Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Antioxidant Properties of Primula vulgaris Flower Extract and Its Cytotoxic Effect on Human Cancer Cell Lines

Year 2019, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 78 - 84, 28.02.2019

Selim Demir , İbrahim Turan , Yüksel Aliyazıcıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.460242
Cited By: 10

Abstract

Primula
vulgaris is a plant belonging to Primula
genus, and these species are often used in traditional therapy. Although there
are numerous studies on the antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of different Primula species, there are limited
studies of these properties of P.
vulgaris extracts. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant
properties and cytotoxic effects of the extract prepared with dimethyl sulfoxide
from P. vulgaris flowers. The total
phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and reducing antioxidant power of
the extract were determined using spectrophotometric methods. The cytotoxic
effect of the extract on human colon (WiDr), lung (A549), liver (HepG2), breast
(MCF-7), and prostate (PC-3) cancer cells and a normal human fibroblast cell
line was assessed using the MTT assay. Total phenolic content and reducing
power values of extract were found 33.02±0.92 mg gallic acid equivalents, and
64.86±1.18 mg trolox equivalents per g sample, respectively. Extract exhibited
selective cytotoxic effect on all studied cancer cells compared to normal
fibroblast cells, and the IC50 values of the extract in the cancer
cell lines range from 191.8 to 375.3 μg/mL. This work is one of the pioneering
work that reveals the powerful antioxidant properties of P. vulgaris flower extract and its selective cytotoxic effect on
cancer cell lines. Further studies are needed to identify the active molecules
in the extract and the cytotoxic action mechanisms of these molecules.

