Effect of Adding Flaxseed Essential Oil in Alfalfa Ensiling Process on Ruminal Fermentation Kinetics

Maghsoud Besharatı; Valiollah Palangi; Masoumeh Niazifar; Tugay Ayaşan; A.z.m. Salem

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1052345

Araştırma Makalesi

Effect of Adding Flaxseed Essential Oil in Alfalfa Ensiling Process on Ruminal Fermentation Kinetics

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2, 450 - 458, 30.04.2023

Maghsoud Besharatı Valiollah Palangi Masoumeh Niazifar Tugay Ayaşan A.z.m. Salem

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1052345

Cited By: 1

Öz

The experiment's purpose was to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of essential flaxseed oils (FEO) on the chemical composition and in vitro degradability of alfalfa silage. Treatments were alfalfa silage with no additive (control) or treated with 60 or 120 ml/kg DM of essential flaxseed oils (FEO60, FEO120, respectively). Whole plant alfalfa was ensiled for 60 d in triplicate laboratory-scale tubes. Dry matter (DM) content was more significant for FEO120 than control. Compared with the control, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration was decreased in FEO120. Adding essential oils to the silage significantly decreased silage pH compared with untreated silage (P < .0001). Interestingly increased (DM and OM digestibility) for all the silages containing essential oil compared with untreated silage. The addition of flaxseed essential oil to alfalfa silage increased the rate of disappearance of organic matter (OM) and dry matter (DM) in all treatments compared to the control treatment. The degradability potential of alfalfa silage has increased in treatments containing FEO (120 mg/kg DM). In general, the obtained data show that the FEO had a positive effect on the quality of alfalfa silage and its nutritional characteristics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Essential oils, In vitro degradability, Secondary metabolite, Silage

