Chemical Composition and Bioherbicidal Effects of Essential Oils and Aqueous Plant Extracts on Seed Germination of Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum villosum Mill.

Soner Soylu; Nihat Tursun; İlhan Üremiş; Musa Türkmen

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1911406

TR EN

Bitki Uçucu Yağlar ve Özütlerinin Kimyasal Bileşimi ve Solanum nigrum L. ve Solanum villosum Mill. Tohumlarının Çimlenmesi Üzerine Biyoherbisidal Etkileri

Abstract

Küresel ölçekte sürdürülebilir tarıma geçiş, sentetik herbisitlere bitki kaynaklı alternatifler arama çabalarını artırmıştır. Bu çalışmada, adi kekik (Thymus vulgaris), Türk kekiği (Origanum onites) ve lavanta (Lavandula angustifolia Mill. subsp. angustifolia) bitkilerinin uçucu yağları ile cennet ağacı (Ailanthus altissima), andız otu (Inula viscosa) ve gümüşi yapraklı köpek üzümü (Solanum elaeagnifolium) bitkilerinden elde edilen sulu özütlerin, istilacı yabancı ot türlerinden köpek üzümü (Solanum nigrum L.) ve tüylü köpek üzümü (Solanum villosum Mill.) tohumlarının çimlenmesi üzerindeki biyoherbisidal etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çimlenme biyoanalizleri, uçucu yağlar için 4–8 µL petri⁻¹, sulu özütler için ise %8–16 (w/v) konsantrasyonlarında tam baskılanma sağlanacak şekilde belirgin bir doza bağlı engelleme etkisini ortaya koymuştur. Probit analizi, S. nigrum'a karşı en yüksek toksisiteyi T. vulgaris uçucu yağının gösterdiğini (LD₅₀ = 0.564 µL petri⁻¹), bunu L. angustifolia subsp. angustifolia (LD₅₀ = 0.729 µL petri⁻¹) ve O. onites (LD₅₀ = 1.120 µL petri⁻¹) uçucu yağlarının izlediğini göstermiştir. Sulu özütler arasında ise en güçlü engelleme etkisi S. elaeagnifolium (LD₅₀ = %0.363) ve A. altissima (LD₅₀ = %0.401) tarafınca sergilenirken, I. viscosa (LD₅₀ = %0.645) nispeten daha düşük etkinlik göstermiştir. GC–MS analizi, T. vulgaris ve O. onites uçucu yağlarının üstün etkinliğinin yüksek fenolik monoterpen içerikleriyle (sırasıyla timol %31,6 ve karvakrol %62,9) ilişkili olduğunu; buna karşılık L. angustifolia subsp. angustifolia uçucu yağının oksijenli monoterpenlerce (linalool %35,8, linalil asetat %11,0) baskın bir bileşim gösterdiğini ve karşılaştırmalı olarak daha düşük aktivite sergilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Genel olarak S. nigrum tohumları S. villosum'a kıyasla daha duyarlı bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar, fenol açısından zengin uçucu yağların ve A. altissima özütünün etkili biyoherbisitler olarak potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır. Sürdürülebilir yabancı ot yönetim sistemlerine entegrasyon için nano-kapsülleme gibi gelecekteki formülasyon stratejilerinin, bu biyoaktif bileşiklerin kararlılığını ve tarla koşullarındaki kalıcılığını artırmak amacıyla araştırılması önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Project Number

TOVAG- 223O298

Chemical Composition and Bioherbicidal Effects of Essential Oils and Aqueous Plant Extracts on Seed Germination of Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum villosum Mill.

