Effects of Some Heavy Metals on Germination and Seedling Growth of Sorghum

Esra Nermin Ertekin; İbrahim Ertekin; Mehmet Bilgen

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.v23i54846.722592

Research Article

Effects of Some Heavy Metals on Germination and Seedling Growth of Sorghum

Year 2020, Volume: 23 Issue: 6, 1608 - 1615, 31.12.2020

Esra Nermin Ertekin , İbrahim Ertekin , Mehmet Bilgen

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.v23i54846.722592

Cited By: 8

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in soils can adversely affect seed germination and seedling growth of most plants. This research was conducted to determine the effects of different doses (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg L-1) of Ni (nickel), Cd (cadmium), Pb (lead), Cr (chromium) and Hg (mercury) on seed germination and seedling growth of sorghum. The study was conducted in laboratory conditions at the Agricultural Faculty of Akdeniz University in 2017. Sorghum cv. N48×Early Sumac was used as the plant material. In the research, germination rate (GR), relative germination index (RGI), mean germination time (MGT), relative vigor index (RVI), relative root length (RRL), relative shoot length (RSL), root fresh weight (RFW) and shoot fresh weight (SFW) were measured during germination and seedling growth to determine the effects of heavy metals. The results showed that both germination and seedling growth properties were adversely affected by heavy metals. In addition, while the negative effect of cadmium on germination properties was limited, it had serious negative effects on seedling characteristics of sorghum. Increasing heavy metal doses adversely affected all investigated properties. In conclusion, all heavy metals including Hg and Cd had negative effect on germination and seedling growth of sorghum in the study.

Keywords

Heavy metal, Germination, Seedling growth, Sorghum, Environmental

Supporting Institution

Akdeniz Üniversitesi BAP

Project Number

FYL-2017-2009

Thanks

This study was conducted as MSc thesis. It was also supported by Mediterranean University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit with the number of FYL-2017-2009.

