Bazı Meloidogyne Türlerinin Bulunduğu Toprakların Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Özellikleri
Year 2022,
Volume: 25 Issue: 6, 1341 - 1349, 30.12.2022
Betül Gürkan
,
Ramazan Çetintaş
Abstract
Toprak, bitki paraziti kök-ur nematodlarının çoğalmaları ve varlıklarını sürdürmeleri için iyi bir gelişme ortamıdır. Bu çalışmada, Gaziantep ve Osmaniye il ve ilçeleri sebze alanlarındaki Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria ve M. luci türleri ile bulaşık olan toprakların tekstürü (Suyla Doygunluk (%), pH’ı ve elektriksel iletkenliği (EC)) incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda dört kök-ur nematodu türünün bulunduğu sebze alanlarındaki toprak tekstürünün tınlı, killi ve killi-tınlı olduğu, pH değerinin nötr ve hafif alkali olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu nematodlar ile bulaşık tüm toprakların elektriksel iletkenliği tuzsuz bulunmuştur.
Supporting Institution
KSÜ Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi (BAP)
Project Number
Proje No: 2016/5-57 D
References
- Asif M, Rehman B, Parihar K, Ganai MA, Siddiqui MA 2015. Effect of various physico-chemical factors on the incidence of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. İnfesting tomato in district Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh) India. Journal of Plant Sciences, 10 (6): 234-243.
- Bernstein L 1964. Salt tolerance of crop plants. U. S. Department of Agriculture Inf. Bull. 283, 23.
- Bird AF 1977. The effect of various concentrations of sodium chloride on the host-parasitic relationship of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) and (Glycine max var. Lee). Marcellia, 40: 167-175.
- Cadet P, Berry S, Spaull V 2004. Mapping of interactions between soil factors and nematodes. European Journal of Soil Biology, 40: 77-86.
- Carneiro RMDG, Carneiro RG, Abrantes IMO, Santos MSNA, Almeida MRA 1996. Meloidogyne paranaensis n. sp. (Nemata: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitizing coffee in Brazil. Journal of Nematology, 28 (2): 177-189.
- Carneiro RMDG, Correa VR, Almeida MRA, Gomes ACMM, Deimi AM, Castagnone-Sereno P, Karssen G 2014. Meloidogyne luci n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitizing different crops in Brazil, Chile and Iran. Nematology, 16: 289-301.
- Castro CE, Belser NO, Mckinney HE, Thomason IJ 1990. Strong repellency of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita by specific inorganic ions. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 16: 1199-1205.
- Davide RG 1985. Summary report on current status, progress and needs for Meloidogyne research in Region VI. In J. N. Sasser and C. C. Carter (Eds.), An advanced treatise on Meloidogyne. Raleigh, North Carolina:
North Carolina State University Graphics. Biology and control, Vol. 1, 369-372.
- Decraemer W, Hunt DJ 2006. Taxonomy and principal genera. In: Plant Nematology. Perry, R.N., and Moens, M. (Eds.). 3-32.
- Dickson DW, Sasser JN, Huising D 1970. Comparative disc-electrophoretic protein analyses of selected Meloidogyne, Ditylenchus, Heterodera, and Aphelenchus spp., Journal of Nematology, 2 (4): 286-293.
- Dickson D, Huising D, Sasser J 1971. Dehydrogenases, acid and alkaline phosphatases and esterases for chemotaxonomy of selected Meloidogyne, Ditylenchus, Heterodera and Aphelenchus spp. Journal of Nematology, 3(1): 1-16.
- Dropkin VH, Martin GC, Johnson RW 1958. Effect of osmotic concentration on hatching of some plant parasitic nematodes. Nematologica, 3: 115-126.
- Dropkin VH 1980. Introduction to plant Nematology. John Willey and Sons, New York, 38-44.
- Edongali EA, Ferris H 1982. Varietal response of toma- to to the interaction of salinity and Meloidogyne incognita infection. Journal of Nematology, 14: 57-62.
- Eisenback J, Hirschmann H, Sasser J, Triantaphyllou A 1981. A guide to the four most common species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), with a pictorial key. North Carolina State University. Departments of Plant Pathology and Genetics, 112-113.
- Esbenshade PR, Triantaphyllou AC 1985. Use of enzyme phenotypes for identification of Meloidogyne species (Nematoda: Tylenchida), Journal of Nematology, 17 (1): 6-20.
