Identification of Seed and Soil-Borne Fungal Disease Agents in Okra Plants (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) and Characterization of Biological Control Possibilities with Antagonist Bacterial Isolates

Gizem Tangül; Soner Soylu

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1720941

EN TR

Identification of Seed and Soil-Borne Fungal Disease Agents in Okra Plants (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) and Characterization of Biological Control Possibilities with Antagonist Bacterial Isolates

Abstract

The main objectives of this study were to (i) identify the seed- and soil-borne fungal pathogens of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) grown in the Hatay province of Türkiye, (ii) determine the in vitro biocontrol potential of bacterial isolates (BCAs) from healthy okra and closely related plants against common fungal pathogens, and (iii) characterize the antagonistic and plant growth-promoting (PGP) mechanisms involved in pathogen suppression and plant growth. Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Fusarium oxysporum were determined as the most common soil and seed-borne disease agents on diseased seeds and plants. A total of 36 different endophytic and epiphytic bacterial isolates were selected and identified using MALDI-TOF MS, and their antagonistic potentials to inhibit mycelial growth of R. solani, M. phaseolina, S. sclerotiorum, and F. oxysporum were characterized in dual culture tests. Among BCA bacterial isolates, Bacillus cereus B1ep, B. cereus B2ep, Pseudomonas aeruginosa B3ep, B. cereus B11ep, and B. subtilis B12ep displayed high levels (≥70%) of antagonistic activity against all fungal agents tested. Enterobacter cloacae B10ep was identified as the highest siderophore producer, Microbacterium maritypicum X5 as the highest protease enzyme producer, Pseudomonas aeruginosa B3ep, and different Bacillus spp. as isolates producing hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ammonia at the highest level. The suppression of mycelial growth was suggested to be associated with one or more antagonistic mechanisms. Enterobacter bugandensis B7ep was identified as the highest Indole-3 Acetic Acid (IAA) producer, and B. cereus P7en was identified as the most efficient phosphate-solubilizing bacterial isolate. In conclusion, BCA isolates belonging to Bacillus and Pseudomonas spp., which demonstrated strong antagonistic and PGP activities, have the potential to be developed as biopreparations against soil and seed-borne disease agents in okra plants.

Keywords

Bamya Bitkisinde (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Tohum ve Toprak Kaynaklı Fungal Hastalık Etmenlerinin Tanılanması ve Antagonist Bakteri İzolatları ile Biyolojik Mücadele Olanaklarının Karakterizasyonu

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amaçları, (i) Türkiye'nin Hatay ilinde yetiştirilen hastalıklı bamya (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) bitkilerinin tohum ve toprak kaynaklı fungal patojenlerini tanımlamak, (ii) sağlıklı bamya ve yakın akraba bitkilerden elde edilen epifitik ve endofitik biyokontrol etmeni bakteri izolatlarının (BCA) yaygın fungal patojenlere karşı in vitro biyokontrol potansiyellerini belirlemek ve (iii) patojen baskılanmasında ve bitki gelişiminde rol oynayan antagonistik ve bitki büyümesini teşvik edici (PGP) özellikleri karakterize etmektir. Hasta bitkilerden ve tohumlarından yapılan izolasyonlar sonucunda en yaygın toprak ve tohum kaynaklı fungal hastalık etmenler Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ve Fusarium oxysporum, olarak belirlenmiştir. Toplam 36 farklı endofitik ve epifitik bakteri izolatı seçilmiş, MALDI-TOF MS ile tanımlanmış ve R. solani, M. phaseolina, S. sclerotiorum ve F. oxysporum'un misel büyümesini engellemedeki antagonistik potansiyelleri ikili kültür testleri ile karakterize edilmiştir. BCA bakteri izolatları arasında Bacillus cereus B1ep, B. cereus B2ep, Pseudomonas aeruginosa B3ep, B cereus B11ep ve B. subtilis B12ep, test edilen tüm fungal hastalık etmenlerine karşı yüksek düzeyde (≥%70) antagonistik etkinlik göstermiştir. Enterobacter cloacae B10ep en yüksek siderofor üreticisi, Microbacterium maritypicum X5 en yüksek proteaz enzimi üreticisi, P. aeruginosa B3ep ve farklı Bacillus spp. ise en yüksek düzeyde hidrojen siyanür (HCN) ve amonyak üreten izolatlar olarak tanımlanmıştır. Misel büyümesinin baskılanmasında bir veya daha fazla antagonistik mekanizma ile ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Enterobacter bugandensis B7ep en yüksek Indol-3 Asetik Asit (IAA) üreticisi, B. cereus P7en ise en etkili fosfor çözen bakteri izolatı olarak tanımlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, güçlü antagonistik ve PGP aktiviteleri gösteren Bacillus ve Pseudomonas spp. türlerine ait BCA bakteri izolatları, bamya bitkilerinde toprak ve tohum kaynaklı hastalık etkenlerine karşı biyolojik preparat olarak geliştirilme potansiyeline sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Supporting Institution

Scientific Research Projects Commission of Hatay Mustafa Kemal University

Project Number

HMKU BAP 21.YL.046

Ethical Statement

Authors have declared no conflict of interest

Thanks

This study was financially supported by the Scientific Research Projects Commission of Hatay Mustafa Kemal University (Project No: 21.YL.046)

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Phytopathology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Gizem Tangül
0000-0002-3214-5242
Türkiye

Soner Soylu ^*
0000-0003-1002-8958
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

August 14, 2025

Publication Date

October 20, 2025

Submission Date

June 16, 2025

Acceptance Date

July 31, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 28 Number: 6

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1720941

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA25GJ88DT

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Tangül, G., & Soylu, S. (2025). Identification of Seed and Soil-Borne Fungal Disease Agents in Okra Plants (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) and Characterization of Biological Control Possibilities with Antagonist Bacterial Isolates. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 28(6), 1427-1444. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1720941

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