References

Ahmad I, Akhtar MJ, Asghar HN, Zahir ZA 2013. Comparative efficacy of growth media in causing cadmium toxicity to wheat at seed germination stage. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 15: 517-522.
Akinci IE, Akinci S 2010. Effect of chromium toxicity on germination and early seedling growth in melon (Cucumis melo L.). African Journal of Biotechnology, 9: 4589-4594.
Akıncı İE, Çalışkan Ü 2010. Kurşunun bazı yazlık sebzelerde tohum çimlenmesi ve tolerans düzeyleri üzerine etkisi. Ekoloji, 19: 164-172.
Almansouri M, Kinet JM, Lutts S 2001. Effect of salt and osmotic stresses on germination in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Plant and Soil, 231: 243-254.
Amooaghaie R, Nikzad K 2013. The role of nitric oxide in priming-induced low-temperature tolerance in two genotypes of tomato. Seed Science Research, 23: 123-131.
Ayçiçek M, Kaplan O, Yaman M 2008. Effect of cadmium on germination, seedling growth and metal contents of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Asian Journal of Chemistry, 20: 2663-2672.
Ayhan B, Ekmekçi Y, Tanyolaç D 2007. Erken fide evresindeki bazı mısır çeşitlerinin ağır metal (kadmiyum ve kurşun) stresine karşı dayanıklılığının araştırılması. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 8: 411-422.
Azevedo RA, Lea PJ 2005. Toxic metals in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 17: 1-1.
Beri A, Setia RC 1995. Assessment of growth and yield in Lens culinaris Medic var. Massar 9-12 treated with heavy metals under N-supplied conditions. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society, 74: 293-297.
Dabhi MS, Bhanderi P, Vyas AV 2005. Chromium toxicity study in fenugreek seedlings. Emerging trends in plant physiology, Ahmdabad. pp. 14.
Davies FT, Puryear JD, Newton RJ, Egilla JN, Grossi JAS 2002. Mycorrhizal fungi increase chromium uptake by sunflower plants: influence on tissue mineral concentration, growth, and gas exchange. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 25: 2389-2407.
Ellis RH, Roberts EH 1981. The quantification of ageing and survival in orthodox seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 9: 373-409.
Ertekin İ, Yılmaz Ş, Atak M, Can E 2018. Effects of different salt concentrations on the germination properties of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) cultivars. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 5: 175-179.
Ertekin İ, Yılmaz Ş, Atak M, Can E, Çeliktaş N 2017. Tuz stresinin bazı yaygın fiğ (Vicia sativa L.) çeşitlerinin çimlenmesi üzerine etkileri. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 22: 10-18.
Fang Z, Hu Z, Zhao H, Yang L, Ding C, Lou L, Cai Q 2017. Screening for cadmium tolerance of 21 cultivars from Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) during germination. Grassland Science, 63: 36-45.
Farooqi ZR, Zafar-Iqbal M, Kabir M, Shafiq M 2009. Toxic effects of lead and cadmium on germination and seedling growth of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41: 27-33.
Gedik O, Kıran Y, Şahin A 2015. Kadmiyum’un Vicia peregrina L. tohumlarının çimlenmesi, kök gelişimi ve kök ucu hücreleri üzerindeki mitotik etkileri. Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal, 5: 9-15.
Guo J, Dai X, Xu W, Ma M 2008. Over expressing GSHI and AsPCSI simultaneously increases the tolerance and accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in Arabidopsis thaliana. Chemosphere, 72: 1020-1026.
Güvercin D 2017. Sorgum tohumlarında ağır metal stresi etkilerinin hafifletilmesinde bazı bitki büyüme regülatörlerinin rolü. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21: 886-893.
Gyawali R, Lekhak HD 2006. Chromium tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Scientific World, 4: 102-108.
He J, Ren Y, Chen X, Chen H 2014. Protective roles of nitric oxide on seed germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under cadmium stress. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 108: 114-119.
Hossain M, Arefin M, Khan B, Rahman M 2005. Effects of seed treatments on germination and seedling growth attributes of horitaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.) in the nursery. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 1: 135-141.
Huffman EWD Jr., Allaway HW 1973. Chromium in plants: distribution in tissues, organelles, and extracts and availability of bean leaf Cr to animals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 21: 982-986.
Järup L 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin, 68: 167-182.
Kabir M, Iqbal MZ, Muhammad M, Farooqi ZR 2008. Reduction in germination and seedling growth of Thespesia populnea L., caused by lead and cadmium treatments. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40: 2419-2426.
Li CX, Feng SL, Shao Y, Jiang LN, Lu XY, Hou XL 2007. Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities of wheat seedlings. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19: 725-732.
Mishra A, Choudhuri MA 1998. Amelioration of lead and mercury effects on germination and rice seedling growth by antioxidants. Biologia Plantarum, 41: 469-473.
Mohanpuria P, Rana NK, Yadav SK 2007. Cadmium induced oxidative stress influence on glutathione metabolic genes of Camella sinensis (L.). O Kuntze. Environ. Toxicol., 22: 368-374.
Moosavi SA, Gharineh MH, Afshari RT, Ebrahimi A 2012. Effects of some heavy metals on seed germination characteristics of canola (Brassica napus), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorious) to evaluate phytoremediation potential of these crops. Journal of Agricultural Science, 4: 11-19.
Morzck E Jr., Funicclli NA 1982. Effect of lead and on germination of Spartina alterniflora Losiel. seeds at various salinities. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 22: 23-32.
Muhammad ZI, Maria KS, Mohammad A, Muhammad S, Zia-Ur-Rehman F, Muhammad K 2015. Effect of mercury on seed germination and seedling growth of Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 19: 191-199.
Munzuroglu O, Geckil H 2002. Effects of metals on seed germination, root elongation, and coleoptile and hypocotyl growth in Triticum aestivum and Cucumis sativus. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 43: 203-2013.
Nokas G 1979. Lad pollution: fate of lead in soil and its effects on Pinus haplenis. Plant Soil, 50: 159-161.
Peralta JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL, Tiemann KJ, Gomez E, Arteaga S, Rascon E, Parsons JG 2001. Uptake and effects of five heavy metals on seed germination and plant growth in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 66: 727-734.
Rahman H, Sabreen S, Alam S, Kawai S 2005. Effects of nickel on growth and composition of metal micronutrients in barley plants grown in nutrient solution. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28: 393-404.
Şahin A, Kıran Y 2005. The effects of the lead on the seed germination, root growth, and root tip cell mitotic divisons of Lens culinaris Medik. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 18: 17-25.
Shafiq M, Iqbal MZ, Mohammad A 2008. Effect of lead and cadmium on germination and seedling growth of Leucaena leucocephala. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 12: 61-68.
Sharma P, Dubey RS 2005. Lead toxicity in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 17: 35-52.
Siddiqui MM, Abbasi BH, Ahmad N, Ali M, Mahmood T 2014. Toxic effects of heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) on seed germination and growth and DPPH-scavenging activity in Brassica rapa var. turnip. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 30: 238-249.
Soudek P, Katrusakova A, Selacek L, Petrova S, Koci V, Marsik P, Griga M, Vanek T 2010. Effect of heavy metals on inhibition of root elongation in 23 cultivars of falx (Linum usitatissimum L.). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59: 194-203.
Subrahmanyam D 2008. Effects of chromium toxicity on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and oxidative changes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Photosynthetica, 46: 339-345.
Verma S, Dubey RS 2003. Lead toxicity induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants. Plant Science, 164: 645-655.
Wang Y, Li L, Cui W, Xu S, Shen W, Wang R 2011. Hydrogen sulfide enhances alfalfa (Medicago sativa) tolerance against salinity during seed germination by nitric oxide pathway. Plant Soil, 351: 107-119.
Zhou ZS, Huang SQ, Guo K, Mehta SK, Zhang PC, Yang ZM 2007. Metabolic adaptations to mercury-induced oxidative stress in roots of Medicago sativa L. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 101: 1-9.

