Investigation of Some Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of the Hazelnut Tree (Corylus avellana L.) Leaves Grown in Giresun

Mehmet Emin Şeker; Ayça Aktaş Karaçelik

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1094507

TR EN

Giresun’da Yetişen Fındık Ağacı (Corylus avellana L.) Yapraklarında Bazı Fenolik Bileşiklerin ve Antioksidan Aktivitelerinin Araştırılması

Öz

Fındık (Corylus avellana L.), ekonomik değeri yüksek, küresel üretimi önemli olan bir üründür. Ancak fındık yaprakları ile ilgili çalışmalar bugüne kadar sınırlı kalmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Giresun’un iki ayrı bölgesinden toplanan üç çeşit (Yağlı (Tombul), Sivri ve Ham) fındık ağacı yaprağı infüzyon yöntemi ile ekstrakte edilmiştir. Analiz öncesinde ekstraktların glove box içerisinde buharlaştırılması ve örneklerin hazırlanması bu çalışmanın en kritik noktalarından birisidir. Ekstraktlarda fenolik bileşiklerin miktarları, toplam fenolik madde miktarı ve antioksidan aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Fenolik bileşiklerin tayini Sıvı Kromatografi – Kütle Spektroskometri (LC-MS/MS) ile ve toplam fenolik miktarı ise Folin-Ciocâlteu yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Antioksidan aktivite, 2,2-azino-bis(3etilbenzo-tiazolin-6-sülfonik asit (ABTS•+), 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH•) radikal giderme aktiviteleri ve demir (III) indirgeme / antioksidan güç (FRAP) yöntemleri ile test edilmiştir. Espiye Merkez’den toplanan tombul fındık ağacı yaprağı (TFE) ekstraktı en yüksek ABTS•+ radikal giderme (SC50: 0.00023±3.9E-06 mg mL-1) ve FRAP (882.75±8.24 µM TEAC (Trolox Eşdeğer Antioksidan Kapasitesi) antioksidan aktivitesi sergiledi. Ayrıca, Espiye Merkez’den toplanan ham fındık ağacı yaprağı (HFE) (SC50: 0.00033±1.3E-06 mg mL-1) ve tombul fındık ağacı yaprağı (TFE) (SC50: 0.00034±1.7E-06 mg mL-1) ekstraktları hemen hemen aynı DPPH• giderme aktivitesi sergiledi. TFE ekstraktı en yüksek toplam fenolik içeriğe (163.33±4.36 GAE (Gallik Asit Eşdeğeri) µg mL-1 ve 228.67±6.11 KE (Kateşin Eşdeğeri) µg mL-1) sahipti. Analizlenen yapraklarda gallik asit, kateşin, epikateşin, taksifolin, elajik asit, kuersetin ve kafeik asit tespit edilmiştir. Giresun’dan toplanan tombul fındık yapraklarında (TFG) ve sivri fındık yapraklarında (SFY) kateşin miktarları sırasıyla 192.05±1.74 ve 367.63±2.6 µg g-1 olarak bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Investigation of Some Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of the Hazelnut Tree (Corylus avellana L.) Leaves Grown in Giresun

Abstract

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is an essential product with high economic value in global production. However, studies on hazelnut leaves have been limited so far. In this study, three types of (Yağlı (Tombul), Sivri and Haz) hazelnut tree leaves collected from two regions of Giresun were extracted with infusion method. Evaporation of the extracts and preparation of the samples in the glove box prior to analysis is one of the most critical points of this study. It was aimed to determine the amounts of phenolic compounds, the total amount of phenolic content and antioxidant activities in the extracts. The determination of phenolic compounds was determined by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocâlteu method. Antioxidant activity, 2,2-azino-bis(3ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH•) radical scavenging activities and iron (III) reduction/antioxidant power) tested with FRAP methods. The chubby hazelnut tree leaves (TFE) extract collected from Espiye Merkez has the highest ABTS•+ radical scavenging (SC50: 0.00023±3.9E-06 mg mL-1) and FRAP (882.75±8.24 µM TEAC) (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) exhibited antioxidant activity. In addition, raw hazelnut tree leaves (HFE) (SC50: 0.00033±1.3E-06 mg mL-1) and chubby hazelnut tree leaves (TFE) (SC50: 0.00034±1.7E-06 mg mL-1) collected from Espiye Merkez extracts exhibited almost the same DPPH• scavenging activity. TFE extract had the highest total phenolic content (163.33±4.36 GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalent) µg mL-1 and 228.67±6.11 CE (Catechin Equivalent) µg mL-1). Gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, taxifolin, ellagic acid, quercetin and caffeic acid were detected in the analyzed leaves. The catechin amounts were 192.05±1.74 and 367.63±2.6 µg g-1 in the chubby (TFG) and pointed hazelnut leaves (SFY), respectively.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Giresun Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu

Project Number

FEN-BAP-A-140316-69

Thanks

Bu çalışmayı FEN-BAP-A-140316-69 proje numarası ile destekleyen Giresun Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonuna, Glove Box kullanımındaki yardımlarından dolayı Dr. Ahmet KARAÇELİK ve Prof. Dr. Saim TOPÇU’ya teşekkür ederiz.

References

Alasalvar, C., & Bolling, B. W. (2015). Review of nut phytochemicals, fat-soluble bioactives, antioxidant components and health effects. British Journal of Nutrition, 113(S2), S68-S78. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0007114514003729
Alasalvar, C., Karamać, M., Amarowicz, R., & Shahidi, F. (2006). Antioxidant and antiradical activities in extracts of hazelnut kernel (Corylus avellana L.) and hazelnut green leafy cover. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(13), 4826-4832. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0601259
Alasalvar, C., & Shahidi, F. (2009). Natural antioxidants in tree nuts. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 111(11), 1056-1062. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200900098
Amaral, J. S., Ferreres, F., Andrade, P. B., Valentão, P., Pinheiro, C., Santos, A., & Seabra, R. (2005). Phenolic profile of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) leaves cultivars grown in Portugal. Natural product research, 19(2), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 14786410410001704778
Ashby, E. C., & Schwartz, R. D. (1974). A glove BOX system for the manipulation of air sensitive compounds. Journal of Chemical Education, 51(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed051p65
Altunpala, B., & Bozoğlu, M. (2018). Fındık İşletmelerinin Destekleme Düzeyine Bağlı Yetiştirme İstekliliği. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 21(1), 161-167. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi. 472179
Benzil, I. F., & Strain, J. J. (1999). Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. Methods Enzymol, 299, 15-27.
Biesaga, M. (2011). Influence of extraction methods on stability of flavonoids. Journal of chromatography A,1218(18), 2505-2512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chroma.2011.02.059

