Effects of Microbial Fertilizer Applications on Yield, Fruit Quality and Leaf Characteristics of Red Chief Apple Variety

Aysen Koç; Ali Zehir

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1613787

EN TR

Effects of Microbial Fertilizer Applications on Yield, Fruit Quality and Leaf Characteristics of Red Chief Apple Variety

Abstract

The research was carried out on Red Chief apple variety grafted onto MM106 rootstock in the apple orchard established in 2011 at Yozgat Bozok University in 2022-2023. The study was established to determine the effects of Control (100% fertilizer), 50% reduced fertilizer, 100% reduced fertilizer (without fertilizer), and combinations of fertilizers with microbial fertilizer containing bacteria on fruit yield and quality and vegetative growth. The highest fruit weight was obtained from Control (100% fertilizer dose) + Bacteria application (170.57 g) and 50% reduced fertilizer dose + Bacteria (164.30 g) applications. The lowest fruit weight was determined from a 100% reduced fertilizer dose (without fertilizer) (103.18 g). Total soluble solids were measured with a 20.30% Brix value in the Control (%100 fertilizer) + bacteria and a 19.90% brix value in 50% reduced + bacteria applications. The highest titratable acidity was determined with 0.59% in Control (%100 fertilizer) application. The fruits from the trees of each replication were collected separately and the highest tree yield values were obtained from Control (%100 fertilizer) + bacteria (22.35 kg/tree) and Control (%100 fertilizer) applications (19.63 kg/tree). When the effects of the applications on shoot length were examined, the highest values were determined in Control (%100 fertilizer), Control (%100 fertilizer) + bacteria, and 50% reduced fertilizer + bacteria applications. The highest amount of nitrogen (N) in the leaf was determined in Control (100% fertilizer), Control (100% fertilizer) + bacteria, and 50% reduced + bacteria applications. The highest amount of P was obtained from Control (100% fertilizer) and Control (100% fertilizer) + bacteria applications. The highest amount of K was measured in 50% reduced fertilizer application. It was concluded that microbial fertilizers containing plant growth-promoting bacteria can be used in apples. Replication of the study in different climatic and geographical conditions may increase the extensibility of the results.

Keywords

Mikrobiyal Gübre Uygulamalarının Red Chief Elma Çeşidinin Verim, Meyve Kalitesi ve Yaprak Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri

Abstract

Araştırma, 2022-2023 yıllarında Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi' nde 2011 yılında kurulmuş olan elma bahçesinde yer alan MM106 anacına aşılı Red Chief elma çeşidi üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışma, kontrol (%100 gübre), %50 azaltılmış gübre, %100 azaltılmış gübre (gübresiz) ve gübrelerin bakteri içeren mikrobiyal gübre ile kombinasyonları kullanılarak meyve verim ve kalitesi ile vejetatif büyüme üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla kurulmuştur. Meyve ağırlığı en yüksek kontrol (%100 gübre dozu)+bakteri uygulaması (170.57 g) ile %50 azaltılmış gübre dozu+bakteri (164.30 g) uygulamalarından elde edilmiştir. En düşük meyve ağırlığı ise %100 azaltılmış gübre dozundan (gübresiz) (103.18 g) tespit edilmiştir. Meyve eti sertliği (kg/cm2), en yüksek kontrol (%100 gübre), %50 azaltılmış gübre ve %100 azaltılmış (gübresiz) uygulamalarında ölçülmüştür. Suda çözünebilir kuru madde içeriği %20.30 Brix değeri ile kontrol (%100 gübre) + bakteri ve %19,90 Brix değeri ile %50 azaltılmış + bakteri uygulamalarında ölçülmüştür. Titre edilebilir asit miktarı ise en yüksek %0.59 ile kontrol (%100 gübre) uygulamasında belirlenmiştir. Her tekerrüre ait ağaçlardaki meyveler ayrı ayrı toplanarak elde edilen ağaç başı verim değerleri en yüksek kontrol (%100 gübre)+bakteri (22.35 kg/ağaç) ve kontrol (%100 gübre) uygulamalarından (19.63 kg/ağaç) elde edilmiştir. Uygulamaların sürgün boyu üzerine etkisi incelendiğinde en yüksek değerler kontrol (%100 gübre), kontrol (%100 gübre)+ bakteri ve %50 azaltılmış gübre+bakteri uygulamalarında tespit edilmiştir. Yapraktaki azot (N) miktarı en yüksek kontrol (%100 gübre), kontrol (%100 gübre) + bakteri ve %50 azaltılmış + bakteri uygulamalarında tespit edilmiştir. P miktarı en yüksek kontrol (%100 gübre) ve kontrol (%100 gübre) + bakteri uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. K miktarı en yüksek %50 azaltılmış gübre uygulamasında ölçülmüştür. Bitki gelişimini teşvik eden bakterileri içeren mikrobiyal gübrelerin elmalarda kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışmanın elma yetiştirilen farklı iklim ve bölgelerde tekrarlanması sonuçların yaygınlaştırılabilirliğini artıracaktır.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

The authors of the article declare that the data, information and documents presented in this article were obtained within the framework of academic and ethical rules, and that all information, documents, evaluations and results were presented in accordance with scientific ethics and moral rules.

