Maize Pests and Their Natural Enemies in the North-West of Türkiye

Abdurrahman Sami Koca; Gülay Kaçar

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1395402

TR EN

Türkiye’nin Kuzeybatısındaki Mısır Alanlarında Zararlı Böcek Türleri ve Doğal Düşmanları

Öz

Mısır, dünyada tarımı yapılan en önemli tahıllardan birisidir ve zararlı böcek türleri yüksek ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışma 2020 ve 2022 yılları arasında Düzce ve Sakarya mısır alanlarında bulunan zararlı böcek türleri ve doğal düşmanlarını belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Örneklemeler Nisan ayı ile Kasım ayı arasında mısırın vejetatif büyüme evresinden hasata kadar haftalık olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklemelerin yapıldığı her bir tarladan toplam 100 bitki incelenmiştir. Ayrıca örnekleme yapılan tarlalara ışık tuzakları ve feromon tuzakları yerleştirilmiştir. Kışlayan larvaları tespit etmek için hasattan sonra tarlada kalan saplar laboratuvara getirilerek incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, mısır alanlarında dört takıma bağlı altı familyadan 13 zararlı böcek tür, beş takımdan sekiz familyaya bağlı 19 doğal düşman türü belirlenmiştir. Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lepideoptera: Crambidae), Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. ve Mythimna unipuncta Haw. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) sırasıyla başlıca zararlılar olarak tespit edilmiştir. Meteorus pendulus Müller (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Doğu Marmara ve Batı Karadeniz Bölgeleri için yeni kayıt olmasının yanı sıra Türkiye için yeni konukçu kaydı niteliğindedir. Mythimna unipuncta’nın larva parazitoitleri olan Nemoraea pellucida Meigen ve Pales pavida Meigen (Diptera: Tachinidae), Türkiye için yeni konukçu kaydı niteliğindedir. Predatör türlerden Orius minutus L. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) ve coccinellid türleri her iki ilde örnekleme yapılan mısır alanlarının birçoğunda yaygın olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Maize Pests and Their Natural Enemies in the North-West of Türkiye

Abstract

Maize is one of the most significant cereal crops in the world, and insect pests cause the highest economic loss. The objective of this study was to assess the level of insect pests and their natural enemies during 2020 and 2022 in the maize fields of Düzce and Sakarya, Türkiye. We performed weekly surveys from the vegetative growth stage of maize to harvest from April through November. A hundred plants were selected with regular and irregular samplings from each field. In addition, light traps and pheromone traps were placed in regularly sampled fields. To detect overwintering larvae, the stalks left in the field after the harvest were cut just above the soil. In the maize fields, a total of 13 pest species from six families in four orders, along with 19 natural enemies from eight families in five orders, were identified. Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was found as the primary pest, followed by Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. and Mythimna unipuncta Haw. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Meteorus pendulus Müller (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was a new record for the East Marmara and Western Black Sea regions and a new host record in Türkiye. Larval parasitoids of M. unipuncta, Nemoraea pellucida Meigen, and Pales pavida Meigen (Diptera: Tachinidae) represent new host records for Türkiye. Among the predators, Orius minutus L. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and coccinellids showed an especially notable common in the maize fields of both provinces.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This work funded by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, Project Number: 120O008) and BAİBÜ Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (Project Number: 2022.10.06.1554)).

Project Number

(TUBITAK, Project Number: 120O008) and (BAİBÜ BAP Project Number: 2022.10.06.1554)

Thanks

The authors wish to thank Prof. Dr. Kees van ACHTERBERG (Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg, Netherlands) for the identification of braconid and ichneumonid species, Prof. Dr. Ahmet DURSUN (Amasya University, Department of Biology, Amasya, Türkiye) for identification of mirid and anthocorid species, Assoc. Dr. Turgut ATAY (Tokat Gaziosmapasa University, Department of Plant Protection, Tokat, Türkiye) for identification of tachinids, Assoc. Dr. Mustafa ÖZDEMİR (Poplar and Fast Growing Exotic Forest Trees Research Institute, Kocaeli, Türkiye) for identification of lepidopterans, and Assoc. Dr. Işıl ÖZDEMİR (Kocaeli University, Department of Plant Protection, Kocaeli, Türkiye) for identification of aphids.

