Research Article
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Modeling of Growth in Gerze Chicken Breed and Determination of the Best-Fitting Growth Model

Year 2026, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 238 - 248, 01.01.2026

Oğuzhan Alitkan , Esra Karaduman , Nigün Yapıcı , Doğan Narinç

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1725968
https://izlik.org/JA35UG46HD

Abstract

In this study, the growth curves of Gerze chickens, one of Turkey’s native poultry breeds, were analyzed using different nonlinear mathematical models to determine the best-fitting growth function specific to each sex. A total of 90 birds were used, and weekly body weight data were recorded. The effect of sex on the growth process was evaluated through profile analysis. Growth data were modeled using Gompertz, Logistic, Richards, Janoschek, Levakovich, and Von Bertalanffy functions, and goodness-of-fit criteria (R², adjusted R², MSE, AIC, and BIC) were calculated. The Von Bertalanffy model provided the best fit for females, with a β₀ estimate of 1928.9 g and a low standard error of 10.6, while the Gompertz model was identified as the most suitable growth curve for males, with a β₀ value of 2508 g and a standard error of only 10. The findings clearly highlight the significant effect of sex on growth dynamics and emphasize the necessity of sex-specific modeling approaches in genetic improvement programs for local genotypes.

Keywords

Gerze chicken Growth curve Nonlinear models Sex effect Growth modelling

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK 2209-A Research Project Support Program for University Students

Thanks

The study was supported by the TÜBİTAK 2209-A Research Project Support Program for University Students. We would like to thank TÜBİTAK for its contributions.

