( II ) ions by xylenol orange-loaded chitosan : equilibrium studies. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 00 (00): 1–13.
- Ayucitra A, Gunarto C, Kurniawan V, Hartono SB, 2017. Preparation and characterisation of biosorbent from local robusta spent coffee grounds for heavy metal adsorption. Chem. Eng. Trans. 56 (2010): 1441–1446.
- Baran MF, Duz MZ, 2019. Removal of cadmium (II) in the aqueous solutions by biosorption of Bacillus licheniformis isolated from soil in the area of Tigris River. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 00 (00): 1–16
- Biswas JK, Banerjee A, Sarkar B, Sarkar D, 2020. Exploration of an Extracellular Polymeric Substance from Earthworm Gut Bacterium ( Bacillus licheniformis ) for Bioflocculation and Heavy Metal Removal Potential. Appl. Sci. 10 ((349)): 1–15.
- Borralho T, Gago D, Almeida A, 2020. Study on the Application of Floating Beds of Macrophites ( Vetiveria zizanioide s and Phragmites australis ), in Pilot Scale , for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Água Forte Stream ( Alentejo-Portugal ). J. Ecol. Eng. 21 (3): 153–163.
- Dahaghin Z, Mousavi HZ, Sajjadi SM, 2017. A novel magnetic ion imprinted polymer as a selective magnetic solid phase for separation of trace lead(II) ions from agricultural products, and optimization using a Box–Behnken design. Food Chem. 237: 275–281.
- Eggermont SGF, Prato R, Dominguez-benetton X, Fransaer J, 2020. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering Metal removal from aqueous solutions : insights from modeling precipitation titration curves. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 8 (1): 103596.
- El-yazeed WSA, El-reash YGA, Elatwy LA, Ahmed AI, 2020. Facile fabrication of bimetallic Fe – Mg MOF for the synthesis of xanthenes and removal of heavy metal. R. Chem. 10: 9693–9703.
- Eltarahony M, Zaki S, Abd-el-haleem D, 2020. Aerobic and anaerobic removal of lead and mercury via calcium carbonate precipitation mediated by statistically optimized nitrate reductases. Sci. Rep. 10: 1–20.
- Halimahtussaddiyah R, 2017. Application of Local Adsorbant From Southeast Sulawesi Clay Immobilized Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Bread ’ s Yeast Biomass for Adsorption Of Mn ( II) Metal Ion Application of Local Adsorbant From Southeast Sulawesi Clay Immobilized Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. J. Phys. 846:1–8.
- He T, Xie D, Ni J, Li Z, 2020. Effect of Cobalt, Cadmium and Manganese on Nitrogen Removal Capacity of Arthrobacter arilaitensis Y-10. 12 (6): 1701–1712.
- Keshvardoostchokami L, Babaei AA, Zamani AH, Parizanganeh FP, 2017. Archive of SID Synthesized chitosan / iron oxide nanocomposite and shrimp shell in removal of nickel , cadmium and lead from aqueous solution. Glob. J. Env. 3 (3): 267–278.
- Khameneh SKE, Moharreri M, 2020. A modified ionic liquid clay to remove heavy metals from water : investigating its catalytic activity. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17 (4): 2043–2058.
- Kouli M, Banis G, Savvidou MG, Ferraro A, Hristoforou E, 2020. A Study on Magnetic Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solutions Using Magnetite / Zeolite-X Composite Particles as Adsorbing Material. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21: 1–19.
- Kucukcongar S, Akbari AJ, Turkyilmaz M, 2020. Removal of Nickel from Aqueous solutions Using Magnetic Nanocomposite synthesised with Agricultural Waste Removal of Nickel from Aqueous solutions Using Magnetic. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 00 (00): 1–19.
- Liu T, Hou J, Wang J, Wang W, Wang X, Wu J, 2018. Biosorption of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution by the Novel Biosorbent Pectobacterium Sp . ND2. 37 (3): 968-974.
- Lieswito AR, Rinanti A, Fachrul MF, 2019. Removal of heavy metal ( Cu2+ ) by immobilized microalgae biosorbent with effect of temperature and contact time Removal of heavy metal ( Cu2+) by immobilized microalgae biosorbent with effect of temperature and contact time.
- Morcali MH, Baysal A, 2019. The miniaturised process for lead removal from water samples using novel bioconjugated sorbents. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 99 (14): 1397–1414.
- Mwandira W, Nakashima K, Togo Y, Sato T, Kawasaki S, 2020. Cellulose-metallothionein biosorbent for removal of Pb(II) and Zn(II) from polluted water. Chemosphere 246: 125733.
- Nasab SG, Teimouri A, Hemmasi M, Jafari Z, 2020. Removal of Cd ( II ) ions from aqueous solutions by nanodiopside as a novel and green adsorbent : Optimisation by response surface methodology. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 00 (00): 1–22.
- Nazmara S, Oskoei V, Zahedi A, Rezanasab M, Fallahizadeh S, Vahidi-kolur R, 2020. Removal of humic acid from aqueous solutions using ultraviolet irradiation coupled with hydrogen peroxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 00 (00): 1–15.