Kaynakça

Adesogan, A.T., Krueger, N., Salawu, M.B., Dean, D.B. & Staples, C.R. (2004). The Influence of Treatment with Dual Purpose Bacterial Inoculants or Soluble Carbohydrates on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Bermudagrass. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 3407–3416.
Association of Offical Analytic Chemists (AOAC) 2002. Official method of Analytic. Vol. 1. 17 thed. AOAC, Arilington VA. P, 120-155.
Ayaz, M., Sadiq, A., Junaid, M., Ullah, F., Subhan, F. & Ahmed, J. (2017). Neuroprotective and Anti-Aging Potentials of Essential Oils from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 9, 168.
Benchaar, C., McAllister, T.A., Petit, H.V. & Chouinard, P.Y. (2014). Whole Flax Seed and Flax Oil Supplementation of Dairy Cows Fed High-Forage or High-Concentrate Diets: Effects on Digestion, Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics, Protozoal Populations and Milk Fatty Acid Profile. Animal Feed Science and Technology 198, 117–129.
Besharati, M., Palangi, V., Nekoo, M. & Ayaşan, T. (2021). Effects of Lactobacillus Buchneri Inoculation and Fresh Whey Addition on Alfalfa Silage Quality and Fermentation Properties. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi 24 (3), 671–678. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.777031.
Besharati, M., Karimi, M., Taghizadeh, A., Nemati, Z. & Kaygısız, A. (2020a). Improve Quality Of Alfalfa Silage Ensiled With Orange Pulp And Bacterial Additive. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi 23 (6), 1661-1669. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.673623.
Besharati, M., Palangi, V., Niazifar, M. & Nemati, Z. (2020b). Comparison Study of Flaxseed, Cinnamon a Lemon Seed Essential Oils Additives on Quality and Fermentation Characteristics of Lucerne Silage. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 115(2), 455–462.
Besharati, M., Shafipour, N. & Nemati, Z. (2019). Effect of Supplementation of Alfalfa Silage with Lactobacillus Buchneri Additive, Orange Pulp and Molasses on Dry Matter, Crude Protein and Organic Matter Degradability by Nylon Bags. Research on Animal Production 10(23), 45–52.
Besharari, M., Taghizadeh, A., Jan Mohammadi, H. & Moghadam, G. (2008). Determination of degradability of grape by products by using gas production method and nylon bags. Journal of Agricultural Science 18(3), 173–185. (In Persian).
Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., Carro, M.D. & Kamel, C. (2005). Effect of Garlic Oil and Four of its Compounds on Rumen Microbial Fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 4393-4404. Chaves, A.V. (2012). Effects of Cinnamon Leaf, Oregano and Sweet Orange Essential Oils on Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Barley Silage. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture 92(4), 906-915.
Dubios, A., Giles, M.K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Ronerts, P.A. & Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars And Related Substances. Analytical Chemistry 28, 350-356. Duodu, K.G., Taylor, J.R.N., Belton, P.S. & Hamaker, B.R. (2003). Factors Affecting Sorghum Protein Digestibility. Journal of Cereal Science 38(2), 117–131
Erb, M. & Kliebenstein, D.J. (2020). Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defenses, Regulators and Primary Metabolites: The Blurred Functional Trichotomy. Plant Physiology 184(1), 39-52.
Garcia, F., Colombatto, D., Brunetti, M.A., Martínez, M.J., Moreno, M.V., Scorcione Turcato, M. & Martínez Ferrer, J. (2020). The Reduction of Methane Production in The in Vitro Ruminal Fermentation of Different Substrates is Linked with The Chemical Composition of The Essential Oil. Animals 10(5), 786.
Grant, A.Q., Gay, C.G. & Lillehoj, H.S. (2018). Bacillus spp. As Direct-Fed Microbial Antibiotic Alternatives To Enhance Growth, Immunity, And Gut Health in Poultry. Avian Pathology 47(4), 339-351.
He, L., Lv, H., Xing, Y., Wang, C., You, X., Chen, X. & Zhang, Q. (2020). The Nutrients in Moringa Oleifera Leaf Contribute to The Improvement of Stylo and Alfalfa Silage: Fermentation, Nutrition and Bacterial Community. Bioresource Technology 301, 122733.
Hojat Panah, M. & Ranjbar Kohan, Z. (2014). A Study of Relationship Between Sexual Satisfaction, Marital Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction in Couples. Cheshmandaz Aminal Applied Psychology 1(1), 62.
Jahani-Azizabadi, H., Danesh-Mesgaran, M., Vakili, A.R. & Rezayazdi, K. (2014). Effect of Some Plant Essential Oils on in Vitro Ruminal Methane Production and on Fermentation Charac-Teristics of A Mid-Forage Diet. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 16, 1543-1554.