References

  • Aggrey, S. E. (2002). Comparison of three nonlinear and spline regression models for describing chicken growth curves. Poultry Science, 81, 1782–1788. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.12.1782
  • Akbaş, Y., Oğuz, İ. 1998. "Growth curve parameters of lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), unselected and selected for four-week body weight", Archiv Für Gefügelkunde, 62, 104-109.
  • Aksoy, T., Narinç, D., & Aygün, A. (2022). Dünyadaki çalışmalar ışığında Denizli yerli tavuk ırkı. Hayvansal Üretim, 63(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.46592/hayd.1070757
  • Arslan, C., Cilavdaroğlu, E., & Yamak, U. S. (2023). Gerze tavuklarında yumurta ağırlığı ve şekil indeksinin yaşa bağlı değişimi. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 6(4), 317–320.
  • Cilavdaroğlu, E., & Yamak, U. S. (2025). Could vitamin supplementation unlock the hidden potential of the indigenous Gerze chicken? South African Journal of Animal Science, 55(1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v55i1.3
  • Davis, C.S. (2002). Normal-Theory Methods: Multivariate Analysis of Variance. In: Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Repeated Measurements. Springer Texts in Statistics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21573-0_4
  • Eyduran, E., Küçük, M., & Karakuş, K. (2008). New approaches to the determination of the best nonlinear function describing growth at early phases of Kıvırcık and Morkaraman breeds. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7, 799–804.
  • Goliomytis, M., Panopoulou, E., & Rogdakis, E. (2003). Growth curves for body weight and major component parts, feed consumption, and mortality of male broiler chickens raised to maturity. Poultry Science, 82(7), 1061–1068. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.7.1061
  • Goliomytis, M., Tsoureki, D., Simitzis, P. E., Charismiadou, M. A., Hager-Theodorides, A. L., & Deligeorgis, S. G. (2014). The effects of quercetin dietary supplementation on broiler growth performance, meat quality, and oxidative stability. Poultry science, 93(8), 1957-1962.
  • İlhan, D. D., & Kaya, M. (2022). Denizli ve Gerze yerli tavuk ırklarında TVB lokusundaki polimorfizmlerin araştırılması. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 107–112.
  • İlkilinc, E., Cilavdaroğlu, E., & Yamak, U. S. (2024). Effect of selection in live weight on reproductive traits of local Gerze chickens. Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, 67(1), 168–171.
  • Kaya, M. (2018). Determination of the Tumor Virus B Locus in Turkish Native Chicken Breeds. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 267–272.
  • Kaya, M., & Yıldız, M. A. (2008). Genetic diversity among Turkish native chickens, Denizli and Gerze, estimated by microsatellite markers. Biochemical genetics, 46(7), 480-491.
  • Knizetova, H., Hyanek, J., Knize, B., & Roubicek, J. (1991). Analysis of growth curves in fowl. I. Chickens. British Poultry Science, 32, 1027–1038.
  • Lewis, P. D., Perry, G. C., Farmer, L. J., & Patterson, R. L. S. (1997). Responses of two genotypes of chicken to the diets and stocking densities typical of UK and “label rouge” systems. I. Performance, behaviour and carcass composition. Meat Science, 45(4), 501–516.
  • Macleod, M. G. (2000). Modelling the utilization of dietary energy and amino acids by poultry. In M. K. Theodorou & J. France (Eds.), Feeding systems and feed evaluation models (pp. 229–248). CABI Publishing.
  • Mendeş, M., Dincer, E., & Arslan, E. (2007). Profile analysis and growth curve for body mass index of broiler chickens reared under different feed restrictions in early age. Archiv Tierzucht Dummerstorf, 50(4), 403–411.
  • Mercan, L., & Okumuş, Z. (2015). Türkiye yerli tavuk ırklarının genetik çeşitliliği. Tavukçuluk Araştırma Dergisi, 17(2), 25–31.
  • Mtleni, N., Nsahlai, I., & Chimonyo, M. (2012). A comparison of predictions from a simulation model and actual growth of indigenous chicken fed dietary protein levels. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44(3), 517–523.
  • Narinç, D., Aksoy, T., & Karaman, E. (2017). The effect of selection on growth curve parameters in Japanese quails. European Poultry Science, 81, 1–13.
  • Narinç, D., Aksoy, T., Karaman, E., & Fırat, M. Z. (2014). Genetic parameter estimates of growth curve and reproduction traits in Japanese quail. Poultry Science, 93(1), 24–30. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03105
  • Narinç, D., Karaman, E., Firat, M. Z., & Aksoy, T. (2010). Comparison of non-linear growth models to describe the growth in Japanese quail. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(14), 1961–1966.
  • Narushin, V. G., & Takma, C. (2003). Sigmoid model for the evaluation of growth and production curves in laying hens. Biosystems Engineering, 84, 343–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1537-5110(03)00029-9
  • Neme, R., Sakomura, N. K., Fukayama, E. H., Freitas, E. R., Fialho, F. B., Resende, K. T., & Fernandez, J. B. K. (2006). Growth curves and deposition of body components in pullets of different strains. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 35, 1091–1100.
  • Ohaegbulem, E. U., & Nwobi, F. N. (2009). Poultry feed brands selection using profile analysis. Journal of Applied Sciences, 9, 1368–1372.
  • Onbaşılar, E. E., Erol, H., & Cantekin, Z. (2019). Effects of dietary organic and inorganic manganese supplementation on performance, egg quality and antioxidant activity in laying hens. Animal, 13(3), 521–529.
  • Özdemir, D., & Akcay, E. T. (2025). Unraveling the genetic linkages between Gerze and La Flèche chickens: phylogenetic and haplotype analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 57(7), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-025-04573-7
  • Rizzi, C., Contiero, B., & Cassandro, M. (2013). Growth patterns of Italian local chicken populations. Poultry Science, 92(8), 2226–2235. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02880
  • Sakomura, N. K., Longo, F. A., Rondon, E. O., Rabello, C. B. V., & Ferraudo, A. S. (2005). Modeling energy utilization and growth parameter description for broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 84, 1363–1369.
  • Şekeroğlu, A., & Özen, N. (1997). Gerze (Hacıkadın) ve Denizli tavuk ırklarının bazı verim özellikleri bakımından karşılaştırılması. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 41–57.
  • Tixier-Boichard, M., Bordas, A., & Rognon, X. (2009). Characterization and monitoring of poultry genetic resources. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 65(2), 272–285. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933909000206
  • Tzeng, R. Y., & Becker, W. A. (1981). Growth patterns of body and abdominal fat weight in male broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 60, 1101–1106. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0601101
  • Yuneldi, R. F., Airin, C. M., Saragih, H. T., Prawira, A. Y., & Astuti, P. (2024). Testosterone hormone levels and breast muscle performance of Pelung chickens after zinc sulfate and synthetic testosterone supplementation. Veterinary World, 17(10), 2365.