- Ferris H, Van Gundy SD 1979. Meloidogyne ecology and host interrelationships in Lamberti, F., and Taylor, C.E. (Eds) Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species). Systematics, biology and control. Academic Press, London, 205-230.
- Goodell PB, Ferris H 1980. Plant-parasitic nematode distributions in an alfalfa field. Journal of Nematology, 12: 136-141.
- Greco N, Vito MD 2009. Population dynamics and damage levels. in Root-knot nematodes (Eds Perry, R.N., Moens, M., and Starr, J.L.) CAB international. 246-269.
- Jepson SB 1985. Meloidogyne chitwoodi. In: CIH Descriptions of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 106.
- Jones R 2006. Understanding root knot nematode and principles affecting its control. Nematological Myths, Volume 120, 2-4.
- Karajeh MR, Al-Nasir FM 2008. Salt suppression of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato. Nematologia Mediterranea.185-190.
- Karataş Eken S 2007. Çankırı ve Çorum İlleri Çeltik (Oryza sativa L.) Ekim Alanlarındaki Bitki Paraziti Nematod Türlerinin Taksonomik Özellikleri, Yoğunlukları ve Yaygınlıkları Üzerine Araştırmalar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Bölümü. 144.
- Karssen G 1996. Description of Meloidogyne fallax n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a root-knot nematode from The Netherlands. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 19: 593-599.
- Kim YH 2015. Predatory nematodes as biocontrol agents of phytonematodes. In: Biocontrol agents of phytonematodes, Eds. by Askary, T.H., and Martinelli, P.R.P. CABI, Oxfordshire, UK. 393-420.
- Kim E, Seo Y, Kim YS, Park Y, Kim YH 2017. Effects of soil textures on infectivity of root-knot nematodes on carrot. The Plant Pathology Journal, 33 (1): 66-74.
- Lee DL 2002. The biology of nematodes. Taylor and Francis, London. 76-84.
- Machado ACZ, Dorigo OF, Carneiro RMDG, De Araújo Filho JV 2016. Meloidogyne luci, a new infecting nematode species on common bean fields at Paraná State, Brazil. Helminthologia, 53: 207-210.
- Monfort WS, Kirkpatrick TL, Rothrock CS, Mauromoustakos A 2007. Potential for site-specific management of Meloidogyne incognita in cotton using soil textural zones. Journal of Nematology, 39: 1-8.
- Mulk MM 1976. Meloidogyne graminicola. CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes, Set 6, No. 87: 4.
- Norton DC 1989. Abiotic soil factors and plant-parasitic nematode communities. Journal of Nematology, 21: 299-307.
- Olabiyi TI, Olayiwola AO, Ovediran GO 2009. Influence of Soil Textures on Distribution of Phytonematodes in the South Western Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5 (5): 557-560.
- Oka Y, Yermiyahu U 2002. Suppressive effects of composts against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on tomato. Nematology, 4 (8), 891-898.
- Orton Williams KJ 1972. Meloidogyne javanica. C.I.H. Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes. Set 1, No. 3. Common wealth Institute of Helminthology, St. Albans, UK, 4.
- Orton Williams KJ 1973. Meloidogyne incognita. St Albans, UK: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau: C.I.H. Descriptions of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. Set 2, No 18.
- Orton Williams KJ 1974. Meloidogyne hapla. In: CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, UK. Set 3, No 31.
- Orton Williams KJ 1975. Meloidogyne arenaria. In: CIH descriptions of plant parasitic nematodes. CAB, St. Albans, UK. Set 5, No 62.
- Özarslandan A 2009. Türkiye‟nin Farklı Bölgelerinden Alınan Kök-ur Nematodu Türlerinin (Meloidogyne spp.) Tanısı ve Bazı Kök-ur Nematodu Popülasyonlarının Virülentliğinin Belirlenmesi. Doktora Tezi. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bitki Koruma Ana Bilim Dalı. 84.
- Page SLJ 1985. Meloidogyne acronea. In: CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, UK, Set 8, No. 114.
- Perry RN 2002. Hatching in: Lee, D. L. (ed.). The biology of nematodes. Taylor and Francis, London, 147-169.
Perry RN, Moens M 2006. Plant Nematology. CABI., UK. 60.