- Parthasarathy P, Narayanan SK, 2014. Effect of Hydrothermal Carbonization Reaction Parameters on. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 33 (3): 676–680.
- Pratush A, 2018. Adverse effect of heavy metals ( As , Pb , Hg , and Cr ) on health and their bioremediation strategies : a review. Int. Microbiol. 21: 97–106.
- Qin H, Hu T, Zhai Y, Lu N, Aliyeva J, 2020. The improved methods of heavy metals removal by biosorbents : A. Environ. Pollut. 258: 113777.
- Reith J, Mayer C, 2011. Peptidoglycan turnover and recycling in Gram-positive bacteria. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 92:1–11.
- Sabri MA, Ibrahim TH, Khamis MI, Al-Asheh S, Hassan MF, 2018. Use of Eucalyptus camaldulensis as Biosorbent for Lead Removal from Aqueous Solution. Int. J. Environ. Res. 12 (4): 513–529.
- Shokoohi R, Salari M, Molla M, Ghiasian SA, Faradmal J, Faraji H, 2020. The sorption of cationic and anionic heavy metal species on the biosorbent of Aspergillus terreus : Isotherm , kinetics studies. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 39 (2): 1–9.
- Su Y, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Chen G, Qin H, Qiao D, Chen Y, Cao Y, 2020. Chemosphere Removal of mercury ( II ), lead ( II ) and cadmium ( II ) from aqueous solutions using Rhodobacter sphaeroides SC01. Chemosphere 243: 125166.
- Subramani BS, Shrihari S, Manu B, Babunarayan KS, 2019. Evaluation of pyrolyzed areca husk as a potential adsorbent for the removal of Fe 2 + ions from aqueous solutions. J. Environ. Manage. 246 (June): 345–354.
- Sun L, Zheng Y, Yu X, 2020. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Flocculation-bio-treatment of heavy metals-vacuum preloading of the river sediments. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 201 (5): 110810.
- Tocheva EI, López-garrido J, Hughes HV, Fredlund J, Kuru E, Vannieuwenhze MS, Brun YV, Pogliano K, Jensen GJ, 2013. Peptidoglycan transformations during Bacillus subtilis sporulation. Mol. Microbiol. 88 (4): 673–686.
- Verma A, Singh A, Bishnoi NR, Gupta A, 2013. Biosorption of Cu ( II ) using free and immobilized biomass of Penicillium citrinum. Ecol. Eng. 61: 486–490
- Wu Z, Chen X, Yuan B, Fu M, 2020. Chemosphere A facile foaming-polymerization strategy to prepare 3D MnO 2 modi fi ed biochar-based porous hydrogels for ef fi cient removal of Cd ( II ) and Pb ( II ). 239: 124745.
- Xu S, Xing Y, Liu S, Hao X, Chen W, Huang Q, 2020. Chemosphere Characterization of Cd 2 þ biosorption by Pseudomonas sp . strain 375 , a novel biosorbent isolated from soil polluted with heavy metals in Southern China. Chemosphere 240: 124893.
- Yahiaoui K, Boudrahem F, Ziani S, Yahiaoui I, 2020. Removal studies of Pb ( II ) ions by carbon powder prepared from p ο lyethylene terephthalate ( PET ) b ο ttles. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 00 (00): 1–14.
- Yasmin C, Lobna E, Mouna M, Kais D, Mariam K, Rached S, Abdelwaheb C, Ismail T, 2020. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation New trend of Jebel Chakir land fi ll leachate pre-treatment by photocatalytic TiO 2 / Ag nanocomposite prior to fermentation using Candida tropicalis strain. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 146 (May 2019): 104829.
- Zendehdel M, Ramezani M, Shoshtari-yeganeh B, Salmani A, 2019. Simultaneous removal of Pb ( II ), Cd ( II ) and bacteria from aqueous solution using amino-functionalized Fe3O4/NaP zeolite nanocomposite Simultaneous removal of Pb ( II ), Cd ( II ) and bacteria from aqueous solution using. Environmental Technology, 40(28): 3689-3704.
- Zhang B, Fan R, Bai Z, Wang S, 2013. Biosorption characteristics of Bacillus gibsonii S-2 waste biomass for removal of lead ( II ) from aqueous solution. 20: 1367–1373.
- Zhao X, Wang M, Wang H, Tang D, Huang J, Sun Y. 2019. Study on the Remediation of Cd Pollution by the Biomineralization of Urease-Producing Bacteria. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16 (268): 1–14.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | 13 ff 055 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2022 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 22 Mayıs 2021 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 9 Temmuz 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 |
Cited By
Efficient sequestration of zinc and copper from aqueous media: exploring strategies, mechanisms, and challenges
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-06060-2
2022-JIF = 0.500
2022-JCI = 0.170
Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi (International
Peer Reviewed Journal)
Dergimiz, herhangi bir başvuru veya yayımlama ücreti almamaktadır. (Free submission and publication)
Yılda 6 sayı yayınlanır. (Published 6 times a year)
Bu web sitesi Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.