Keywords

Antioxidant activity Cancer Cytotoxicity Primula vulgaris

References

  • Aliyazicioglu R, Demir S, Badem M, Sener SO, Korkmaz N, Ayazoglu Demir E, Ozgen U, Alpay Karaoglu S, Aliyazicioglu Y, 2017. Antioxidant, antigenotoxic, antimicrobial activities and phytochemical analysis of Dianthus carmelitarum. Rec Nat Prod, 11(3): 270-284.
  • Aliyazicioglu Y, Demir S, Turan I, Cakiroglu TN, Akalin I, Deger O, Bedir A, 2011. Preventive and protective effects of Turkish propolis on H2O2-induced DNA damage in foreskin fibroblast cell lines. Acta Biol Hung, 62(4): 388-396.
  • Amirghofran Z, Bahmani M, Azadmehr A, Ashouri E, Javidnia K, 2007. Antitumor activity and apoptosis induction in human cancer cell lines by Dionysia termeana. Cancer Invest, 25: 550-554.
  • Aslam K, Nawchoo IA, Bhat MA, Ganie AH, Aslam N, 2014. Ethno-pharmacological review of genus Primula. Int J Adv Res, 2(4): 29-34.
  • Aslam K, Nawchoo IA, Ganai BA, 2015. In vitro antioxidant, antibacterial activity and phytochemical studies of Primula Denticulata-an important medicinal pant of Kashmir Himalaya. IJPR, 5(3): 49-56.
  • Behzad S, Pirani A, Mosaddegh M, 2014. Cytotoxic activity of some medicinal plants from Hamedan district of Iran. Iran J Pharm Res, 13: 199-205.
  • Behzad S, Ebrahim K, Mosaddegh M, Haeri A, 2016. Primula auriculata extracts exert cytotoxic and apoptotic effects against HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Iran J Pharm Res, 15(1): 311-322.
  • Demir N, Alayli Gungor A, Nadaroglu H, Demir Y, 2014. The antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of Primrose (Primula vulgaris). Eur J Exp Biol, 4(2): 395-401.
  • Demir S, Aliyazicioglu Y, Turan I, Misir S, Mentese A, Ozer Yaman S, Akbulut K, Kilinc K, Deger O, 2016a. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity of Turkish propolis on human lung cancer cell line. Nutr Cancer, 68(1): 165-172.
  • Demir S, Turan I, Aliyazicioglu Y, 2016b. Selective cytotoxic effect of Rhododendron luteum extract on human colon and liver cancer cells. J BUON, 21(4): 883-888.
  • Demir S, Turan I, Demir F, Ayazoglu Demir E, Aliyazicioglu Y, 2017a. Cytotoxic effect of Laurocerasus officinalis extract on human cancer cell lines. Marmara Pharm J, 21(1): 121-126.
  • Demir S, Turan I, Aliyazicioglu Y, Kilinc K, Ozer Yaman S, Ayazoglu Demir E, Arslan A, Mentese A, Deger O, 2017b. Morus rubra extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress and telomerase. Nutr Cancer, 69(1): 74-83.
  • Demir S, Turan I, Aliyazicioglu R, Ozer Yaman S, Aliyazicioglu Y, 2018. Primula vulgaris extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human cervix cancer cells. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 8(5) : 307-311, doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.05.003 (In Press).
  • Hussain SA, Sulaiman AA, Balch C, Chauhan H, Alhadidi QM, Tiwari AK, 2016. Natural polyphenols in cancer chemoresistance. Nutr Cancer, 68(6): 879-891.
  • Kaur C, Kapoor HC, 2001. Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables-the millennium's health. Int J Food Sci Technol, 36(7): 703- 725.
  • Moreno MI, Isla MI, Sampietro AR, Vattuone MA, 2000. Comparison of the free radical-scavenging activity of propolis from several regions of Argentina. J Ethnopharmacol, 71(1-2): 109-114.
  • Mosmann T, 1983. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods, 65: 55-63.
  • Mostafa FA, Gamal MA, Sabrin IRM, Ehab ES, 2014. Antioxidant and anti-inflamatory activities of phenolic constituents from Primula elatior L. aerial part. IJPPR, 6(1): 74-78.
  • Najmus-Saqib Q, Alam F, Ahmad M, 2009. Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities of the medicinal plant Primula macrophylla. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem, 24(3): 697-701.
  • Orhan DD, Ozcelik B, Hosbas S, Vural M, 2012. Assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial, antimycobacterial, and antifungal activities of some plants used as folk remedies in Turkey against dermatophytes and yeast-like fungi. Turk J Biol, 36: 672-686.
  • Oyaizu M, 1986. Studies on product of browning reaction prepared from glucose amine. Jpn J Nutr, 44: 307-315.
  • Ozkan MT, Aliyazicioglu R, Demir S, Misir S, Turan I, Yildirmis S, Aliyazicioglu Y, 2017. Phenolic characterisation and antioxidant activity of Primula vulgaris and its antigenotoxic effect on fibroblast cells. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod, 12: e40073, doi: 10.5812/jjnpp.40073.
  • Ravishankar D, Rajora AK, Greco F, Osborn HM, 2013. Flavonoids as prospective compounds for anti-cancer therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 45: 2821-2831.
  • Shukla S, Mehta A, 2015. Anticancer potential of medicinal plants and their phytochemicals: a review. Braz J Bot, 38(2): 199-210.
  • Slinkard K, Singleton VL, 1977. Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. Am J Enol Viticult, 28: 49-55.
  • Tokalov SV, Kind B, Wollenweber E, Gutzeit HO, 2004. Biological effects of epicuticular flavonoids from Primula denticulata on human leukemia cells. J Agric Food Chem, 52(2): 239-245.
  • Turan I, Demir S, Misir S, Kilinc K, Mentese A, Aliyazicioglu Y, Deger O, 2015a. Cytotoxic effect of Turkish propolis on liver, colon, breast, cervix and prostate cancer cell lines. Trop J Pharm Res, 14(5): 777-782.
  • Turan I, Deger O, Aliyazicioglu Y, Demir S, Kilinc K, Sumer A, 2015b. Effects of Turkish propolis on expression of hOGG-1 and NEIL-1. Turk J Med Sci, 45(4): 804-811.
  • Turan I, Demir S, Aliyazicioglu R, Aliyazicioglu Y, 2017a. Evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Primula vulgaris leaf extract. KSU J Nat Sci, 20(4): 361-367.
  • Turan I, Demir S, Kilinc K, Arslan Burnaz N, Ozer Yaman S, Akbulut K, Mentese A, Aliyazicioglu Y, Deger O, 2017b. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effect of Morus nigra extract on human prostate cancer cells. Saudi Pharm J, 25(2): 241-248.
  • Turan I, Demir S, Kilinc K, Aliyazicioglu Y, Alver A, Misir S, Ozer Yaman S, Akbulut K, Mentese A, Deger O, 2017c. Morus rubra extract induces G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung and prostate cancer cells. IJPER, 51(1): 51-58.
  • Turan I, Demı̇r S, Alı̇yazicioglu R, Misir S, Alı̇yazicioglu Y, 2017d. Investigation of antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Dianthus carmelitarum extract. GUSTIJ, 7(1): 41-50.
  • Turker AU, Usta C, 2008. Biological screening of some Turkish medicinal plant extracts for antimicrobial and toxicity activities. Nat Prod Res, 22(2): 136-146.
  • Unnati S, Ripal S, Sanjeev A, Niyati A, 2013. Novel anticancer agents from plant sources. Chin J Nat Med, 11(1): 16-23.
  • Yalcin CO, Aliyazicioglu Y, Demir S, Turan I, Bahat Z, Misir S, Deger O, 2016. Evaluation of radioprotective effect of Turkish propolis on foreskin fibroblast cells. J Cancer Res Ther, 12(2): 990-994.
  • Zhou Y, Zheng J, Li Y, Xu DP, Li S, Chen YM, Li HB, 2016. Natural polyphenols for prevention and treatment of cancer. Nutrients, 8: 515, doi:10.3390/nu8080515.