References

Ali, A., Choudhury, R. A., Ahmad, Z., Rahman, F., Khan, F. R., & Ahmad, S. K. (2009). Some biological characteristics of Helicoverpa armigera on chickpea. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection, 4(1), 99-106.
Alonso-Zarazaga M. A., Barrios H., Borovec R., Bouchard P., Caldara R. Colonnelli E., Gültekin L., Hlaváč P., Korotyaev B., Lyal C.H.C., Machado A., Meregalli M., Pierotti H., Ren L., Sánchez-Ruiz M., Sforzi A., Silfverberg H., Skuhrovec J., Trýzna M., Velázquez de Castro A.J., & Yunakov N.N. (2017). Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Curculionoidea. Monograf ías Electrónicas, Vol. 8. Zaragoza, Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa.
Akmeşe, V., Aydoğdu, M., Caner, Ö.K., Keleş Öztürk, P., Tetik, Ö., Yıldırım, A.F., Yılmaz, E., & Yılmaz, A. (2017. Mısır Entegre Mücadele Teknik Talimatı. T.C.Gıda Tarım Ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Bitki Sağlığı Araştırmaları Daire Başkanlığı. Ankara, 112 s.
Anonymous, (2008). Endüstri ve Süs Bitkileri Hastalıkları Zirai Mücadele Teknik Talimatları, 1. Baskı, Ankara, Türkiye: Tarımsal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Bitki Sağlığı Araştırmaları Daire Başkanlığı, 2008, ss. 270.
Anonymous, (2011). Fındık Entegre Mücadele Teknik Talimatı. T.C. Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar genel Müdürlüğü, Bitki Sağlığı Araştırmaları Daire Başkanlığı, Ankara.
Atay, T. (2017). Contributions to the knowledge of the Tachinidae (Diptera) fauna of Turkey from Western Blacksea region of Turkey with one new record. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 34(1), 137-145.
Bãrbulescu, A., & Voinescu, I., 1998. Evolutia gãrgãriþei frunzelor de porumb (Tanymecus dilaticollis) in diferite culturi în functie de planta premergãtoare. Anale Institutul de Cercetari pentru Cereale si Plante Tehnice, 65, 321–326.
Barbulescu, A., Voinescu, I., Sadagorschi, D., Penescu, A., Popov, C., & Vasilescu, S. (2001). CRUISER 350 FS—a new product for maize and sunflower seed treatment against Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll. Rom Agric Res, 15, 77-87.