Thanks

This study was produced from a first author’s Master thesis, named ‘The effects of microbial fertilizer applications on tree growth and development and fruit properties in apple growing / Mikrobiyal gübre uygulamalarının elma yetiştiriciliğinde ağacın büyüme ve gelişmesi ile meyve özellikleri üzerine etkileri’ presented at Yozgat Bozok University. (YOK Thesis No: 850698 /Date: 25.01.2024).

References

Abebe, T. G., Tamtam, M. R., Abebe, A. A., Abtemariam, K. A., Shigut, T. G., Dejen, Y. A., & Haile, E. G. (2022). Growing Use and Impacts of Chemical Fertilizers and Assessing Alternative Organic Fertilizer Sources in Ethiopia. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2022(1), 4738416. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4738416
Acar, O. (2018). Effects Of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Growth, Yield And Fruit Quality of Pomegranate (Publication number:530763). The Graduate School of Natural And Applied Science of Selçuk University the Degree of Master of Science in Department of Horticulture, pp.35.
Akgül, M. & Başayiğit, L. (2005). Detailed soil survey and mapping of farm land of Süleyman Demirel University. Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Science Institute, 9 (3), 1-10.
Anonymous, (2023a). http://www.elmatarim.com.tr/tr/m/elma-cesitleri/red-chief.html (15.11.2023)
Anonymous, (2023b). https://yozgat.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/yozgat.afad/Yozgat-IRAP.pdf (15.11.2023)
Arıkan, Ş., İpek, M. & Pırlak, L. (2013). Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield and fruit quality of quince. International Conference on Agriculture and Biotechnology, 10.7763/IPCBEE. V60. 19.
Arıkan, Ş., İpek, M. & Pırlak, L. (2015). Determination of phenological and pomological characteristics of some apple varieties in Konya ecological conditions. Turkish Agriculture — Food Science and Technology Journal, 3 (10), 811-815. 38
Arıkan, A. (2020). Determination of the Yield and Quality Characteristics of ‘Redd Chief’ Type in Elmalı-Antalya Region (Publication number:623671). The Graduate School of Natural And Applied Science of Antalya University the Degree of Master of Science in Department of Horticulture, pp. 55.