Primula vulgaris Çiçek Ekstraktının Antioksidan Özellikleri ve İnsan Kanser Hücre Serileri Üzerindeki Sitotoksik Etkisi

Year 2019, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 78 - 84, 28.02.2019

Selim Demir , İbrahim Turan , Yüksel Aliyazıcıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.460242
Cited By: 10

Abstract

Primula
vulgaris, Primula cinsine mensup bir
bitki olup, bu türler sıklıkla geleneksel tedavide kullanılmaktadırlar. Farklı Primula türlerinin antioksidan ve
sitotoksik etkilerini konu alan çok sayıda çalışma
olmasına rağmen, P. vulgaris ekstraktlarının bu özellikleri ile ilgili sınırlı sayıda çalışma
bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı P. vulgaris çiçeklerinden dimetil sülfoksit
ile hazırlanan ekstraktın antioksidan özelliklerinin ve sitotoksik etkilerinin
belirlenmesidir. Ekstraktın
toplam fenolik madde miktarı, toplam flavonoid madde miktarı ve
indirgeyici antioksidan güç tayini spektrofotometrik yöntemler kullanılarak
belirlendi. Ekstraktın sitotoksik etkisi ise insan kolon (WiDr), akciğer
(A549), karaciğer (HepG2), meme (MCF-7), ve prostat (PC-3) kanser hücre
serileri ile normal insan fibroblast hücre serisi üzerinde MTT yöntemi kullanılarak
değerlendirildi. Ekstraktın toplam fenolik madde içeriği ve indirgeyici
antioksidan güç̧ değerleri
g örnek başına sırasıyla
33.02±0.92
mg gallik asit eşdeğeri
ve 64.86±1.18
mg troloks eşdeğeri
olarak bulundu. Ekstraktın çalışılan tüm
kanser hücre serileri üzerinde normal fibroblast hücrelerine göre seçici sitotoksik etki gösterdiği
belirlendi ve IC50 değerleri 191.8-375.3 μg/mL
arasında
hesaplandı. Bu çalışma P. vulgaris çiçek ekstraktının kuvvetli
antioksidan özelliklerini ve kanser hücre serileri üzerindeki
seçici sitotoksik etkisini ortaya koyan öncü çalışmalardan birisidir.
Ekstrakttaki etken molekülleri ve bu moleküllerin sitotoksik etki
mekanizmalarını
belirleyebilmek için daha ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.