Kolling, G.J., Stivanin, S.C.B., Gabbi, A.M., Machado, F.S., Ferreira, A.L., Campos, M.M., Tomich, T.R., Cunha, C.S., Dill, S.W., Pereira, L.G.R. & Fischer, V. (2018). Performance and Methane Emissions in Dairy Cows Fed Oregano and Green Tea Extracts as Feed Additives. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 221–4234.
Makkar, H.P.S. (2010). In Vitro Screening of Feed Resources for Efficiency of Microbial Protein Synthesis. In: In Vitro Screening of Plant Resources for Extra-nutritional Attributes in Ruminants: Nuclear and Related Methodologies. Springer p. 107–144.
Markham, R. (1942). A Steam Distillation Apparatus Suitable for Micro-Kjeldahl Analysis. Biochemical Journal 36(10-12), 790-791.
Marković, J., Radović, J., Lugić, Z. & Sokolović, D. (2007). The Effect of Development Stage on Chemical Composition of Alfalfa Leaf and Stem. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 23(5-6-2), 383–388.
Mcdougall, E.I. (1948). The Composition and Output of Sheep’s Saliva. Biochemical Journal 43(1), 99–109.
Moghaddasi, M.S. (2011). Linseed and Usages in Humanlife. Advances in Environmental Biology 5(6), 1380-1392.
More, S.J. (2020). European Perspectives on Efforts to Reduce Antimicrobial Usage in Food Animal Production. Irish Veterinary Journal 73(1), 2.
Newbold, C.J., McIntosh, F.M., Williams, P., Losa, R. & Wallace, R.J. (2004). Effects of A Specific Blend of Essential Oil Compounds on Rumen Fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 114, 105–112.
Ørskov, E.R. & McDonald, P. (1979). The Estimation of Protein Digestibility in The Rumen From Incubation Measurements Weighed According to Rate of Passage. The Journal of Agricultural Science 92, 499-503.
Palangi, V. & Macit, M. (2021). Indictable Mitigation of Methane Emission Using Some Organic Acids as Additives Towards a Cleaner Ecosystem. Waste and Biomass Valorization 12(9), 4825-4834. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01347-8
Pawar, M.M., Kamra, D.N., Agarwal, N. & Chaudhary, L.C. (2014). Effects of Essential Oils on In Vitro Methanogenesis and Feed Fermentation with Buffalorumen Liquor. Agricultural Research 3, 67–74.
Pour, H.A., Naserian, A.A., Vakili, A.R. & Tahmasbi, A.M. (2017). Effect of Essential Plant Oil Used as an Additive to Alter Silage Fermentation in Ruminant by In Vitro. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 14(1), 145-152.
Przybylski, R. (2005). Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Sixth Edition. Vol:6, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 281-301.
Saeed, A.A. & Abo-Ellul, M.H. (2020). Effect of Addition of Different Levels of Commercial Inoculant of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Date Juice on Nutritive Value of Wheat Straw Silages. Euphrates Journal of Agriculture Science 12(1), 153-163.
Sallam, S.M.A., Abdelgaleil, S.M.A., Bueno, I.C.S., Nassera, M.E.A., Araujo, R.C. & Abdalla, A.L. (2011). Effect of Some Essential Oils on In Vitro Methane Emission. Archives of Animal Nutrition 65, 203–214.
Silva, V.P., Pereira, O.G., Leandro, E.S., Da Silva, T.C., Ribeiro, K.G. & Mantovani, H.C. (2016). Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria with Bacteriocinogenic Potential on The Fermentation Profile and Chemical Composition of Alfalfa Silage in Tropical Conditions. Journal of Dairy Science 99(3), 1895–1902.
Tomkins, N.W., Denman, S.E., Pilajun, R., Wanapat, M., McSweeney, C.S. & Elliott, R. (2015). Manipulating Rumen Fermentation and Methanogenesis Using Anessential Oil and Monensin in Beef Cattle Fed a Tropical Grass Hay. Animal Feed Science and Technology 200, 25–34.
Turan, A. & Önenç, S.S. (2018). Effect of Cumin Essential Oil Usage on Fermentation Quality, Aerobic Stability and In Vitro Digetibility of Alfalfa Silage. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 31(8), 1252.
Valero, T. (2014). Editorial (thematic Issue: Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Pharmacological Approaches). Current Pharmaceutical Design 20(35), 5507-5509. Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. & Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods For Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583.
Vergis, J., Gokulakrishnan, P., Agarwal, R.K. & Kumar, A. (2015). Essential Oils as Natural Food Antimicrobial Agents: A Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 55(10), 1320-1323.
Yang, W.Z., Benchaar, C., Ametaj, B.N. & Beauchemin, K.A. (2010). Dose Response to Eugenol Supplementation in Growing Beef Cattle: Ruminal Fermentation and Intestinal Digestion. Animal Feed Science and Technology 158(1-2), 57–64.
Yildiz, S., Kaya, I., Unal, Y., Aksu Elmali, D., Kaya, S., Cenesiz, M., Kaya, M. & Oncuer, A. (2015). Digestion and Body Weight Change in Tuj Lambs Receiving Oak (Quercus Hartwissiana) Leaves with and without PEG. Animal Feed Science and Technology 122, 159-172.