Aslantaş, R., Çakmakçı, R. & Şahin, F. (2007). Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on young apple tree growth and fruit yield under orchard conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 111 (4), 371-377.
Bassil, N. V., Proebsting, W. M., Moore, L. W. & Lightfoot, D. A. (1991). Propagation of hazelnut stem cuttings using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. HortScience, 26 (8), 1058-1060.
Bayav, A. & Karli, B. (2020). Comparison of apple production costs in Isparta and Karaman provinces. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25 (2), 225-236.
Baytekin, S. (2006). Performances of some apple varieties grafted on different clonal rootstocks in ecological conditions of Turhal district of Tokat province (Publication number:182475). The Graduate School of Natural And Applied Science of Gaziosmanpaşa University the Degree of Master of Science in Department of Horticulture, pp. 63.
Baytekin, S. & Akça, Y. (2011). Determination of performance of some apple varieties on MM 106 rootstock. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 21(2), 127-33.
Ceylan, F. (2008). Determination of Phenological and Pomological Characteristic of Some Apple Grafted on Dwarf and Semi-Dwarf Rootstocks in Niğde Ecological Conditions. (Publication number:178302). The Graduate School of Natural And Applied Science of Selçuk University the Degree of Master of Science in Department of Horticulture, pp. 56.
Çakmakçı, R. (2005). Importance of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria in Plant Development. Selcuk University Faculty of Agriculture Journal, 19 (35), 93-108.
De Silva, A., Patterson, K., Rothrock, C. & Moore, J. (2000). Growth promotion of highbush blueberry by fungal and bacterial inoculants. HortScience, 35 (7), 1228-1230.
Einhorn, T. & Caspari, H.W. (2004). Partial rootzone drying and deficit irrigation of Gala apples in semi-arid climate. In: (Ed.: Synder, R.L.) ISHS Acta Horticulturae 664: IV International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops, 31 December 2004.
Ekici, M., Yıldırım, E. & Kotan, R. (2015). Effects of some plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on broccoli (Brassica oleraceae L. var. italica) seedling development and seedling quality. Journal of Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture, 28 (2), 53-59.
Ekinci, E. (2010). Determination of the effects of different crop load applications on vegetative development and fruit quality of apple trees (Publication number:268673). Süleyman Demirel University, Institute of Science, PhD Thesis, pp. 95.
Ertürk, A. S. (2015). Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) application on fruit characteristics and plant development in Eşme quince variety (Cydonia vulgaris L.). (Publication number:411281). The Graduate School of Natural And Applied Science of Gaziosmanpaşa University the Degree of Master of Science in Department of Horticulture, pp. 52.
Eşitken, A., Karlıdağ, H., Ercişli, S., Turan, M. & Şahin, F. (2003). The effect of spraying a growth promoting bacterium on the yield, growth and nutrient element composition of leaves of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L. cv. Hacihaliloglu). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 54 (4), 377-380.
Eşitken, A., Pırlak, L., Turan, M., Şahin, F. (2006). Effects of floral and foliar application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield, growth and nutrition of sweet cherry. Scientia Horticulturae, 110 (4), 324-327.
Eşitken, A., Yıldız, H.E., Ercişli, S., Dönmez, M.F., Turan, M. & Güneş, A. (2010). Effects of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) on yield, growth and nutrient contents of organically grown strawberry. Scientia Horticulturae, 124, 62-66.
FAO (2024). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United. www.fao.org (Access date: 05.09.2024)
Gerçekcioğlu, R., Ertürk, A. & Öz Atasever, Ö. (2018). Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) application on yield and fruit characteristics of Eşme quince variety (Cydonia vulgaris L.). Journal of Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Agriculture, 35 (3), 209-216.
Gruhn, P., Goletti, F. & Yudelman, M. (2000). Integrated nutrient management, soil fertility, and sustainable agriculture: current issues and future challenges, Intl Food Policy Res Inst, p.27. https://www.google.com.tr/books/edition/Integrated_Nutrient_Management_Soil_Fert/wgPhCXJ04cgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover
Güneş, A., Turan, M., Şahin, F. & Haliloğlu, K. (2012). Use of biofertilizers in organic farming. https://docplayer.biz.tr/20773345-Organik-tarimda-biyogubrelerinkullanimi-adem-gunes-1-metin-turan-1-fikrettin-sahin-2-kamil-haliloglu-3.html (Access date: 13/12/2023).
Kacar, B. (1972). Chemical analysis of plant and soil, II. Plant Analysis. Ankara University Agricultural Faculty Publications. No:453, Ankara, Turkey.
Kacar, B. (1994). Soil Analysis. Chemical Analysis of Plants and Soil III. A.U. Faculty of Agriculture Education, Research and Development Foundation Publications No: 3, p. 705, Ankara, Turkey.
Karaçal, İ. & Tüfenkçi, Ş. (2010). New approaches to plant nutrition and fertilizer-environment relationship. Agricultural Engineering VII Technical Congress, pp. 257-268. https://www.zmo.org.tr/yayinlar/2775/ziraat-muhendisligi-vii-teknik-kongresi
Karaçalı, İ. (1993). Bahçe Ürünlerinin Muhafazası ve Pazarlanması. Hasat Öncesi Dönemde Gelişmeyi Etkileyen Faktörler. Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları, No: 494, 444s, İzmir.
Karakurt, H. (2006). Determination of the Effects of Some Bacterial Races on Fruit Set, Fruit Characteristics and Plant Development in Apple (Publication number:181458). The Graduate School of Natural And Applied Science of Atatürk University the Degree of Master of Science in Department of Horticulture, pp. 86.
Karakurt, H. & Aslantas, R. (2010) Effects of some plant growth promoting rhizobacteria treated twice on flower thinning, fruit set and fruit properties on apple. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(5), 384-388.
Karlıdağ, H., Eşitken, A., Turan, M. & Şahin, F. (2007). Effects of root inoculation of plant growth promoting rhizobiacteria (PGPR) on yield, growth and nutrient element contents of apple. Scientia Horticulture, 114, 16-20.
Kaynaş, K., Kocakurt, Ş. & Sakaldaş, M. (2011). Effects of postharvest I-methylcyclopropane applications on fruit quality of “Eşme quince” variety grown in Çanakkale region. Turkey VI. National Horticulture Congress, 4-8 October 2011, Şanlıurfa. pp.109-116.