Sorgumun Çimlenme ve Fide Gelişimi Üzerine Bazı Ağır Metallerin Etkisi

Year 2020, Volume: 23 Issue: 6, 1608 - 1615, 31.12.2020

Esra Nermin Ertekin , İbrahim Ertekin , Mehmet Bilgen

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.v23i54846.722592

Cited By: 8

Abstract

Topraklarda ağır metal kirlenmesi çoğu bitkinin tohum çimlenmesini ve fide gelişimini olumsuz etkileyebilir. Bu araştırma, Ni (nikel), Cd (kadmiyum), Pb (kurşun), Cr (krom) ve Hg (civa)’ nın farklı dozlarının (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg L-1) sorgumun çimlenme ve fide gelişimi üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırma, 2017 yılında Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi’nde laboratuvar koşullarında yürütülmüştür. N48×Early Sumac sorgum çeşidi bitki materyali olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırmada ağır metallerin etkisini belirlemek için çimlenme oranı (ÇO), nispi çimlenme indeksi (NÇİ), ortalama çimlenme süresi (OÇS), nispi canlılık indeksi (NCİ), nispi kök uzunluğu (NKU), nispi sap uzunluğu (NSU), kök yaş ağırlığı (KYA) ve sap yaş ağırlığı (SYA) özellikleri incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları ağır metallerin hem çimlenme hem de fide özelliklerini olumsuz etkilediğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca, kadmiyumun çimlenme özellikleri üzerine olumsuz etkisi sınırlı düzeydeyken, fide özellikleri üzerinde ciddi olumsuz etkileri olmuştur. Ağır metal dozlarındaki artış da incelenen özellikleri olumsuz etkilemiştir. Sonuçta, bu çalışmada kullanılan ağır metallerin sorgumun incelenen özellikler üzerinde olumsuz etkiye sahip olmakla birlikte, özellikle Hg ve Cd diğerlerinden daha fazla olumsuz etkiye neden olmuştur.