Keywords

Antioksidan aktivite Kanser Primula vulgaris Sitotoksisite

References

  • Aliyazicioglu R, Demir S, Badem M, Sener SO, Korkmaz N, Ayazoglu Demir E, Ozgen U, Alpay Karaoglu S, Aliyazicioglu Y, 2017. Antioxidant, antigenotoxic, antimicrobial activities and phytochemical analysis of Dianthus carmelitarum. Rec Nat Prod, 11(3): 270-284.
  • Aliyazicioglu Y, Demir S, Turan I, Cakiroglu TN, Akalin I, Deger O, Bedir A, 2011. Preventive and protective effects of Turkish propolis on H2O2-induced DNA damage in foreskin fibroblast cell lines. Acta Biol Hung, 62(4): 388-396.
  • Amirghofran Z, Bahmani M, Azadmehr A, Ashouri E, Javidnia K, 2007. Antitumor activity and apoptosis induction in human cancer cell lines by Dionysia termeana. Cancer Invest, 25: 550-554.
  • Aslam K, Nawchoo IA, Bhat MA, Ganie AH, Aslam N, 2014. Ethno-pharmacological review of genus Primula. Int J Adv Res, 2(4): 29-34.
  • Aslam K, Nawchoo IA, Ganai BA, 2015. In vitro antioxidant, antibacterial activity and phytochemical studies of Primula Denticulata-an important medicinal pant of Kashmir Himalaya. IJPR, 5(3): 49-56.
  • Behzad S, Pirani A, Mosaddegh M, 2014. Cytotoxic activity of some medicinal plants from Hamedan district of Iran. Iran J Pharm Res, 13: 199-205.
  • Behzad S, Ebrahim K, Mosaddegh M, Haeri A, 2016. Primula auriculata extracts exert cytotoxic and apoptotic effects against HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Iran J Pharm Res, 15(1): 311-322.
  • Demir N, Alayli Gungor A, Nadaroglu H, Demir Y, 2014. The antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of Primrose (Primula vulgaris). Eur J Exp Biol, 4(2): 395-401.
  • Demir S, Aliyazicioglu Y, Turan I, Misir S, Mentese A, Ozer Yaman S, Akbulut K, Kilinc K, Deger O, 2016a. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity of Turkish propolis on human lung cancer cell line. Nutr Cancer, 68(1): 165-172.
  • Demir S, Turan I, Aliyazicioglu Y, 2016b. Selective cytotoxic effect of Rhododendron luteum extract on human colon and liver cancer cells. J BUON, 21(4): 883-888.
  • Demir S, Turan I, Demir F, Ayazoglu Demir E, Aliyazicioglu Y, 2017a. Cytotoxic effect of Laurocerasus officinalis extract on human cancer cell lines. Marmara Pharm J, 21(1): 121-126.
  • Demir S, Turan I, Aliyazicioglu Y, Kilinc K, Ozer Yaman S, Ayazoglu Demir E, Arslan A, Mentese A, Deger O, 2017b. Morus rubra extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress and telomerase. Nutr Cancer, 69(1): 74-83.
  • Demir S, Turan I, Aliyazicioglu R, Ozer Yaman S, Aliyazicioglu Y, 2018. Primula vulgaris extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human cervix cancer cells. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 8(5) : 307-311, doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.05.003 (In Press).
  • Hussain SA, Sulaiman AA, Balch C, Chauhan H, Alhadidi QM, Tiwari AK, 2016. Natural polyphenols in cancer chemoresistance. Nutr Cancer, 68(6): 879-891.
  • Kaur C, Kapoor HC, 2001. Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables-the millennium's health. Int J Food Sci Technol, 36(7): 703- 725.
  • Moreno MI, Isla MI, Sampietro AR, Vattuone MA, 2000. Comparison of the free radical-scavenging activity of propolis from several regions of Argentina. J Ethnopharmacol, 71(1-2): 109-114.
  • Mosmann T, 1983. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods, 65: 55-63.
  • Mostafa FA, Gamal MA, Sabrin IRM, Ehab ES, 2014. Antioxidant and anti-inflamatory activities of phenolic constituents from Primula elatior L. aerial part. IJPPR, 6(1): 74-78.
  • Najmus-Saqib Q, Alam F, Ahmad M, 2009. Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities of the medicinal plant Primula macrophylla. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem, 24(3): 697-701.
  • Orhan DD, Ozcelik B, Hosbas S, Vural M, 2012. Assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial, antimycobacterial, and antifungal activities of some plants used as folk remedies in Turkey against dermatophytes and yeast-like fungi. Turk J Biol, 36: 672-686.
  • Oyaizu M, 1986. Studies on product of browning reaction prepared from glucose amine. Jpn J Nutr, 44: 307-315.
  • Ozkan MT, Aliyazicioglu R, Demir S, Misir S, Turan I, Yildirmis S, Aliyazicioglu Y, 2017. Phenolic characterisation and antioxidant activity of Primula vulgaris and its antigenotoxic effect on fibroblast cells. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod, 12: e40073, doi: 10.5812/jjnpp.40073.
  • Ravishankar D, Rajora AK, Greco F, Osborn HM, 2013. Flavonoids as prospective compounds for anti-cancer therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 45: 2821-2831.
  • Shukla S, Mehta A, 2015. Anticancer potential of medicinal plants and their phytochemicals: a review. Braz J Bot, 38(2): 199-210.
  • Slinkard K, Singleton VL, 1977. Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. Am J Enol Viticult, 28: 49-55.
  • Tokalov SV, Kind B, Wollenweber E, Gutzeit HO, 2004. Biological effects of epicuticular flavonoids from Primula denticulata on human leukemia cells. J Agric Food Chem, 52(2): 239-245.
  • Turan I, Demir S, Misir S, Kilinc K, Mentese A, Aliyazicioglu Y, Deger O, 2015a. Cytotoxic effect of Turkish propolis on liver, colon, breast, cervix and prostate cancer cell lines. Trop J Pharm Res, 14(5): 777-782.
  • Turan I, Deger O, Aliyazicioglu Y, Demir S, Kilinc K, Sumer A, 2015b. Effects of Turkish propolis on expression of hOGG-1 and NEIL-1. Turk J Med Sci, 45(4): 804-811.
  • Turan I, Demir S, Aliyazicioglu R, Aliyazicioglu Y, 2017a. Evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Primula vulgaris leaf extract. KSU J Nat Sci, 20(4): 361-367.
  • Turan I, Demir S, Kilinc K, Arslan Burnaz N, Ozer Yaman S, Akbulut K, Mentese A, Aliyazicioglu Y, Deger O, 2017b. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effect of Morus nigra extract on human prostate cancer cells. Saudi Pharm J, 25(2): 241-248.
  • Turan I, Demir S, Kilinc K, Aliyazicioglu Y, Alver A, Misir S, Ozer Yaman S, Akbulut K, Mentese A, Deger O, 2017c. Morus rubra extract induces G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung and prostate cancer cells. IJPER, 51(1): 51-58.
  • Turan I, Demı̇r S, Alı̇yazicioglu R, Misir S, Alı̇yazicioglu Y, 2017d. Investigation of antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Dianthus carmelitarum extract. GUSTIJ, 7(1): 41-50.
  • Turker AU, Usta C, 2008. Biological screening of some Turkish medicinal plant extracts for antimicrobial and toxicity activities. Nat Prod Res, 22(2): 136-146.
  • Unnati S, Ripal S, Sanjeev A, Niyati A, 2013. Novel anticancer agents from plant sources. Chin J Nat Med, 11(1): 16-23.
  • Yalcin CO, Aliyazicioglu Y, Demir S, Turan I, Bahat Z, Misir S, Deger O, 2016. Evaluation of radioprotective effect of Turkish propolis on foreskin fibroblast cells. J Cancer Res Ther, 12(2): 990-994.
  • Zhou Y, Zheng J, Li Y, Xu DP, Li S, Chen YM, Li HB, 2016. Natural polyphenols for prevention and treatment of cancer. Nutrients, 8: 515, doi:10.3390/nu8080515.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors

Selim Demir 0000-0002-1863-6280

İbrahim Turan 0000-0003-3400-5494

Yüksel Aliyazıcıoğlu 0000-0001-9474-4307

Publication Date February 28, 2019
Submission Date September 15, 2018
Acceptance Date October 15, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019Volume: 22 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Demir, S., Turan, İ., & Aliyazıcıoğlu, Y. (2019). Antioxidant Properties of Primula vulgaris Flower Extract and Its Cytotoxic Effect on Human Cancer Cell Lines. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 22(1), 78-84. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.460242

Cited By

Molecular Actions of Enicostemma hyssopifolium Whole Plant Extract on HPV18-Infected Human Cervical Cancer (HeLa) Cells
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715206296375240703115848
From small‐scale studies to an encompassing view: Inhibiting inflammation and clinically relevant enzymes with various extracts of Primula vulgaris using in vitro and in silico techniques
Food Frontiers
https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.473
Anatomical Features of Vegetative Organs of Primula auriculata Lam. (Primulaceae)
Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1298417
Genus Primula and its role in phytomedicine; a systematic review
Phytomedicine Plus
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2023.100510
An In-Depth Study on the Metabolite Profile and Biological Properties of Primula auriculata Extracts: A Fascinating Sparkle on the Way from Nature to Functional Applications
Antioxidants
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071377
The Impact of Herbal Infusion Consumption on Oxidative Stress and Cancer: The Good, the Bad, the Misunderstood
Molecules
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184207
The ameliorative effect of Primula vulgaris on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and quantification of its phenolic components using LC-ESI-MS/MS
Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101730
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Primula vulgaris
Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.1126542
An Investigation of the Antiproliferative Effect of Rhododendron luteum Extract on Cervical Cancer (HeLa) Cells via Nrf2 Signaling Pathway
Nutrition and Cancer
Ibrahim Turan
https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2021.1955287
Dorycnium pentaphyllum Ekstraktının İnsan Meme, Karaciğer ve Akciğer Kanseri Hücrelerindeki Seçici Sitotoksik Etkisi
Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi
Selim DEMİR
https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.497868
 Download Cover Image


International Peer Reviewed Journal
Free submission and publication
Published 6 times a year



88x31.png


KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature

e-ISSN: 2619-9149