Bariş, A., Alkan, M., Yücel, C., & Narin, G. Ö. K. (2020). Orta Anadolu Bölgesi’nde yapraği yenen sebzelerde görülen zararli türlerin belirlenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(6), 1466-1473.
Bhamrah, H. S. (2007). Studies on pathogenicity and management of mole cricket, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 15(2), 381-383.
Bosque-Pérez, N. A. (1995). Major insect pests of maize in Africa: biology and control. Ibadan: IITA.
Brookes, G. (2009). The existing and potential impact of using GM insect resistant (GM IR) maize in the European Union. PG Economics, Dorchester, UK. http://www.pgeconomics.co.uk/pdf/btmaizeeuropejune2009.pdf [Accessed: 15.09.2022].
Burgio, G., Ravaglia, F., Maini, S., Bazzocchi, G. G., Masetti, A., & Lanzoni, A. (2020). Mating disruption of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on processing tomato: First applications in Northern Italy. Insects, 11(4), 206.
Cabello, T. (1989) Natural enemies of noctuid pests on alfalfa, corn, cotton and soybean crops in Southern Spain. Journal of Applied Entomology, 108, 80-88.
Cagáncaron, L., Turlings, T., Bokor, P., & Dorn, S. (1999). Lydella thompsoni Herting (Dipt., Tachinidae), a parasitoid of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lep., Pyralidae) in Slovakia, Czech Republic and south‐western Poland. Journal of Applied Entomology, 123(10), 577-583.
Can, F., Ulaşlı, B., & Hausmann, A. (2018). An integrative approach to understand the biogeography, taxonomy and ecology of the Macroheteroceran fauna of the Amanos Mountains in southern Turkey. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 20(2), 91-101.
Capinera, J. L. (2001). Handbook of vegetable pests. San Diego: Academic Press.
Capinera, J. L. (2018). Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/field/true_armyworm.htm (Accessed: 10.10.2022).
Cerit, İ., Sarıhan, H., Turkay, M. A., Uçak, A. B., Güllü, M., & Kanat, A. D. (2006). Mısır kurdu (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner. Lepidoptera: Crambidae) ve Mısır koçankurdu (Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)’na dayanikli transgenik mısır çeşidi Pioneer 33P67 (MON 810) Bt’nin alan denemesi [Field trial of transgenic maize varieties, Pioneer 33P67 (MON 810) Bt, resistant to European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner. Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Mediterranean corn borer (Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)]. Proje Sonuç Raporu, Adana.
Chumakov, M. A., & Kuznetsova, T. L. (2021). Pests: Autographa gamma L. - Gamma Moth. Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neigbouring Countries: Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds [internet data base]. Retrieved from: http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/ content/ pests/ Autographa_gamma/
Cook, K. A., Ratcliffe, S. T., Gray, M. E., & Steffey, K. L. 2004. True Armyworms (Pseudaletia unipuncta Haworth). https://ipm.illinois.edu/vegetables/ insects/ armyworm.pdf. (Accessed: 25.03.2021).
Davidian, G. E. (2019). Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll. - Maize Leaf Weevil (Southern Gray Weevil). Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neigboring Countries. Economic Plants and their Diseases, Pests and Weeds. http://www. agroatlas.ru/en/content/pests/ Tanymecus_dilaticollis/index.html
Derin, A. (1992). Investigation on hosts, distribution, damage, biology and natural enemies of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis in Izmir province. (Ph.D. Dissertation) Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
Dicke, F. F., & Guthrie, W. D. (1988) The most important corn insects. Corn and Corn Improvement, 18, 767-867.
Draganova S., Takov D., & Toshova T. B. (2012). Fungal pathogens on Tanymecus (Episomecus) dilaticollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and bioassays with some Beauveria bassiana isolates. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 64, 289–294
Eichers, T.R. (1981). Use of pesticides by farmers. In: CRC handbook of pest management in agriculture, Vol. II. Ed. by D Pimentel, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA, 3-25.
El-Sherif, S. L., Hammad, S. M., & El-Sawaf, S. K. (1972). Field observations on Leucania loreyi (Dup.)(Lepid., Noctuidae) in Egypt. Z. Angew. Entomot. 70, 160-166.
Fefelova, Y. A., & Frolov, A. N. (2008). Distribution and mortality of corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) on maize plants in Krasnodar Territory. Entomological Review, 88(4), 480-484.
Ferro, D. N., Mackenzie, J. D., & Margolies, D. C. (1980). Effect of mineral oil and a systemic insecticide on field spread of aphid-borne maize dwarf mosaic virus in sweet corn. Journal of Economic Entomology, 73(5), 730-735.
Fitt, G. P. (1989). The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to the agroecosystem. Annual Review of Entomology, 34, 17-52.