Keywords

Ağır metal, Çimlenme, Fide gelişimi, Sorgum, Çevre

Project Number

FYL-2017-2009

References

Ahmad I, Akhtar MJ, Asghar HN, Zahir ZA 2013. Comparative efficacy of growth media in causing cadmium toxicity to wheat at seed germination stage. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 15: 517-522.
Akinci IE, Akinci S 2010. Effect of chromium toxicity on germination and early seedling growth in melon (Cucumis melo L.). African Journal of Biotechnology, 9: 4589-4594.
Akıncı İE, Çalışkan Ü 2010. Kurşunun bazı yazlık sebzelerde tohum çimlenmesi ve tolerans düzeyleri üzerine etkisi. Ekoloji, 19: 164-172.
Almansouri M, Kinet JM, Lutts S 2001. Effect of salt and osmotic stresses on germination in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Plant and Soil, 231: 243-254.
Amooaghaie R, Nikzad K 2013. The role of nitric oxide in priming-induced low-temperature tolerance in two genotypes of tomato. Seed Science Research, 23: 123-131.
Ayçiçek M, Kaplan O, Yaman M 2008. Effect of cadmium on germination, seedling growth and metal contents of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Asian Journal of Chemistry, 20: 2663-2672.
Ayhan B, Ekmekçi Y, Tanyolaç D 2007. Erken fide evresindeki bazı mısır çeşitlerinin ağır metal (kadmiyum ve kurşun) stresine karşı dayanıklılığının araştırılması. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 8: 411-422.
Azevedo RA, Lea PJ 2005. Toxic metals in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 17: 1-1.
Beri A, Setia RC 1995. Assessment of growth and yield in Lens culinaris Medic var. Massar 9-12 treated with heavy metals under N-supplied conditions. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society, 74: 293-297.
Dabhi MS, Bhanderi P, Vyas AV 2005. Chromium toxicity study in fenugreek seedlings. Emerging trends in plant physiology, Ahmdabad. pp. 14.
Davies FT, Puryear JD, Newton RJ, Egilla JN, Grossi JAS 2002. Mycorrhizal fungi increase chromium uptake by sunflower plants: influence on tissue mineral concentration, growth, and gas exchange. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 25: 2389-2407.
Ellis RH, Roberts EH 1981. The quantification of ageing and survival in orthodox seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 9: 373-409.
Ertekin İ, Yılmaz Ş, Atak M, Can E 2018. Effects of different salt concentrations on the germination properties of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) cultivars. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 5: 175-179.
Ertekin İ, Yılmaz Ş, Atak M, Can E, Çeliktaş N 2017. Tuz stresinin bazı yaygın fiğ (Vicia sativa L.) çeşitlerinin çimlenmesi üzerine etkileri. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 22: 10-18.
Fang Z, Hu Z, Zhao H, Yang L, Ding C, Lou L, Cai Q 2017. Screening for cadmium tolerance of 21 cultivars from Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) during germination. Grassland Science, 63: 36-45.
Farooqi ZR, Zafar-Iqbal M, Kabir M, Shafiq M 2009. Toxic effects of lead and cadmium on germination and seedling growth of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41: 27-33.
Gedik O, Kıran Y, Şahin A 2015. Kadmiyum’un Vicia peregrina L. tohumlarının çimlenmesi, kök gelişimi ve kök ucu hücreleri üzerindeki mitotik etkileri. Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal, 5: 9-15.
Guo J, Dai X, Xu W, Ma M 2008. Over expressing GSHI and AsPCSI simultaneously increases the tolerance and accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in Arabidopsis thaliana. Chemosphere, 72: 1020-1026.
Güvercin D 2017. Sorgum tohumlarında ağır metal stresi etkilerinin hafifletilmesinde bazı bitki büyüme regülatörlerinin rolü. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21: 886-893.
Gyawali R, Lekhak HD 2006. Chromium tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Scientific World, 4: 102-108.
He J, Ren Y, Chen X, Chen H 2014. Protective roles of nitric oxide on seed germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under cadmium stress. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 108: 114-119.
Hossain M, Arefin M, Khan B, Rahman M 2005. Effects of seed treatments on germination and seedling growth attributes of horitaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.) in the nursery. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 1: 135-141.
Huffman EWD Jr., Allaway HW 1973. Chromium in plants: distribution in tissues, organelles, and extracts and availability of bean leaf Cr to animals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 21: 982-986.
Järup L 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin, 68: 167-182.