Gerze Tavuk Irkında Büyümenin Modellenmesi ve En Uyumlu Büyüme Modelinin Belirlenmesi

Year 2026, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 238 - 248, 01.01.2026

Oğuzhan Alitkan , Esra Karaduman , Nigün Yapıcı , Doğan Narinç

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1725968
https://izlik.org/JA35UG46HD

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin yerli tavuk ırklarından biri olan Gerze tavuklarının büyüme eğrileri farklı doğrusal olmayan matematiksel modeller kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve cinsiyete özgü en uygun büyüme fonksiyonu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada toplam 90 birey kullanılmış, haftalık canlı ağırlık verileri kaydedilmiştir. Cinsiyetin büyüme süreci üzerindeki etkisi profil analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Büyüme verilerinin modellenmesinde Gompertz, Logistic, Richards, Janoschek, Levakovich ve Von Bertalanffy modelleri kullanılmış ve uyum iyiliği kriterleri (R², düzeltilmiş R², MSE, AIC ve BIC) hesaplanmıştır. Von Bertalanffy modeli, dişi bireylerde 1928.9 g’lik β₀ tahmini ve 10.6’lık düşük standart hata ile en iyi uyumu sunarken; erkek bireylerde Gompertz modeli 2508 g β₀ değeri ve yalnızca 10 birimlik hata ile en uygun büyüme eğrisi olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, cinsiyetin büyüme dinamikleri üzerindeki etkisini açıkça ortaya koymakta ve yerli genotiplerin ıslah programlarında cinsiyete dayalı modelleme yaklaşımlarının gerekliliğine işaret etmektedir.

Keywords

Gerze tavuğu Büyüme eğrisi Doğrusal olmayan modeller Cinsiyet etkisi Büyüme modellemesi

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK 2209-A ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİ ARAŞTIRMA PROJELERİ DESTEK PROGRAMI