Kıraç, A.M. (2016). Effects of the deficit and partial root drying irrigation techniques on "red chief" apple trees grafted on MM 106 rootstock (Publication number:426763). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Institute of Science, PhD Thesis, pp. 141.
Kotan, R., Tozlu, E., Güneş, A. & Dadaşoğlu, F. (2021). Determination of Usage Possibilities of a Bacillus subtilis Containing Microbial Fertilizer in Apple Seedling Cultivation. Journal of Atatürk University Faculty of Agriculture, 52 (1), 46-55.
Köse, C., Güleryüz, M., Şahin, F. ve Demirtiş, I. (2003). Effects of some plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on rooting of grapevine rootstocks. Acta Agrobotanica, 56 (1-2), 47-52.
Kucharski, J., Ciecko, Z. Niewolak, T. & Niklewska-Larska, T. (1996). Activity of microrganisms in soils of different agricultural usefulness complexes fertilized with mineral nitrogen. Acta Acad Agric Tech.-Olst. 62, 25–35.
Küçüker, E. (2010). The effects of training systems on tree growth, yield and fruit quality in braeburn and red chief apple cultivars on M 26 and MM 106 rootstock (Publication number:266287). Gaziosman Paşa University, Institute of Science, PhD Thesis, pp. 76.
Lakatos, L., Biniak- Pieróg, M. & Żyromski, A. (2012). Effect of night and day temperature on the cover colour and quality parameters of apple. Journal of Water and Land Development. 16 (I—VI), 23—28.
Lindsay, W.L. & Norwell, W.A. (1978) Development of DTPA of Soil Test for Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. Journal of American Soil Science, 42, 421-428. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x
Lombardini, L. Caspari, H.W., Elfving, D.C., Auvil, T.D. & McFerson, J.R. (2004). Gas Exchange and Water Relations in llFuji' Apple Trees Grown under Deficit Irrigation. XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Key Processes in the Growth and Cropping of Deciduous Fruit and Nut Trees. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 636, 43—50.
Lott, W.L., Nery, J.P., Gall, J.R. & Medcoff, J.C. (1956). Leaf Analysis Techniques in Coffee Research. IBEC Res. Inst. Pub. No: 9.
Özbek, S. (1978). Special fruit growing (Fruit Species Shedding Leaves in Winter). Çukurova University Faculty of Agriculture Publications No: 128, Textbook: 11, Adana.
Öztürk, B., Yıldız, K., Özkan, Y., Çekiç, Ç. & Kılıç, K. (2011). Effect of AVG on Preharvest Drop and Fruit Quality in Red Chief Apple Variety. Turkey VI. National Horticulture Congress, Şanlıurfa, (4-8 October 2011).
Parıltı, Z. (2018). Bitki Büyümesini Teşvik Eden Rizobakterilerin Mm106 Anacı Üzerine Aşılı Bazı Elma Çeşitleri Fidanlarında Bitki Gelişimi Üzerine Etkileri (Tez no 499472). [Yüksek Lisans Tezi,. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
Pırlak, L., Turan, M., Sahin, F. & Esitken, A. (2007). Floral and foliar application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to apples increases yield, growth, and nutrient element contents of leaves. Journal of sustainable agriculture, 30 (4), 145-155.
Rana, N., Singf, S., Dhakad, A.K. & Dhatt, K.K. (2023). Coding phenological growth stages of yellow bells (Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth) based on BBCH scale and its implications for urban greening. Current Plant Biology, 34, 100284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2023.100284
Rahman, K.M.A. & Zhang, D. (2018). Effects of Fertilizer Broadcasting on the Excessive Use of Inorganic Fertilizers and Environmental Sustainability. Sustainability 10 (3), 759. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030759
Rodriguez, H. & Fraga, R. (1999). Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion. Biotechnology advances, 17 (4), 319-339.
Sabır, F.K., İpek, M., Arıkan, Ş. & Pırlak, L. (2011). Effects of (I-MCP) applications on storage period and quality of some apple varieties grown in Konya region. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Agriculture Journal, 1(1), 15- 27.
Satıcı, F. (2011). Bio-preservation of granny smith and red chief apple varieties using Aloe vera gel (Publication number:284437). The Graduate School of Natural And Applied Science of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University the Degree of Master of Science in Department of Horticulture, pp. 45.
Selvi, T., Eşitgen, A., Bayramoğlu, Z., Dönmez, M.F. (2020). The Effect of Bacterial Applications on Resource Utilization in Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa duch) Production. KSU J. Agric Nat 23 (5), 1308-1313. DOI: 10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.631957.
Shuqin, J. & Fang, Z. (2018). Zero growth of chemical fertilizer and pesticide use: China's objectives, progress and challenges. J. Resour. Ecol., 9 (1), 50-58.
Tian, M., Zheng, Y., Sun, X. & Zheng, H. (2022). A research on promoting chemical fertiliser reduction for sustainable agriculture purposes: Evolutionary game analyses involving ‘government, farmers, and consumers’. Ecological Indicators, Volume 144, 109433, ISSN 1470-160X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109433
Vessey, J.K. (2003). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizes. Plant and Soil, 255, 571-586.
Wang, Z., Geng, Y. & Liang, T. (2020). Optimization of reduced chemical fertilizer use in tea gardens based on the assessment of related environmental and economic benefits. Science of The Total Environment, 713, 136439, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136439.
Wang, F., Ge, S., Lyu, M., Liu, J., Li, M., Jiang, Y., Xu, X., Xing, Y., Cao, H., Zhu, Z. & Jiang, Y. (2022). DMPP reduces nitrogen fertilizer application rate, improves fruit quality, and reduces environmental cost of intensive apple production in China. Science of The Total Environment, 802, 149813, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149813.
Westwood, M.N. (1993). Temperate-Zone Pomology. Physiology and Culture, Third Edition. Timber Pres, 523 pages, Oregon, USA.
Yaman, M., Yıldız, E., Sümbül, A. & Sönmez, O. (2022). Effect of Rhizobacteria Application on Fruit Quality Parameters in Different Rootstock-Variety Combinations in Apple. Çukurova Journal of Agricultural Food Sciences. 37 (1), 21-29. doi: 10.36846/CJAFS.2022.69
Zokaee-Khosroshahi, M., Esna-Ashari, M., Ershadi, A. & Imani, A. (2014). Morphological changes in response to drought stress in cultivated and wild almond species. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 1 (1), 79-92.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Pomology and Treatment