Bolling, B. W., Chen, C. Y. O., McKay, D. L., & Blumberg, J. B. (2011). Tree nut phytochemicals: composition, antioxidant capacity, bioactivity, impact factors. A systematic review of almonds, Brazils, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamias, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts. Nutrition research reviews, 24(2), 244-275. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S095442241100014X
Bottone, A., Cerulli, A., DʼUrso, G., Masullo, M., Montoro, P., Napolitano, A., & Piacente, S. (2019). Plant specialized metabolites in hazelnut (Corylus avellana) kernel and byproducts: an update on chemistry, biological activity, and analytical aspects. Planta medica, 85(11/12), 840-855. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0947-5725
Bozoğlu, M., Başer, U., Topuz, B. K., & Eroğlu, N. A. (2019). An overview of hazelnut markets and policy in Turkey. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 22(5), 733-743. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.v22i45606. 532645
Bruneton, J. (1999). Pharmacognosie, phytochimie, plantes médicinales, 3ème éd. Lavoisier, Paris, 1120.
Cerulli, A., Lauro, G., Masullo, M., Cantone, V., Olas, B., Kontek, B., ... & Piacente, S. (2017). Cyclic diarylheptanoids from Corylus avellana green leafy covers: determination of their absolute configurations and evaluation of their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Journal of Natural Products, 80(6), 1703-1713. https://doi.org/10.1021/ acs.jnatprod.6b00703
Cerulli, A., Masullo, M., Montoro, P., Hošek, J., Pizza, C., & Piacente, S. (2018). Metabolite profiling of “green” extracts of Corylus avellana leaves by 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 160, 168-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jpba.2018.07.046
Cuendet, M., Hostettmann, K., Potterat, O., & Dyatmiko, W. (1997). Iridoid glucosides with free radical scavenging properties from Fagraea blumei. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 80(4), 1144-1152. https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19970800411
Cunha, A. P., Silva, A. P., & Roque, O. R. (2003). Aspectos históricos sobre plantas medicinais, seus constituintes ativos e fitoterapia. Plantas e produtos vegetais em fitoterapia. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 100.
Dall, W., Smith, D. M., & Moore, L. E. (1995). Carotenoids in the tiger prawn Penaeus esculentus during ovarian maturation. Marine Biology, 123(3), 435-441. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00349222
Esposito, T., Sansone, F., Franceschelli, S., Del Gaudio, P., Picerno, P., Aquino, R. P., & Mencherini, T. (2017). Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) shells extract: phenolic composition, antioxidant effect and cytotoxic activity on human cancer cell lines. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(2), 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms 18020392
Fraisse, D., Carnat, A., Carnat, A. P., & Lamaison, J. L. (1999, September). Standardization of hazel leaf. In Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises, 57(5), 406-409.
Karaçelik, A. A., Küçük, M., Iskefiyeli, Z., Aydemir, S., De Smet, S., Miserez, B., & Sandra, P. (2015). Antioxidant components of Viburnum opulus L. determined by on-line HPLC–UV–ABTS radical scavenging and LC–UV–ESI-MS methods. Food chemistry, 175, 106-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.foodchem.2014.11.085
Masullo, M., Cerulli, A., Olas, B., Pizza, C., & Piacente, S. (2015). Giffonins A–I, antioxidant cyclized diarylheptanoids from the leaves of the hazelnut tree (Corylus avellana), source of the Italian PGI Product “Nocciola di Giffoni”. Journal of Natural Products, 78(1), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1021/ np5004966
Masquelier, J. (1987). U.S. Patent No. 4,698,360. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
McAndrew, R. P., Sathitsuksanoh, N., Mbughuni, M. M., Heins, R. A., Pereira, J. H., George, A., ... & Adams, P. D. (2016). Structure and mechanism of NOV1, a resveratrol-cleaving dioxygenase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(50), 14324-14329. https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas. 1608917113
Miller, N. J., & Ruiz-Larrea, M. B. (2002). Flavonoids and other plant phenols in the diet: Their significance as antioxidants. Journal of nutritional & environmental medicine, 12(1), 39-51. https:// doi.org/10.1080/13590840220123352
Moure, A., Franco, D., Sineiro, J., Domı́nguez, H., Núñez, M. J., & Lema, J. M. (2001). Antioxidant activity of extracts from Gevuina avellana and Rosa rubiginosa defatted seeds. Food Research International, 34(2-3), 103-109. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00136-8
Oğuzkan, S. B., Uğraș, S., Can, M., Uzun, A., Ülger, S., Üzmez, Ș., ... & Uğraș, H. İ. (2016). Biological activity analysis of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) green shell and leaf extracts. Kahramanmaraș Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(4), 373-378.
Oliveira, I., Sousa, A., Valentão, P., Andrade, P. B., Ferreira, I. C., Ferreres, F., ... & Pereira, J. A. (2007). Hazel (Corylus avellana L.) leaves as source of antimicrobial and antioxidative compounds. Food chemistry, 105(3), 1018-1025. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.059