Kabir M, Iqbal MZ, Muhammad M, Farooqi ZR 2008. Reduction in germination and seedling growth of Thespesia populnea L., caused by lead and cadmium treatments. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40: 2419-2426.
Li CX, Feng SL, Shao Y, Jiang LN, Lu XY, Hou XL 2007. Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities of wheat seedlings. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19: 725-732.
Mishra A, Choudhuri MA 1998. Amelioration of lead and mercury effects on germination and rice seedling growth by antioxidants. Biologia Plantarum, 41: 469-473.
Mohanpuria P, Rana NK, Yadav SK 2007. Cadmium induced oxidative stress influence on glutathione metabolic genes of Camella sinensis (L.). O Kuntze. Environ. Toxicol., 22: 368-374.
Moosavi SA, Gharineh MH, Afshari RT, Ebrahimi A 2012. Effects of some heavy metals on seed germination characteristics of canola (Brassica napus), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorious) to evaluate phytoremediation potential of these crops. Journal of Agricultural Science, 4: 11-19.
Morzck E Jr., Funicclli NA 1982. Effect of lead and on germination of Spartina alterniflora Losiel. seeds at various salinities. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 22: 23-32.
Muhammad ZI, Maria KS, Mohammad A, Muhammad S, Zia-Ur-Rehman F, Muhammad K 2015. Effect of mercury on seed germination and seedling growth of Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 19: 191-199.
Munzuroglu O, Geckil H 2002. Effects of metals on seed germination, root elongation, and coleoptile and hypocotyl growth in Triticum aestivum and Cucumis sativus. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 43: 203-2013.
Nokas G 1979. Lad pollution: fate of lead in soil and its effects on Pinus haplenis. Plant Soil, 50: 159-161.
Peralta JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL, Tiemann KJ, Gomez E, Arteaga S, Rascon E, Parsons JG 2001. Uptake and effects of five heavy metals on seed germination and plant growth in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 66: 727-734.
Rahman H, Sabreen S, Alam S, Kawai S 2005. Effects of nickel on growth and composition of metal micronutrients in barley plants grown in nutrient solution. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28: 393-404.
Şahin A, Kıran Y 2005. The effects of the lead on the seed germination, root growth, and root tip cell mitotic divisons of Lens culinaris Medik. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 18: 17-25.
Shafiq M, Iqbal MZ, Mohammad A 2008. Effect of lead and cadmium on germination and seedling growth of Leucaena leucocephala. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 12: 61-68.
Sharma P, Dubey RS 2005. Lead toxicity in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 17: 35-52.
Siddiqui MM, Abbasi BH, Ahmad N, Ali M, Mahmood T 2014. Toxic effects of heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) on seed germination and growth and DPPH-scavenging activity in Brassica rapa var. turnip. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 30: 238-249.
Soudek P, Katrusakova A, Selacek L, Petrova S, Koci V, Marsik P, Griga M, Vanek T 2010. Effect of heavy metals on inhibition of root elongation in 23 cultivars of falx (Linum usitatissimum L.). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59: 194-203.
Subrahmanyam D 2008. Effects of chromium toxicity on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and oxidative changes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Photosynthetica, 46: 339-345.
Verma S, Dubey RS 2003. Lead toxicity induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants. Plant Science, 164: 645-655.
Wang Y, Li L, Cui W, Xu S, Shen W, Wang R 2011. Hydrogen sulfide enhances alfalfa (Medicago sativa) tolerance against salinity during seed germination by nitric oxide pathway. Plant Soil, 351: 107-119.
Zhou ZS, Huang SQ, Guo K, Mehta SK, Zhang PC, Yang ZM 2007. Metabolic adaptations to mercury-induced oxidative stress in roots of Medicago sativa L. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 101: 1-9.

There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences
Journal Section	RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors	Esra Nermin Ertekin 0000-0002-5397-2239 İbrahim Ertekin 0000-0003-1393-8084 Mehmet Bilgen 0000-0001-5671-2021
Project Number	FYL-2017-2009
Publication Date	December 31, 2020
Submission Date	April 18, 2020
Acceptance Date	June 22, 2020
Published in Issue	Year 2020Volume: 23 Issue: 6

Cite

APA	Ertekin, E. N., Ertekin, İ., & Bilgen, M. (2020). Effects of Some Heavy Metals on Germination and Seedling Growth of Sorghum. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(6), 1608-1615. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.v23i54846.722592