Thanks

Çalışma TÜBİTAK 2209-A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destek Programı ile destek almıştır. TÜBİTAK'a katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Aggrey, S. E. (2002). Comparison of three nonlinear and spline regression models for describing chicken growth curves. Poultry Science, 81, 1782–1788. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.12.1782
  • Akbaş, Y., Oğuz, İ. 1998. "Growth curve parameters of lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), unselected and selected for four-week body weight", Archiv Für Gefügelkunde, 62, 104-109.
  • Aksoy, T., Narinç, D., & Aygün, A. (2022). Dünyadaki çalışmalar ışığında Denizli yerli tavuk ırkı. Hayvansal Üretim, 63(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.46592/hayd.1070757
  • Arslan, C., Cilavdaroğlu, E., & Yamak, U. S. (2023). Gerze tavuklarında yumurta ağırlığı ve şekil indeksinin yaşa bağlı değişimi. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 6(4), 317–320.
  • Cilavdaroğlu, E., & Yamak, U. S. (2025). Could vitamin supplementation unlock the hidden potential of the indigenous Gerze chicken? South African Journal of Animal Science, 55(1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v55i1.3
  • Davis, C.S. (2002). Normal-Theory Methods: Multivariate Analysis of Variance. In: Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Repeated Measurements. Springer Texts in Statistics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21573-0_4
  • Eyduran, E., Küçük, M., & Karakuş, K. (2008). New approaches to the determination of the best nonlinear function describing growth at early phases of Kıvırcık and Morkaraman breeds. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7, 799–804.
  • Goliomytis, M., Panopoulou, E., & Rogdakis, E. (2003). Growth curves for body weight and major component parts, feed consumption, and mortality of male broiler chickens raised to maturity. Poultry Science, 82(7), 1061–1068. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.7.1061
  • Goliomytis, M., Tsoureki, D., Simitzis, P. E., Charismiadou, M. A., Hager-Theodorides, A. L., & Deligeorgis, S. G. (2014). The effects of quercetin dietary supplementation on broiler growth performance, meat quality, and oxidative stability. Poultry science, 93(8), 1957-1962.
  • İlhan, D. D., & Kaya, M. (2022). Denizli ve Gerze yerli tavuk ırklarında TVB lokusundaki polimorfizmlerin araştırılması. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 107–112.
  • İlkilinc, E., Cilavdaroğlu, E., & Yamak, U. S. (2024). Effect of selection in live weight on reproductive traits of local Gerze chickens. Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, 67(1), 168–171.
  • Kaya, M. (2018). Determination of the Tumor Virus B Locus in Turkish Native Chicken Breeds. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 267–272.
  • Kaya, M., & Yıldız, M. A. (2008). Genetic diversity among Turkish native chickens, Denizli and Gerze, estimated by microsatellite markers. Biochemical genetics, 46(7), 480-491.
  • Knizetova, H., Hyanek, J., Knize, B., & Roubicek, J. (1991). Analysis of growth curves in fowl. I. Chickens. British Poultry Science, 32, 1027–1038.
  • Lewis, P. D., Perry, G. C., Farmer, L. J., & Patterson, R. L. S. (1997). Responses of two genotypes of chicken to the diets and stocking densities typical of UK and “label rouge” systems. I. Performance, behaviour and carcass composition. Meat Science, 45(4), 501–516.
  • Macleod, M. G. (2000). Modelling the utilization of dietary energy and amino acids by poultry. In M. K. Theodorou & J. France (Eds.), Feeding systems and feed evaluation models (pp. 229–248). CABI Publishing.
  • Mendeş, M., Dincer, E., & Arslan, E. (2007). Profile analysis and growth curve for body mass index of broiler chickens reared under different feed restrictions in early age. Archiv Tierzucht Dummerstorf, 50(4), 403–411.
  • Mercan, L., & Okumuş, Z. (2015). Türkiye yerli tavuk ırklarının genetik çeşitliliği. Tavukçuluk Araştırma Dergisi, 17(2), 25–31.
  • Mtleni, N., Nsahlai, I., & Chimonyo, M. (2012). A comparison of predictions from a simulation model and actual growth of indigenous chicken fed dietary protein levels. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44(3), 517–523.
  • Narinç, D., Aksoy, T., & Karaman, E. (2017). The effect of selection on growth curve parameters in Japanese quails. European Poultry Science, 81, 1–13.
  • Narinç, D., Aksoy, T., Karaman, E., & Fırat, M. Z. (2014). Genetic parameter estimates of growth curve and reproduction traits in Japanese quail. Poultry Science, 93(1), 24–30. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03105
  • Narinç, D., Karaman, E., Firat, M. Z., & Aksoy, T. (2010). Comparison of non-linear growth models to describe the growth in Japanese quail. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(14), 1961–1966.
  • Narushin, V. G., & Takma, C. (2003). Sigmoid model for the evaluation of growth and production curves in laying hens. Biosystems Engineering, 84, 343–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1537-5110(03)00029-9
  • Neme, R., Sakomura, N. K., Fukayama, E. H., Freitas, E. R., Fialho, F. B., Resende, K. T., & Fernandez, J. B. K. (2006). Growth curves and deposition of body components in pullets of different strains. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 35, 1091–1100.
  • Ohaegbulem, E. U., & Nwobi, F. N. (2009). Poultry feed brands selection using profile analysis. Journal of Applied Sciences, 9, 1368–1372.
  • Onbaşılar, E. E., Erol, H., & Cantekin, Z. (2019). Effects of dietary organic and inorganic manganese supplementation on performance, egg quality and antioxidant activity in laying hens. Animal, 13(3), 521–529.
  • Özdemir, D., & Akcay, E. T. (2025). Unraveling the genetic linkages between Gerze and La Flèche chickens: phylogenetic and haplotype analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 57(7), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-025-04573-7
  • Rizzi, C., Contiero, B., & Cassandro, M. (2013). Growth patterns of Italian local chicken populations. Poultry Science, 92(8), 2226–2235. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02880
  • Sakomura, N. K., Longo, F. A., Rondon, E. O., Rabello, C. B. V., & Ferraudo, A. S. (2005). Modeling energy utilization and growth parameter description for broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 84, 1363–1369.
  • Şekeroğlu, A., & Özen, N. (1997). Gerze (Hacıkadın) ve Denizli tavuk ırklarının bazı verim özellikleri bakımından karşılaştırılması. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 41–57.
  • Tixier-Boichard, M., Bordas, A., & Rognon, X. (2009). Characterization and monitoring of poultry genetic resources. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 65(2), 272–285. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933909000206
  • Tzeng, R. Y., & Becker, W. A. (1981). Growth patterns of body and abdominal fat weight in male broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 60, 1101–1106. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0601101
  • Yuneldi, R. F., Airin, C. M., Saragih, H. T., Prawira, A. Y., & Astuti, P. (2024). Testosterone hormone levels and breast muscle performance of Pelung chickens after zinc sulfate and synthetic testosterone supplementation. Veterinary World, 17(10), 2365.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Poultry Farming and Treatment
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Oğuzhan Alitkan 0009-0004-5911-1079

Esra Karaduman 0000-0001-5799-7487

Nigün Yapıcı 0000-0001-7309-6558

Doğan Narinç 0000-0001-8844-4412

Submission Date June 24, 2025
Acceptance Date August 25, 2025
Early Pub Date October 18, 2025
Publication Date January 1, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1725968
IZ https://izlik.org/JA35UG46HD
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 29 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Alitkan, O., Karaduman, E., Yapıcı, N., & Narinç, D. (2026). Modeling of Growth in Gerze Chicken Breed and Determination of the Best-Fitting Growth Model. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 29(1), 238-248. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1725968


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