Frank, J. H., & Parkman, J. P. (1999). Integrated pest management of pest mole crickets with emphasis on the southeastern USA. Int Pest Manag Rev, 4, 39–52
Frolov, A. N., Kuznetsova, T. L., Chumakov, M. A., & Smirnova, M. P. (2000). The large-scale spread of beet webworm and corn borer. Zashchita i Karantin Rastenii, 10, 12–16.
Gözüaçık, C. (2004). Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde Mısırda Zararlı Lepidopter Türleri, Yoğunlukları, Yayılısları ve Doğal Düsmanlarının Belirlenmesi Üzerinde Çalısmalar. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, K.S.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı, Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
Gözüaçik, C., & Mart, C. (2005). Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde mısırda zararlı lepidoptera türleri, yoğunlukları ve yayılışlarının belirlenmesi üzerinde çalışmalar. Harran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(4), 11-16.
Gözüaçik, C. (2016). The determination of Lepidopterous pest species and their distributions, densities, and damages in corn fields of Iğdır province in Turkey. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 6(1), 45-52.
Gözüaçık, C. (2019). Iğdır ili mısır alanlarında Mısır maymuncuğu, Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)’in yayılışı ve zararı durumunun belirlenmesi. 6. Ulusararası Mesleki ve Teknik Bilimler Kongresi, 11-12 Nisan 2019, Iğdır, s. 332- 337
Gözüaçik, C., Mart, C., & Kara, K. (2009). Parasitoids of several lepidopterous pests in maize plantations in the Southeast Anatolian Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 33(4), 475-477.
Gözüaçik, C. (2020). Iğdır ilinde mısırda (Zea mays L.) zararlı Lepidoptera türlerinin larva parazitoitleri ve bunların doğal parazitlenme oranları. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, 11(2), 149-163.
Gülser, G., & Öztemiz, S. (2020). Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), newly recorded egg parasitoid from corn fields in Sakarya, Turkey. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 15(1), 35-38
Hardwick, D. F. (1965). The corn earworm complex. The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 97(S40), 5-247.
Hudon, M., Leroux, E., & Harcourt, D. (1989). Seventy years of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) research in North America. In G. E. Russell (Ed.), Biology and Population Dynamics of Invertebrate Crop Pests, Andover. Anais... Andover: Intercept Ltd.
Hong, S. C., & Williamson, R. C. (2004). Comparison of sticky wing and cone henomena traps for monitoring seasonal abundance of black cutworm adults and larvae on golf courses. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97(5), 1666–1670.
İkincisoy, Y. (1993). Çukurova’da Mısır Bitkisinde Zararlı Acantholeucania loreyi Duponchel (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)’nin Biyolojisi, Populasyon Gelişmesi ve Doğal Düşmanları. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
İren, Z. (1977). Önemli Meyve Zararlıları, Tanımları, Zararları, Yaşayışları ve Mücadele Metodları. Zirai Mücadele ve Zirai Karantina Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara Bölge ve Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Mesleki Eserler Serisi, No. 36. 165 s., Ankara.
Javadzadeh, M., Taghizadeh, M., & Hosseini-Gharalari, A. (2017). Studying the efficacy of fipronil (GR 0.2%) against European Mole Cricket, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 52(1), 107-110.
Kaçar, G., & Koca, A. S. (2020). Seasonal dynamics of coccinellid species in apple, cherry, and hazelnut. Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 486-495.
Kaçar, G., Koca, A. S., Şahin, B., & Yildiz, F. (2019). Bolu ve Düzce ili fındık bahçelerinde Amerikan beyazkelebeği Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)’nin yayılış alanı, zararı ve bazı biyo-ekolojik özellikleri. Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 266-272.
Kaçar, G., Koca, A. S., Bayram, M. S., & Şahin, B (2022). Düzce İli Fındık Bahçelerinde Amerikan Beyaz Kelebeği, Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)’nın Popülasyon Takibi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 77-84.
Kaçar, G., Butrón, A., Kontogiannatos, D., Han, P., Peñaflor, M. F. G., Farinós, G. P., Huang, F., Hutchison, W. D., de Souza, B. H. S., Malvar, R. A., Kourti, A., Ramirez-Romera, R., Smith., J. L., Koca, A. S. & Haddi, K. (2023a). Recent trends in management strategies for two major maize borers: Ostrinia nubilalis and Sesamia nonagrioides. Journal of Pest Science, 96(3), 879-901.
Kaçar, G., Atay, E., Koca, A. S., & Şahin, B. (2023b). Çayır tırtılı, Loxostege sticticalis L.(Lepidoptera: Crambidae)’in yeni yayılış alanları ve teşhis karakterleri. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(1), 153-165.