- Prot JC 1977. Magnitude and kinetics of migration of nematode Meloidogyne javanica under the influence of a tomato plant. Notebook Biology Series, 11: 157-166.
- Prot JC, Van Gundy SD 1981a. Influence of photoperiod and temperature on migration of Meloidogyne juveniles. Journal of Nematology, 13: 217-220.
- Prot,JC, Van Gundy SD 1981b. Effect of soil texture and the clay companent on migration of Meloidogyne incognita second stage juveniles. Journal of Nematology, 13 (2): 213-217.
- Rammah A, Hirschmann H 1988. Meloidogyne mayaguensis n. sp. (Meloidogynidae), a Root-knot Nematode from Puerto Rico. Journal of Nematology, 20 (1): 58-69.
- Rammah A, Hirschmann H 1990. Morphological Comparison of Three Host Races of Meloidogyne javanica. Journal of Nematology, 22: 56-68.
- Richards LA 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. United States Department of Agriculture Handbook, 60.
- Robinson A, Heald C, Flanagan S, Thames W, Amador J 1987. Geographic distributions of Rotylenchulus reniformis, Meloidogyne incognita, and Tylenchulus semipenetrans in the lower Rio Grande Valley as related to soil texture and land use. Journal of Nematology, 1: 20-25.
- Robinson E 2005. Soil type guides VR nematodes applications. Farm press (http:// www. deltafarmpress. com/ mag/ farming_soil_type_guides/ index.html), 1-2.
- Santos D, Correia A, Abrantes I, Maleita C. 2019. New Hosts and Records in Portugal for the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne luci; Journal of Nematology, 51: 1-4.
- Sims SM, Ho NFH, Magas LT, Geary TG, Barsuhn CL. Thompson DP 1994. Biophysical model of the transcuticular excretion of organic acids, cuticle pH and buffer capacity in gastrointestinal nematodes.
Journal of Drug Targeting, 2: 1-8.
- Sims SM, Ho NFH, Geary TG, Thomas EM, Day JS, Barsuhn CL, Thompson DP 1996. Influence of organic acid excretion on cuticle pH and drug absorption by Haemonchus contortus. International Journal for Parasitology, 26: 25-35.
- Stare BG, Strajna, P, Susic N, Urek G, Širca S 2017. Reported populations of Meloidogyne ethiopica in Europe identified as Meloidogyne luci. Plant Disease, Volume 101, No 9: 1627-1632.
- Starr J, Heald C, Robinson A, Smith R, Krausz J. 1993. Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis and associated soil textures from some cotton production areas of Texas. Journal of Nematology, 25: 895-899.
- Tate RL 2000. Soil Microbiology. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1.
- Tanda AS, Atwal AS, Bajaj YPS 1988. Antagonism of sesame to the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on Okra in tissue culture. Nematologica, 4 (1): 78-87.
- Thuy TTT 2010. Incidence and Effect and Effect of Meloidogyne incognita (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) on Black pepper plants in Vietnam. PhD Thesis. Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam. 156.
- Ülgen N, Yurtsever N 1995. Türkiye Gübre ve Gübreleme Rehberi. Toprak ve Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Genel Yayın No: 209, Teknik Yayınlar No: T.66, Ankara. 172.
- Wallace HR 1963. The Biology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. The Biology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes, 288.
- Wallace WL 1971. The logic of science in sociology. American Journal of Sociology. Search Journal. 139.
- Wendot KP 2014. Prediction of Root-Knot Nematode Infestation Using Soil Characteristics in Tomato Fields in Mwea, Kırınyaga County, Kenya. Degree of Master of Science in plant pathology in the school of pure and applied sciences of Kenyatta University. 81.
- Whitehead AG 1968. Taxonomy of Meloidogyne (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) with descriptions of four new species. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 31: 263-401.
- Van Gundy SD 1985. Ecology of Meloidogyne spp “Emphasis on environmental factors affecting survival and pathogenity”. Sasser J.N., Carter, C.C. (Eds). Anadvenced treatise on Meloidogyne: Volume 1, Biology and Control, North Carolina State University Grafics, 177-182.
- Yiğit U 2018. Karadeniz Bölgesinde Yetiştirilen Mısır (Zea mays L.) Bitkilerinde Zararlı olarak Tespit Edilen Endoparazit Nematodların Morfolojik ve Moleküler Karakterizasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ordu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı. 109.