Yonca Silolama Işlemine Keten Tohumu Esansiyel Yağı İlavesinin Rumen Fermantasyon Kinetiğine Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2, 450 - 458, 30.04.2023

Maghsoud Besharatı Valiollah Palangi Masoumeh Niazifar Tugay Ayaşan A.z.m. Salem

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1052345

Cited By: 1

Öz

Yonca, dünya çapında yaygın olarak yetiştirilen ruminant hayvanların beslenmesinde en önemli yem kaynaklarından biridir. Bununla birlikte, kurutma ve depolama işlemi sırasında mekanik işlemlerden kaynaklanan birçok besin kaybı olmaktadır. Bu nedenle yoncanın silolanması kurutma kayıplarını önlemenin alternatif bir yoludur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı seviyelerde keten tohumu esansiyel yağlarının (KEY) eklenmesinin yonca silajının kimyasal bileşimi ve in vitro sindirilebilirliği üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmektir. Muameleler, katkı maddesi içermeyen yonca silajı (kontrol) veya 60 veya 120 ml/kg KM keten tohumu uçucu yağları (sırasıyla KEY60, KEY120) olacak şekilde düzenlenmiştir. Tüm bitki yonca silajları, üç tekerrür olacak şekilde laboratuvar ölçekli tüplerde 60 gün boyunca silolanmıştır. KEY120 için kuru madde (KM) içeriği kontrolden daha büyük olarak bulunmuştur. Kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında, KEY120'de nötr deterjan fiber (NDF) konsantrasyonu azalmıştır. Uçucu yağların eklenmesi ve silajın kombinasyonu, işlem görmemiş silaja kıyasla silaj pH'ını önemli ölçüde azaltmıştır (P<.0001). Kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında, uçucu yağ içeren tüm silajlarda ilginç bir şekilde artmıştır. Yonca silajına keten tohumu esansiyel yağı ilavesi, kontrol uygulamasına kıyasla tüm uygulamalarda organik madde (OM) ve kuru madde (DM) sindirilebilirlik oranını artırmıştır. Yonca silajının yıkılabilirlik potansiyeli, KEY (120 mg/kg KM) içeren gruplarda artmıştır. Genel olarak elde edilen veriler, KEY'in yonca silajının kalitesine ve besleyici özelliklerine olumlu etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Esansiyel yağlar, İn vitro sindirilebilirlik, İkincil metabolit, Silaj