Kara, M. (1994). Çukurova’da Mısır Bitkisinde Zararlı Pseudaletia unipuncta Haworth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)’nin Biyolojisi Populasyon Gelişmesi ve Doğal Düşmanlar. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü] Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
Kara, K., & Özdemir, Y., (2000). Tachinid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) reared from lepidopterous larvae in Central Anatolia (Turkey). Zoology in the Middle East, 20(1), 99-116.
Karim, S. (2000). Management of Helicoverpa armigera: a review and prospectus for Pakistan. Pak. J. Biol. Sci, 3(8), 1213-1222.
Khan, I., Din, S., Khalil, S. K., & Rafi, M. A. (2007). Survey of predatory Coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the Chitral district, Pakistan. Journal of Insect Science, 7(7), 1-6.
Krattiger, A. F. (1997). Insect resistance in crops: a case study of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and its transfer to developing countries. ISAAA Briefs, Ithaca, New York.
Kogan, M. (1986). Ecological theory and integrated pest management practice. Wiley, New York, USA.
Koca, A. S., İmren, M., & Kütük, H. (2018). Determination of the genetic variation within the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma brassicae, bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) populations in Düzce province, Turkey. Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 26-32.
Koca, A. S., & Kaçar, G. (2021a). Seasonal Population Dynamics of Some Lepidopteran Species in Maize Fields in Düzce and Sakarya. 8th Plant Protection Congress with International Participation, August 24-28, 101 s.
Koca, A. S., & Kaçar, G. (2021b). Bitki korumada son gelişmeler. In G. Kaçar (Ed.), Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) ve Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)’nin biyolojik mücadelesi, 73-95 pp.
Kornosor, S. (1999) Entomological problems of maize in Turkey. Proc. XX Conf. International Working Group on Ostrinia and Other Maize Pests (Adana, Turkey), pp. 14-23.
Kornoşor, S., & Kayapınar, A. (1988a). Number of generations and population changes of European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) causing damage on corn in Çukurova Region. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 13(1).
Kutuk, H. (2017). Identification and natural parasitism of Trichogramma species on Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs in Düzce, Turkey. Entomological News, 126(4), 290-298.
Kuznetsova, T. L., & Chumakov, M. A. (2008). Loxostege sticticalis L.-the beet webworm, In: Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Economic Plants and their Diseases, Pests and Weeds (Ed. Afonin AN, Greene SL, Dzyubenko NI, Frolov AN) form http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/pests/Loxostege-sticticalis.
Lancashire, P. D., Bleiholder, H., Boom, T. V. D., Langelüddeke, P., Stauss, R., Weber, E., & Witzenberger, A. (1991. A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds. Annals of Applied Biology, 119(3), 561-601. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1744-7348.1991.tb04895.x
Liu, Y. Q., Fu, X. W., Feng, H. Q., Liu, Z. F., & Wu, K. M. (2015). Trans-regional migration of Agrotis ipsilon(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in north-East Asia. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 108, 519–527.
Lodos, N. (1981). Maize pests and their importance in Turkey1. EPPO Bulletin, 11(2), 87-89.
Medina, P., Morales, J. J., Budia, F., Adan, A., Del Estal, P., & Vinuela, E. (2007). Compatibility of endoparasitoid Hyposoter didymator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) protected stages with five selected insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100(6), 1789-1796.
Lowe, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas, S., & De Poorter, M. (2000). 100 of the World’s worst invasive alien species a selection from the global invasive species database. Published by The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), 12pp.
Meissle, M., Mouron, P., Musa, T., Bigler, F., Pons, X., Vasileiadis, V. P., ... & Oldenburg, E. (2010). Pests, pesticide use and alternative options in European maize production: current status and future prospects. Journal of Applied Entomology, 134(5), 357-375.
Melan, K., & Kara, K. (2004). Tachinidae parazitoids of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Western Blacksea region of Turkey. Türkiye I. Bitki Koruma Kongresi, Samsun, 69.
Melan, K., Kedici, R., & Ünal, G. (1996) Bolu ilinde mısırkurdu (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn., Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)’nun yumurta parazitoidi Trichogramma evanescens Westwood’un doğal etkinliğinin belirlenmesi. Türkiye III. Entomoloji Kongresi, Ankara, 305-310.
Melan, K., & Kara, K. (2004). Tachinidae parazitoids of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Western Blacksea region of Turkey. Türkiye I. Bitki Koruma Kongresi Bildirileri, 8-10 Eylül 2004, Samsun, s. 69