Texture, pH and Electrical Conductivity of Soils with Some Meloidogyne Species
Year 2022,
Volume: 25 Issue: 6, 1341 - 1349, 30.12.2022
Betül Gürkan
,
Ramazan Çetintaş
Abstract
Soil is a vital environment place for reproduction and survival of plant parasitic root-knot nematodes. In this study, the soil samples infested by Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria and M. luci species were collected from vegetable fields of Gaziantep and Osmaniye provinces and investigated for their textures ((Water Saturation (%), pH and electrical conductivity (EC)). At the end of the study, it was determined that the soil texture in the vegetable areas with four root-knot nematode species was loamy, clayey and clayey-loamy while the pH value was neutral and slightly alkaline. Additionally, electrical conductivity of all soils were found with no salt content.
Project Number
Proje No: 2016/5-57 D
References
- Asif M, Rehman B, Parihar K, Ganai MA, Siddiqui MA 2015. Effect of various physico-chemical factors on the incidence of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. İnfesting tomato in district Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh) India. Journal of Plant Sciences, 10 (6): 234-243.
- Bernstein L 1964. Salt tolerance of crop plants. U. S. Department of Agriculture Inf. Bull. 283, 23.
- Bird AF 1977. The effect of various concentrations of sodium chloride on the host-parasitic relationship of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) and (Glycine max var. Lee). Marcellia, 40: 167-175.
- Cadet P, Berry S, Spaull V 2004. Mapping of interactions between soil factors and nematodes. European Journal of Soil Biology, 40: 77-86.
- Carneiro RMDG, Carneiro RG, Abrantes IMO, Santos MSNA, Almeida MRA 1996. Meloidogyne paranaensis n. sp. (Nemata: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitizing coffee in Brazil. Journal of Nematology, 28 (2): 177-189.
- Carneiro RMDG, Correa VR, Almeida MRA, Gomes ACMM, Deimi AM, Castagnone-Sereno P, Karssen G 2014. Meloidogyne luci n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitizing different crops in Brazil, Chile and Iran. Nematology, 16: 289-301.
- Castro CE, Belser NO, Mckinney HE, Thomason IJ 1990. Strong repellency of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita by specific inorganic ions. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 16: 1199-1205.
- Davide RG 1985. Summary report on current status, progress and needs for Meloidogyne research in Region VI. In J. N. Sasser and C. C. Carter (Eds.), An advanced treatise on Meloidogyne. Raleigh, North Carolina:
North Carolina State University Graphics. Biology and control, Vol. 1, 369-372.
- Decraemer W, Hunt DJ 2006. Taxonomy and principal genera. In: Plant Nematology. Perry, R.N., and Moens, M. (Eds.). 3-32.
- Dickson DW, Sasser JN, Huising D 1970. Comparative disc-electrophoretic protein analyses of selected Meloidogyne, Ditylenchus, Heterodera, and Aphelenchus spp., Journal of Nematology, 2 (4): 286-293.
- Dickson D, Huising D, Sasser J 1971. Dehydrogenases, acid and alkaline phosphatases and esterases for chemotaxonomy of selected Meloidogyne, Ditylenchus, Heterodera and Aphelenchus spp. Journal of Nematology, 3(1): 1-16.
- Dropkin VH, Martin GC, Johnson RW 1958. Effect of osmotic concentration on hatching of some plant parasitic nematodes. Nematologica, 3: 115-126.
- Dropkin VH 1980. Introduction to plant Nematology. John Willey and Sons, New York, 38-44.
- Edongali EA, Ferris H 1982. Varietal response of toma- to to the interaction of salinity and Meloidogyne incognita infection. Journal of Nematology, 14: 57-62.
- Eisenback J, Hirschmann H, Sasser J, Triantaphyllou A 1981. A guide to the four most common species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), with a pictorial key. North Carolina State University. Departments of Plant Pathology and Genetics, 112-113.
- Esbenshade PR, Triantaphyllou AC 1985. Use of enzyme phenotypes for identification of Meloidogyne species (Nematoda: Tylenchida), Journal of Nematology, 17 (1): 6-20.