Abstract

The global shift towards sustainable agriculture has intensified the search for plant-derived alternatives to synthetic herbicides. This study evaluated the phytotoxic potential of essential oils from thyme (Thymus vulgaris), Turkish thyme (Origanum onites) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill. subsp. angustifolia), as well as aqueous extracts from tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), sticky fleabane (Inula viscosa), and silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), against the seed germination of the invasive weeds black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L) and hairy nightshade (Solanum villosum Mill.). Germination bioassays revealed a clear dose-dependent inhibition, with complete suppression achieved at 4–8 µL petri⁻¹ for the essential oils and at 8–16% (w/v) for the aqueous extracts. Probit analysis showed that T. vulgaris oil exhibited the highest toxicity against S. nigrum (LD₅₀ = 0.564 µL petri⁻¹), followed by L. angustifolia subsp. angustifolia (LD₅₀ = 0.729 µL petri⁻¹) and O. onites (LD₅₀ = 1.120 µL petri⁻¹). Among the aqueous extracts, S. elaeagnifolium (LD₅₀ = 0.363%) and A. altissima (LD₅₀ = 0.401%) displayed the strongest inhibition, while I. viscosa (LD₅₀ = 0.645%) was relatively less effective. GC–MS analysis demonstrated that the superior efficacy of T. vulgaris and O. onites oils was associated with high concentrations of phenolic monoterpenes (thymol 31.6% and carvacrol 62.9%, respectively), whereas L. angustifolia subsp. angustifolia oil was dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes (linalool 35.8%, linalyl acetate 11.0%) and showed comparatively lower activity. Overall, S. nigrum was generally more sensitive than S. villosum. The results highlight the potential of phenol-rich essential oils and A. altissima extract as effective bioherbicides. Future formulation strategies, such as nano-encapsulation, are recommended to improve stability and field persistence for integration into sustainable weed management systems.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK)

Project Number

TOVAG- 223O298

Ethical Statement

This article lacks any study related to human or animal participants performed by any of the authors. Therefore, this study did not require ethical approval.

Thanks

This project was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) under grant number TOVAG- 223O298. The authors thank TÜBİTAK.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Herbology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Soner Soylu
0000-0003-1002-8958
Türkiye

Nihat Tursun
0000-0002-8765-0326
Türkiye

İlhan Üremiş ^*
0000-0001-5937-9244
Türkiye

Musa Türkmen
0000-0001-9914-9523
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

October 23, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

March 17, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 25, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1911406

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA77GE86JL

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Soylu, S., Tursun, N., Üremiş, İ., & Türkmen, M. (2026). Chemical Composition and Bioherbicidal Effects of Essential Oils and Aqueous Plant Extracts on Seed Germination of Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum villosum Mill. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1911406

AMA

1.Soylu S, Tursun N, Üremiş İ, Türkmen M. Chemical Composition and Bioherbicidal Effects of Essential Oils and Aqueous Plant Extracts on Seed Germination of Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum villosum Mill. KSU J. Agric Nat. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1911406

Chicago

Soylu, Soner, Nihat Tursun, İlhan Üremiş, and Musa Türkmen. 2026. “Chemical Composition and Bioherbicidal Effects of Essential Oils and Aqueous Plant Extracts on Seed Germination of Solanum Nigrum L. And Solanum Villosum Mill”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1911406.

EndNote

Soylu S, Tursun N, Üremiş İ, Türkmen M (October 1, 2026) Chemical Composition and Bioherbicidal Effects of Essential Oils and Aqueous Plant Extracts on Seed Germination of Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum villosum Mill. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi Advanced Online Publication

IEEE

[1]S. Soylu, N. Tursun, İ. Üremiş, and M. Türkmen, “Chemical Composition and Bioherbicidal Effects of Essential Oils and Aqueous Plant Extracts on Seed Germination of Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum villosum Mill”., KSU J. Agric Nat., no. Advanced Online Publication, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1911406.

ISNAD

Soylu, Soner - Tursun, Nihat - Üremiş, İlhan - Türkmen, Musa. “Chemical Composition and Bioherbicidal Effects of Essential Oils and Aqueous Plant Extracts on Seed Germination of Solanum Nigrum L. And Solanum Villosum Mill”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. Advanced Online Publication (October 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1911406.

JAMA

1.Soylu S, Tursun N, Üremiş İ, Türkmen M. Chemical Composition and Bioherbicidal Effects of Essential Oils and Aqueous Plant Extracts on Seed Germination of Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum villosum Mill. KSU J. Agric Nat. 2026. doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1911406.

MLA

Soylu, Soner, et al. “Chemical Composition and Bioherbicidal Effects of Essential Oils and Aqueous Plant Extracts on Seed Germination of Solanum Nigrum L. And Solanum Villosum Mill”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication, Oct. 2026, doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1911406.

Vancouver

1.Soner Soylu, Nihat Tursun, İlhan Üremiş, Musa Türkmen. Chemical Composition and Bioherbicidal Effects of Essential Oils and Aqueous Plant Extracts on Seed Germination of Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum villosum Mill. KSU J. Agric Nat. 2026 Oct. 1;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1911406