Pereira, J. A., Pereira, A. P., Ferreira, I. C., Valentão, P., Andrade, P. B., Seabra, R., ... & Bento, A. (2006). Table olives from Portugal: phenolic compounds, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(22), 8425-8431. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/jf061769j
Pourcel, L., Routaboul, J. M., Cheynier, V., Lepiniec, L., & Debeaujon, I. (2007). Flavonoid oxidation in plants: from biochemical properties to physiological functions. Trends in plant science, 12(1), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2006.11.006
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free radical biology and medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
Riethmüller, E., Alberti, Á., Tóth, G., Béni, S., Ortolano, F., & Kéry, Á. (2013). Characterisation of Diarylheptanoid‐and Flavonoid‐type Phenolics in Corylus avellana L. Leaves and Bark by HPLC/DAD–ESI/MS. Phytochemical Analysis, 24(5), 493-503. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.2452
Riethmüller, E., Könczöl, Á., Szakál, D., Végh, K., Balogh, G. T., & Kéry, Á. (2016). HPLC-DPPH screening method for evaluation of antioxidant compounds in Corylus species. Natural Product Communications, 11(5), 1934578X1601100522. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X160110052
Riethmüller, E., Tóth, G., Alberti, Á., Végh, K., Burlini, I., Könczöl, Á., ... & Kéry, Á. (2015). First characterisation of flavonoid-and diarylheptanoid-type antioxidant phenolics in Corylus maxima by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 107, 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2014.12.016
Shahidi, F., & Ambigaipalan, P. (2015). Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects–A review. Journal of functional foods, 18, 820-897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.018
Shahidi, F., Alasalvar, C., & Liyana-Pathirana, C. M. (2007). Antioxidant phytochemicals in hazelnut kernel (Corylus avellana L.) and hazelnut byproducts. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 55(4), 1212-1220. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/jf062472o
Shi, H., Noguchi, N., & Niki, E. (2001). Introducing natural Antioxidants. Antioxidants in food: practical applications, 147-158.
Silva, A. P., Ribeiro, R. M., Santos, A., & Rosa, E. (1996). Blank fruits in hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cv.‘Butler’: characterization and influence of climate. Journal of Horticultural Science, 71(5), 709-720. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1996. 11515451
Hurst, W. J. (2008). Methods of analysis for functional foods and nutraceuticals. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420007152
Slinkard, K., & Singleton, V. L. (1977). Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American journal of enology and viticulture, 28(1), 49-55.
Şeker, M. E., Ay, E., KaraÇelİk, A. A., HÜseyİnoĞlu, R., & Efe, D. (2021). First determination of some phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activities ofGeranium ibericum subsp. jubatum: A plant endemic to Turkey. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 45(1), 60-70. https://doi.org/10.3906/ kim-2005-38
Şeker, M. E., Çelik, A., Dost, K., & Erdoğan, A. (2021). Investigation of Phenolic Content in Five Different Pine Barks Species Grown in Turkey by HPLC-UV and LC–MS. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 59(6), 491-501. https://doi.org/10.1093/ chromsci/bmab022
Tallini, L. R., Pedrazza, G. P., Bordignon, S. A. D. L., Costa, A. C., Steppe, M., Fuentefria, A., & Zuanazzi, J. A. (2015). Analysis of flavonoids in Rubus erythrocladus and Morus nigra leaves extracts by liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 25, 219-227. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bjp.2015.04.003.
Tuzlacı, E., & Aymaz, P. E. (2001). Turkish folk medicinal plants, part IV: Gönen (Balıkesir). Fitoterapia, 72(4), 323-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0367-326X(00)00277-X
Yao, L. H., Jiang, Y. M., Shi, J., Tomas-Barberan, F. A., Datta, N., Singanusong, R., & Chen, S. S. (2004). Flavonoids in food and their health benefits. Plant foods for human nutrition, 59(3), 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-004-0049-7

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

-

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Mehmet Emin Şeker ^*
Türkiye

Ayça Aktaş Karaçelik
0000-0001-5381-2924
Türkiye

Publication Date

April 30, 2023

Submission Date

March 28, 2022

Acceptance Date

August 22, 2022

Published in Issue

Year 2023 Volume: 26 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1094507

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA63AP23KW

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Şeker, M. E., & Aktaş Karaçelik, A. (2023). Investigation of Some Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of the Hazelnut Tree (Corylus avellana L.) Leaves Grown in Giresun. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 26(2), 234-244. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1094507

Cited By

Phenolic composition, cholinesterase inhibition, and in silico study of traditional medicinal plants from Bosnia And Herzegovina

Natural Product Research

https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2025.2542309

Biochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and mineral content of hazelnut leaves

International Journal of Food Properties

https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2025.2592384