Kaynakça

Adesogan, A.T., Krueger, N., Salawu, M.B., Dean, D.B. & Staples, C.R. (2004). The Influence of Treatment with Dual Purpose Bacterial Inoculants or Soluble Carbohydrates on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Bermudagrass. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 3407–3416.
Association of Offical Analytic Chemists (AOAC) 2002. Official method of Analytic. Vol. 1. 17 thed. AOAC, Arilington VA. P, 120-155.
Ayaz, M., Sadiq, A., Junaid, M., Ullah, F., Subhan, F. & Ahmed, J. (2017). Neuroprotective and Anti-Aging Potentials of Essential Oils from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 9, 168.
Benchaar, C., McAllister, T.A., Petit, H.V. & Chouinard, P.Y. (2014). Whole Flax Seed and Flax Oil Supplementation of Dairy Cows Fed High-Forage or High-Concentrate Diets: Effects on Digestion, Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics, Protozoal Populations and Milk Fatty Acid Profile. Animal Feed Science and Technology 198, 117–129.
Besharati, M., Palangi, V., Nekoo, M. & Ayaşan, T. (2021). Effects of Lactobacillus Buchneri Inoculation and Fresh Whey Addition on Alfalfa Silage Quality and Fermentation Properties. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi 24 (3), 671–678. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.777031.
Besharati, M., Karimi, M., Taghizadeh, A., Nemati, Z. & Kaygısız, A. (2020a). Improve Quality Of Alfalfa Silage Ensiled With Orange Pulp And Bacterial Additive. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi 23 (6), 1661-1669. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.673623.
Besharati, M., Palangi, V., Niazifar, M. & Nemati, Z. (2020b). Comparison Study of Flaxseed, Cinnamon a Lemon Seed Essential Oils Additives on Quality and Fermentation Characteristics of Lucerne Silage. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 115(2), 455–462.
Besharati, M., Shafipour, N. & Nemati, Z. (2019). Effect of Supplementation of Alfalfa Silage with Lactobacillus Buchneri Additive, Orange Pulp and Molasses on Dry Matter, Crude Protein and Organic Matter Degradability by Nylon Bags. Research on Animal Production 10(23), 45–52.
Besharari, M., Taghizadeh, A., Jan Mohammadi, H. & Moghadam, G. (2008). Determination of degradability of grape by products by using gas production method and nylon bags. Journal of Agricultural Science 18(3), 173–185. (In Persian).
Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., Carro, M.D. & Kamel, C. (2005). Effect of Garlic Oil and Four of its Compounds on Rumen Microbial Fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 4393-4404. Chaves, A.V. (2012). Effects of Cinnamon Leaf, Oregano and Sweet Orange Essential Oils on Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Barley Silage. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture 92(4), 906-915.
Dubios, A., Giles, M.K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Ronerts, P.A. & Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars And Related Substances. Analytical Chemistry 28, 350-356. Duodu, K.G., Taylor, J.R.N., Belton, P.S. & Hamaker, B.R. (2003). Factors Affecting Sorghum Protein Digestibility. Journal of Cereal Science 38(2), 117–131
Erb, M. & Kliebenstein, D.J. (2020). Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defenses, Regulators and Primary Metabolites: The Blurred Functional Trichotomy. Plant Physiology 184(1), 39-52.
Garcia, F., Colombatto, D., Brunetti, M.A., Martínez, M.J., Moreno, M.V., Scorcione Turcato, M. & Martínez Ferrer, J. (2020). The Reduction of Methane Production in The in Vitro Ruminal Fermentation of Different Substrates is Linked with The Chemical Composition of The Essential Oil. Animals 10(5), 786.
Grant, A.Q., Gay, C.G. & Lillehoj, H.S. (2018). Bacillus spp. As Direct-Fed Microbial Antibiotic Alternatives To Enhance Growth, Immunity, And Gut Health in Poultry. Avian Pathology 47(4), 339-351.
He, L., Lv, H., Xing, Y., Wang, C., You, X., Chen, X. & Zhang, Q. (2020). The Nutrients in Moringa Oleifera Leaf Contribute to The Improvement of Stylo and Alfalfa Silage: Fermentation, Nutrition and Bacterial Community. Bioresource Technology 301, 122733.
Hojat Panah, M. & Ranjbar Kohan, Z. (2014). A Study of Relationship Between Sexual Satisfaction, Marital Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction in Couples. Cheshmandaz Aminal Applied Psychology 1(1), 62.
Jahani-Azizabadi, H., Danesh-Mesgaran, M., Vakili, A.R. & Rezayazdi, K. (2014). Effect of Some Plant Essential Oils on in Vitro Ruminal Methane Production and on Fermentation Charac-Teristics of A Mid-Forage Diet. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 16, 1543-1554.
Kolling, G.J., Stivanin, S.C.B., Gabbi, A.M., Machado, F.S., Ferreira, A.L., Campos, M.M., Tomich, T.R., Cunha, C.S., Dill, S.W., Pereira, L.G.R. & Fischer, V. (2018). Performance and Methane Emissions in Dairy Cows Fed Oregano and Green Tea Extracts as Feed Additives. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 221–4234.
Makkar, H.P.S. (2010). In Vitro Screening of Feed Resources for Efficiency of Microbial Protein Synthesis. In: In Vitro Screening of Plant Resources for Extra-nutritional Attributes in Ruminants: Nuclear and Related Methodologies. Springer p. 107–144.