- Ferris H, Van Gundy SD 1979. Meloidogyne ecology and host interrelationships in Lamberti, F., and Taylor, C.E. (Eds) Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species). Systematics, biology and control. Academic Press, London, 205-230.
- Goodell PB, Ferris H 1980. Plant-parasitic nematode distributions in an alfalfa field. Journal of Nematology, 12: 136-141.
- Greco N, Vito MD 2009. Population dynamics and damage levels. in Root-knot nematodes (Eds Perry, R.N., Moens, M., and Starr, J.L.) CAB international. 246-269.
- Jepson SB 1985. Meloidogyne chitwoodi. In: CIH Descriptions of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 106.
- Jones R 2006. Understanding root knot nematode and principles affecting its control. Nematological Myths, Volume 120, 2-4.
- Karajeh MR, Al-Nasir FM 2008. Salt suppression of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato. Nematologia Mediterranea.185-190.
- Karataş Eken S 2007. Çankırı ve Çorum İlleri Çeltik (Oryza sativa L.) Ekim Alanlarındaki Bitki Paraziti Nematod Türlerinin Taksonomik Özellikleri, Yoğunlukları ve Yaygınlıkları Üzerine Araştırmalar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Bölümü. 144.
- Karssen G 1996. Description of Meloidogyne fallax n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a root-knot nematode from The Netherlands. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 19: 593-599.
- Kim YH 2015. Predatory nematodes as biocontrol agents of phytonematodes. In: Biocontrol agents of phytonematodes, Eds. by Askary, T.H., and Martinelli, P.R.P. CABI, Oxfordshire, UK. 393-420.
- Kim E, Seo Y, Kim YS, Park Y, Kim YH 2017. Effects of soil textures on infectivity of root-knot nematodes on carrot. The Plant Pathology Journal, 33 (1): 66-74.
- Lee DL 2002. The biology of nematodes. Taylor and Francis, London. 76-84.
- Machado ACZ, Dorigo OF, Carneiro RMDG, De Araújo Filho JV 2016. Meloidogyne luci, a new infecting nematode species on common bean fields at Paraná State, Brazil. Helminthologia, 53: 207-210.
- Monfort WS, Kirkpatrick TL, Rothrock CS, Mauromoustakos A 2007. Potential for site-specific management of Meloidogyne incognita in cotton using soil textural zones. Journal of Nematology, 39: 1-8.
- Mulk MM 1976. Meloidogyne graminicola. CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes, Set 6, No. 87: 4.
- Norton DC 1989. Abiotic soil factors and plant-parasitic nematode communities. Journal of Nematology, 21: 299-307.
- Olabiyi TI, Olayiwola AO, Ovediran GO 2009. Influence of Soil Textures on Distribution of Phytonematodes in the South Western Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5 (5): 557-560.
- Oka Y, Yermiyahu U 2002. Suppressive effects of composts against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on tomato. Nematology, 4 (8), 891-898.
- Orton Williams KJ 1972. Meloidogyne javanica. C.I.H. Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes. Set 1, No. 3. Common wealth Institute of Helminthology, St. Albans, UK, 4.
- Orton Williams KJ 1973. Meloidogyne incognita. St Albans, UK: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau: C.I.H. Descriptions of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. Set 2, No 18.
- Orton Williams KJ 1974. Meloidogyne hapla. In: CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, UK. Set 3, No 31.
- Orton Williams KJ 1975. Meloidogyne arenaria. In: CIH descriptions of plant parasitic nematodes. CAB, St. Albans, UK. Set 5, No 62.
- Özarslandan A 2009. Türkiye‟nin Farklı Bölgelerinden Alınan Kök-ur Nematodu Türlerinin (Meloidogyne spp.) Tanısı ve Bazı Kök-ur Nematodu Popülasyonlarının Virülentliğinin Belirlenmesi. Doktora Tezi. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bitki Koruma Ana Bilim Dalı. 84.
- Page SLJ 1985. Meloidogyne acronea. In: CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, UK, Set 8, No. 114.
- Perry RN 2002. Hatching in: Lee, D. L. (ed.). The biology of nematodes. Taylor and Francis, London, 147-169.
Perry RN, Moens M 2006. Plant Nematology. CABI., UK. 60.
- Prot JC 1977. Magnitude and kinetics of migration of nematode Meloidogyne javanica under the influence of a tomato plant. Notebook Biology Series, 11: 157-166.