Metcalf, R. L. (1986). The ecology of insecticides and the chemical control of insects. In M Kogan (Ed.), Ecological theory and integrated pest management practice. Wiley, New York, USA, 251– 297.
McLeod, P., & Studebaker, G. (2003). Major insect pests of field corn in Arkansas and their management. Corn Production Handbook, 29-44.
Mironidis, G. K., & Savopoulou-Soultani, M. (2009). Development, survival and growth rate of the Hyposoter didymator–Helicoverpa armigera parasitoid–host system: effect of host instar at parasitism. Biological Control, 49(1), 58-67.
Mohyuddin, A. I. (1985). Distribution and economic importance of Heliothis spp. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Biological Control of Heliothis: Increasing the Effectiveness of Natural Enemies, 229-240.
Mutlu, Ç., Sertkaya, E., & Güçlü, Ş. (2008). Diyarbakır ili ikinci ürün mısır alanlarında Cicadellidae (Homoptera) familyasına bağlı önemli türlerin populasyon değişimleri. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 32(1), 21-32.
Newsom, L.D. (1980). The next rung up the integrated pest management ladder. ESA Bull. 26, 369– 374. Nagy, A., Szarukán, I., Szalárdi, T., Szanyi, S., Jósvai, J. K., & Tóth, M. (2022). Addition of 4‐oxoisophorone improves performance of bisexual lure for Autographa gamma (L.)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 146(3), 328-334.
Odiyo, P.O. (1975). Seasonal distribution and migrations of Agrotis ipsilon (Hufhagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Central Overseas Pest Research Tropical Pest Bulletin, 4, 26.
Oerke, E. C. (2006). Crop losses to pests. Journal of Agricultural Science, 144, 31– 43.
Ortega, A. (1987). Insect pests of maize: a guide for field identification. Cimmyt, Mexico, 106 p.
Ölmez, M., Aslan, M. M., & Güzel, G. (2009). Kahramanmaras ili misir alanlarindaki zararli lepidopter türlerinin tespiti, popülasyon gelisimleri ve predatörlerinin saptanmasi. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(1), 26-33.
Özcan, S. (2009). Modern dünyanın vazgeçilmez bitkisi mısır Genetiği değiştirilmiş Transgenik mısırın tarımsal üretime katkısı. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 2, 1-34.
Özdemir, N. (1981). Investigation on bio-ecology of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Black Sea Region of Turkey. [PhD Dissertation, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey].
Özdemir, N., & Uzunali, S. (1981). Noctuid species causing damage to maize in Turkey. EPPO Bulletin, 11(2), 97–99.
Öztemiz, S., Güllü, M., Özdemir, F., Fidan, H., & Bülbül, F. (2008). Investigation on corn IPM in Mediterreanean Region. KSU Journal of Engineering Science, 11(2), 81-91.
Oztemiz, S., Karacaoglu, M., & Yarpuzlu, F. (2009). Parasitization rate of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs after field releases of Trichogramma evanescens westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in cotton in Cukurova region of Turkey. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 82(2), 183-193.
Paulian, F. (1972). Contribution at knowledge of the development, ecology, and control of the Tanymecus dilaticollis species. [PhD. Thesis, I. A. N. B. Bucharest].
Pimentel, D. (2005). Environmental and economic costs of the application of pesticides primarily in the United States. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 7, 229– 252.
Potter, D. A. (1998). Destructive Turfgrass insects - biology, diagnosis, and control. Chelsea: Ann Arbor Press.
Qu, X. F., Shao, Z. R., & Wang, J. Q. (1999). Analysis of periodic outbreak of meadow moth in agricultural and pastoral area of North China. Entomological Knowledge, 36, 11–14.
Qu, B. X. (1987). Forecasting study of Hyphantria cunea. J. N. W. Coll. For. 2, 41-49.
Sade, B. (2003). Corn consumption. Journal of Konya Comodity Exchange, 16(6), 39-47.
Santos, L., & Shields, E. J. (1998). Temperature and diet effect on black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval development. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91(1), 267–273.
Scott, L. J., Lawrence, N., Lange, C. L., Graham, G. C., Hardwick, S., Rossiter, L., ... & Scott, K. D. (2006). Population dynamics and gene flow of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton and grain crops in the Murrumbidgee Valley, Australia. Journal of Economic Entomology, 99(1), 155-163.
Schneider, M. I., Smagghe, G., Gobbi, A., & Viñuela, E. (2003). Toxicity and pharmacokinetics of insect growth regulators and other novel insecticides on pupae of Hyposoter didymator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of early larval instars of lepidopteran pests. Journal of Economic Entomology, 96(4), 1054-1065.
Sertkaya, E., Bayram, A., & Kornosor, S. (2004). Egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua on maize in Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 32, 305-312.