Markham, R. (1942). A Steam Distillation Apparatus Suitable for Micro-Kjeldahl Analysis. Biochemical Journal 36(10-12), 790-791.
Marković, J., Radović, J., Lugić, Z. & Sokolović, D. (2007). The Effect of Development Stage on Chemical Composition of Alfalfa Leaf and Stem. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 23(5-6-2), 383–388.
Mcdougall, E.I. (1948). The Composition and Output of Sheep’s Saliva. Biochemical Journal 43(1), 99–109.
Moghaddasi, M.S. (2011). Linseed and Usages in Humanlife. Advances in Environmental Biology 5(6), 1380-1392.
More, S.J. (2020). European Perspectives on Efforts to Reduce Antimicrobial Usage in Food Animal Production. Irish Veterinary Journal 73(1), 2.
Newbold, C.J., McIntosh, F.M., Williams, P., Losa, R. & Wallace, R.J. (2004). Effects of A Specific Blend of Essential Oil Compounds on Rumen Fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 114, 105–112.
Ørskov, E.R. & McDonald, P. (1979). The Estimation of Protein Digestibility in The Rumen From Incubation Measurements Weighed According to Rate of Passage. The Journal of Agricultural Science 92, 499-503.
Palangi, V. & Macit, M. (2021). Indictable Mitigation of Methane Emission Using Some Organic Acids as Additives Towards a Cleaner Ecosystem. Waste and Biomass Valorization 12(9), 4825-4834. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01347-8
Pawar, M.M., Kamra, D.N., Agarwal, N. & Chaudhary, L.C. (2014). Effects of Essential Oils on In Vitro Methanogenesis and Feed Fermentation with Buffalorumen Liquor. Agricultural Research 3, 67–74.
Pour, H.A., Naserian, A.A., Vakili, A.R. & Tahmasbi, A.M. (2017). Effect of Essential Plant Oil Used as an Additive to Alter Silage Fermentation in Ruminant by In Vitro. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 14(1), 145-152.
Przybylski, R. (2005). Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Sixth Edition. Vol:6, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 281-301.
Saeed, A.A. & Abo-Ellul, M.H. (2020). Effect of Addition of Different Levels of Commercial Inoculant of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Date Juice on Nutritive Value of Wheat Straw Silages. Euphrates Journal of Agriculture Science 12(1), 153-163.
Sallam, S.M.A., Abdelgaleil, S.M.A., Bueno, I.C.S., Nassera, M.E.A., Araujo, R.C. & Abdalla, A.L. (2011). Effect of Some Essential Oils on In Vitro Methane Emission. Archives of Animal Nutrition 65, 203–214.
Silva, V.P., Pereira, O.G., Leandro, E.S., Da Silva, T.C., Ribeiro, K.G. & Mantovani, H.C. (2016). Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria with Bacteriocinogenic Potential on The Fermentation Profile and Chemical Composition of Alfalfa Silage in Tropical Conditions. Journal of Dairy Science 99(3), 1895–1902.
Tomkins, N.W., Denman, S.E., Pilajun, R., Wanapat, M., McSweeney, C.S. & Elliott, R. (2015). Manipulating Rumen Fermentation and Methanogenesis Using Anessential Oil and Monensin in Beef Cattle Fed a Tropical Grass Hay. Animal Feed Science and Technology 200, 25–34.
Turan, A. & Önenç, S.S. (2018). Effect of Cumin Essential Oil Usage on Fermentation Quality, Aerobic Stability and In Vitro Digetibility of Alfalfa Silage. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 31(8), 1252.
Valero, T. (2014). Editorial (thematic Issue: Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Pharmacological Approaches). Current Pharmaceutical Design 20(35), 5507-5509. Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. & Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods For Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583.
Vergis, J., Gokulakrishnan, P., Agarwal, R.K. & Kumar, A. (2015). Essential Oils as Natural Food Antimicrobial Agents: A Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 55(10), 1320-1323.
Yang, W.Z., Benchaar, C., Ametaj, B.N. & Beauchemin, K.A. (2010). Dose Response to Eugenol Supplementation in Growing Beef Cattle: Ruminal Fermentation and Intestinal Digestion. Animal Feed Science and Technology 158(1-2), 57–64.
Yildiz, S., Kaya, I., Unal, Y., Aksu Elmali, D., Kaya, S., Cenesiz, M., Kaya, M. & Oncuer, A. (2015). Digestion and Body Weight Change in Tuj Lambs Receiving Oak (Quercus Hartwissiana) Leaves with and without PEG. Animal Feed Science and Technology 122, 159-172.

Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri
Bölüm	ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article)
Yazarlar	Maghsoud Besharatı 0000-0002-5233-6425 Valiollah Palangi 0000-0001-6470-2608 Masoumeh Niazifar 0000-0003-0672-4846 Tugay Ayaşan 0000-0001-7397-6483 A.z.m. Salem 0000-0001-7418-4170
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi	2 Ocak 2022
Kabul Tarihi	30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA	Besharatı, M., Palangi, V., Niazifar, M., Ayaşan, T., vd. (2023). Effect of Adding Flaxseed Essential Oil in Alfalfa Ensiling Process on Ruminal Fermentation Kinetics. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 26(2), 450-458. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1052345