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Aysen Koç ^*
0000-0002-9766-721X
Türkiye

Ali Zehir
0009-0008-8912-9391
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

June 10, 2025

Publication Date

July 4, 2025

Submission Date

January 5, 2025

Acceptance Date

May 6, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 28 Number: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1613787

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA38WS23SN

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Koç, A., & Zehir, A. (2025). Effects of Microbial Fertilizer Applications on Yield, Fruit Quality and Leaf Characteristics of Red Chief Apple Variety. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 28(4), 973-986. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1613787

AMA

1.Koç A, Zehir A. Effects of Microbial Fertilizer Applications on Yield, Fruit Quality and Leaf Characteristics of Red Chief Apple Variety. KSU J. Agric Nat. 2025;28(4):973-986. doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1613787

Chicago

Koç, Aysen, and Ali Zehir. 2025. “Effects of Microbial Fertilizer Applications on Yield, Fruit Quality and Leaf Characteristics of Red Chief Apple Variety”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi 28 (4): 973-86. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1613787.

EndNote

Koç A, Zehir A (July 1, 2025) Effects of Microbial Fertilizer Applications on Yield, Fruit Quality and Leaf Characteristics of Red Chief Apple Variety. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi 28 4 973–986.

IEEE

[1]A. Koç and A. Zehir, “Effects of Microbial Fertilizer Applications on Yield, Fruit Quality and Leaf Characteristics of Red Chief Apple Variety”, KSU J. Agric Nat., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 973–986, July 2025, doi: 10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1613787.

ISNAD

Koç, Aysen - Zehir, Ali. “Effects of Microbial Fertilizer Applications on Yield, Fruit Quality and Leaf Characteristics of Red Chief Apple Variety”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi 28/4 (July 1, 2025): 973-986. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1613787.

JAMA

1.Koç A, Zehir A. Effects of Microbial Fertilizer Applications on Yield, Fruit Quality and Leaf Characteristics of Red Chief Apple Variety. KSU J. Agric Nat. 2025;28:973–986.

MLA

Koç, Aysen, and Ali Zehir. “Effects of Microbial Fertilizer Applications on Yield, Fruit Quality and Leaf Characteristics of Red Chief Apple Variety”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, vol. 28, no. 4, July 2025, pp. 973-86, doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1613787.

Vancouver

1.Aysen Koç, Ali Zehir. Effects of Microbial Fertilizer Applications on Yield, Fruit Quality and Leaf Characteristics of Red Chief Apple Variety. KSU J. Agric Nat. 2025 Jul. 1;28(4):973-86. doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1613787