Sertkaya, E., & Bayram, A. (2005). Parasitoid community of the loreyi leaf worm Mythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi: Novel host-parasitoid associations and their efficiency in the eastern mediterranean region of Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 33(5), 441-449.
Sertkaya, E., Mutlu, Ç., Bayram, A., Bayram, Y., & Güçlü, Ş. (2010). Diyarbakır ili ikinci ürün mısır alanlarında farklı örnekleme yöntemleri ile Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen, 1826) ve Sogatella vibix (Haupt, 1927) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)’in popülasyonlarının belirlenmesi. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 34(2), 251-262.
Sertkaya, E., Akmeşe, V., & Atay, E. (2014). First record of spotted stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on maize from Turkey. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni, 4(3), 197-200.
Singh, R., Mrig, K.K. and Chaudhary, J. E (1987) Incidence and survival of Mythimna species on cereal crops in Hisar. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 57, 59-60.
Shurovenkov, Y. B., & Alekhin, V. T. (1984). The meadow moth in eastern Siberia and in the Far East. Zashchita Rastenii, 19(2), 40-41.
Smirnova, M. P. (2000). The meadow moth: still a dangerous pest. Zashchita i Karantin Rastenii, 2, 10-11. Smith, S. M. (1996). Biological control with Trichogramma: advances, successes, and potential of their use. Annual Review of Entomology, 41, 375-406.
Srivastava, C. P., Ahmad, R., Ujagir, R., & Das, S. B. (2005). Helicoverpa armigera management in pulses-present scenario and future strategies. In Recent Advances in Helicoverpa armigera Management. Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development, 265-286.
Stouthamer, R., Hu, J., Van Kan, F. J. P. M., Platner, G. R., & Pinto, J. D. (1999). The utility of internally transcribed spacer 2 DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal gene for distinguishing sibling species of Trichogramma. BioControl, 43, 421–440
Stray, P., Lyon, J. P., & Leclant, F. (1994). Aphididae. In A. K. Minks, P. Harrewijn (Eds), Aphids their biology, natural enemies and control. Elseveier, Amsterdam, 171-184.
Sullivan, G. T. (2011). Hyphantria cunea’nın kışlık pupalarının biyolojik mücadele etmenlerinin belirlenmesi ve elde edilen entomopatojen fungusların etkinliklerinin ortaya konulması. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta], Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
Şimşek, N., & Sezer, C. (1983). Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde ikinci ürün olarak ekilen mısırda görülen zararlı ve faydalılar üzerinde sürvey çalışmaları. Adana Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü (Proje No. E/103.657; nihai rapor).
Tanyeri, R., Üzüm, A., Tezcan, S., Keskin, B. & Gülperçin, N. 2010. Notes on pitfall trap collected Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) species in organic vineyard and orchards of Kemalpaşa (Izmir) province of western Turkey. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 5, 917-919.
Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., & Gibson, T. J. (1994). Clustal W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, 22, 4673-4680. Thompson, S. R. (2003) Biological control and behavioral studies of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) with the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. [Dissertation, Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University].
Thomson, L. J., Bennett, D. M., Glenn, D. C., & Hoffmann, A. A. (2003). Developing Trichogramma as a pest management tool. In O. Koul, & G. S. Dhaliwal (Eds). Predators and Parasitoids. Taylor and Francis, London, UK. 152 pp.
Thompson, S. R., & Brandenburg, R. L. (2005). Tunneling responses of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) to the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. Environmental Entomology, 34, 140–147.
Tiftikci, P., & Kornoşor, S. (2015). Çanakkale’de mısırda zararlı Lepidoptera türleri, dağılımları ve yayılışları üzerinde araştırmalar. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 107-118.
Tonğa, A., & Bayram, A. (2021). Natural parasitism of maize stemborers, Sesamia spp.(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs by Trichogramma evanescens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Southeastern Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 5(2), 197-202.
Tschorsnig H. P., & Herting, B. (1994). Die raupenfliegen (Diptera: Tachinidae) mitteleuropas: bestimmungstabellen und angaben zur verbreitung und ökologie der einzelnen arten. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde (A), 506, 1-170.
TUIK (2021). Annual maize cultivation and production. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved from https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/ medas/?kn=92& locale=tr (Accessed: 03.10.2020).