- Prot JC, Van Gundy SD 1981a. Influence of photoperiod and temperature on migration of Meloidogyne juveniles. Journal of Nematology, 13: 217-220.
- Prot,JC, Van Gundy SD 1981b. Effect of soil texture and the clay companent on migration of Meloidogyne incognita second stage juveniles. Journal of Nematology, 13 (2): 213-217.
- Rammah A, Hirschmann H 1988. Meloidogyne mayaguensis n. sp. (Meloidogynidae), a Root-knot Nematode from Puerto Rico. Journal of Nematology, 20 (1): 58-69.
- Rammah A, Hirschmann H 1990. Morphological Comparison of Three Host Races of Meloidogyne javanica. Journal of Nematology, 22: 56-68.
- Richards LA 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. United States Department of Agriculture Handbook, 60.
- Robinson A, Heald C, Flanagan S, Thames W, Amador J 1987. Geographic distributions of Rotylenchulus reniformis, Meloidogyne incognita, and Tylenchulus semipenetrans in the lower Rio Grande Valley as related to soil texture and land use. Journal of Nematology, 1: 20-25.
- Robinson E 2005. Soil type guides VR nematodes applications. Farm press (http:// www. deltafarmpress. com/ mag/ farming_soil_type_guides/ index.html), 1-2.
- Santos D, Correia A, Abrantes I, Maleita C. 2019. New Hosts and Records in Portugal for the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne luci; Journal of Nematology, 51: 1-4.
- Sims SM, Ho NFH, Magas LT, Geary TG, Barsuhn CL. Thompson DP 1994. Biophysical model of the transcuticular excretion of organic acids, cuticle pH and buffer capacity in gastrointestinal nematodes.
Journal of Drug Targeting, 2: 1-8.
- Sims SM, Ho NFH, Geary TG, Thomas EM, Day JS, Barsuhn CL, Thompson DP 1996. Influence of organic acid excretion on cuticle pH and drug absorption by Haemonchus contortus. International Journal for Parasitology, 26: 25-35.
- Stare BG, Strajna, P, Susic N, Urek G, Širca S 2017. Reported populations of Meloidogyne ethiopica in Europe identified as Meloidogyne luci. Plant Disease, Volume 101, No 9: 1627-1632.
- Starr J, Heald C, Robinson A, Smith R, Krausz J. 1993. Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis and associated soil textures from some cotton production areas of Texas. Journal of Nematology, 25: 895-899.
- Tate RL 2000. Soil Microbiology. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1.
- Tanda AS, Atwal AS, Bajaj YPS 1988. Antagonism of sesame to the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on Okra in tissue culture. Nematologica, 4 (1): 78-87.
- Thuy TTT 2010. Incidence and Effect and Effect of Meloidogyne incognita (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) on Black pepper plants in Vietnam. PhD Thesis. Hanoi University of Agriculture, Vietnam. 156.
- Ülgen N, Yurtsever N 1995. Türkiye Gübre ve Gübreleme Rehberi. Toprak ve Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Genel Yayın No: 209, Teknik Yayınlar No: T.66, Ankara. 172.
- Wallace HR 1963. The Biology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. The Biology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes, 288.
- Wallace WL 1971. The logic of science in sociology. American Journal of Sociology. Search Journal. 139.
- Wendot KP 2014. Prediction of Root-Knot Nematode Infestation Using Soil Characteristics in Tomato Fields in Mwea, Kırınyaga County, Kenya. Degree of Master of Science in plant pathology in the school of pure and applied sciences of Kenyatta University. 81.
- Whitehead AG 1968. Taxonomy of Meloidogyne (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) with descriptions of four new species. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 31: 263-401.
- Van Gundy SD 1985. Ecology of Meloidogyne spp “Emphasis on environmental factors affecting survival and pathogenity”. Sasser J.N., Carter, C.C. (Eds). Anadvenced treatise on Meloidogyne: Volume 1, Biology and Control, North Carolina State University Grafics, 177-182.
- Yiğit U 2018. Karadeniz Bölgesinde Yetiştirilen Mısır (Zea mays L.) Bitkilerinde Zararlı olarak Tespit Edilen Endoparazit Nematodların Morfolojik ve Moleküler Karakterizasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ordu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı. 109.