Ünlü, L., Yücel, A., & Kornosor, S. (1995). Sanlıurfa ilinde Heterocera (Lepidoptera) türleri üzerinde çalismalar. GAP Bölgesi Bitki Koruma Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri Sempozyumu, 27-29 Nisan, Sanlıurfa.
van Huis, A. (1981). Integrated pest management in the small farmer's maize crop in Nicaragua. Wageningen University and Research.
Velasco, P., Revilla, P., Monetti, L., Ordas, A., & Malvar, R. A. (2007). Corn borers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Northwestern Spain: population dynamics and distribution. Maydica, 52(2), 195-204.
Wang, Z. P. (1995). Integrated control techniques of fall webworm. Liaoning Science and Technology Press, Shengyang.
Weber, E., & Bleiholder, H. (1990). Explanations of the BBCH decimal codes for the growth stages of maize, rape, faba beans, sunflowers and peas-with illustrations. Gesunde Pflanzen, 42(9), 308-321.
Williamson, R. C., & Potter, D. A. (1997). Oviposition of black cutworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on creeping bentgrass putting greens and removal of eggs by mowing. Journal of Economic Entomology, 90, 590–594.
Yang Z. Q., Wei J. R., & Wang, X. Y. (2006). Mass rearing and augmentative releases of the native parasitoid Chouioia cunea for biological control of the introduced fall webworm Hyphantria cunea in China. Biocontrol, 51(4), 401–18.
Yılmaz, E., Karsavuran, Y., & Zeybekoğlu, Ü. (2009). Aydın, İzmir ve Manisa illeri mısır alanlarında belirlenen Cixiidae ve Delphacidae (Homoptera) familyalarına bağlı türler üzerinde araştırmalar. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 33(1), 63-71.
Yilmaz, T., Aydoğdu, M., & Beyarslan, A. (2010). The distribution of Euphorinae wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Turkey, with phytogeographical notes. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 34(2), 181-194.
Yin, J., Cao, Y. Z., Luo, L. Z., & Hu, Y. (2004). Effects of host plants on population increase of meadow moth, Loxostege sticticalis L. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 31, 173–178.
Yin, J., Cao, Y. Z., Luo, L. Z., & Hu, Y. (2005). Oviposition preference of the meadow moth, Loxostege sticticalis L., on different host plants and its chemical mechanism. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 25, 1844–1852.
Yu, D. S., Achterberg, C., & Horstmann, K. (2012). World Ichneumonoidea 2005. Taxonomy, biology, morphology and distribution [Braconidae]. Taxapad 2006 (Scientific names for information management). Interactive electronical catalogue on DVD/CD-ROM. Vancouver.
Zalucki, M. P., Daglish, G., Firempong, S., & Twine, P. (1986). The biology and ecology of Heliothis armigera (Hubner) and Heliothis punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Australia-What do we know. Australian Journal of Zoology, 34(6), 779-814.
Zhang, L. X., Fan, J. S., & Wang, G. Q. (2010). Research Advances on Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in China. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 26, 215–218.
Zhang, L. W., Kang, K., Jiang, S. C., Zhang, Y. N., Wang, T. T., Zhang, J., ... & Ding, D. G. (2016). Analysis of the antennal transcriptome and insights into olfactory genes in Hyphantria cunea (Drury). PloS one, 11(10), e0164729.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Entomology in Agriculture

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Abdurrahman Sami Koca ^*
0000-0002-7657-5615
Türkiye

Gülay Kaçar
0000-0001-9800-8286
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

September 15, 2024

Publication Date

December 25, 2024

Submission Date

November 24, 2023

Acceptance Date

July 19, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2024 Volume: 27 Number: Ek Sayı 1 (Suppl 1)

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1395402

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA89GU36LJ

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Koca, A. S., & Kaçar, G. (2024). Maize Pests and Their Natural Enemies in the North-West of Türkiye. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 27(Ek Sayı 1 (Suppl 1), 59-73. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1395402

Cited By

Efficacy of native entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Turkish Journal of Entomology

https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1595065

Effective Control of Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using Essential Oil Blends: An Alternative to Single-Oil Applications

Journal of Crop Health

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-025-01133-9

Monitoring of Three Major Lepidopteran Pests and Inundative Releases of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Bracon hebetor Say. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Journal of Crop Health

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-025-01161-5