Effects of Sewage Sludge on Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and Garden Verbena (Verbena hybrida) Plants and Soil
Öz
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determine effects of granular sewage sludge treatments on plant nutrients contents and heavy metal levels of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and garden verbena (Verbena hybrida) ornamental plants. Pot-experiments conducted under greenhouse conditions and experimental treatments included 0% (control), 3% SS, 6% SS and 9% SS treatments. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) values for Ni, Cd, Cr and Hg of marigold and Cd and Hg of garden verbena were ≥0.2 indicating that these plants could be used for remediation contaminated soils. In marigold and garden verbena plants, the greatest plant N, P, K, Mg and Ca value were respectively obtained from 9% SS and 6% SS treatments. In marigold plants, the greatest Na (784 mg kg-1) was obtained from 9% SS treatment, Fe (2236 mg kg-1) from 9% SS, Cu (7.4 mg kg-1) from 9% SS, Zn (136 mg kg-1) from 6% SS, Mn (142 mg kg-1) from 6% SS and B (42 mg kg-1) from the control treatments. In garden verbena plants, the greatest Na (696 mg kg-1) was obtained from 6% SS treatment, Fe (1700 mg kg-1) from 6% SS, Cu (12 mg kg-1) from 6% SS, Zn (115 mg kg-1) from 6% SS, Mn (100 mg kg-1) from 3% SS and B (47 mg kg-1) from the control treatments. In terms of heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, As and Hg), toxicity impacts were not encountered in marigold and garden verbena plants. Soil heavy metal (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, As and Hg) levels were all below the threshold values.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Heavy metal Sewage sludge Bioconcentration factor Plant nutrients Ornamental plants
Teşekkür
This study was supported financially by İzmir Water and Sewerage Administration General Directorate (İZSU) of İzmir Metropolitan Municipality. The authors would like to thank for support.
Kaynakça
- Adamse P, Van der Fels-Klerx HJ, de Jong J 2017. Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Arsenic in Animal Feed and Feed Materials–Trend Analysis of Monitoring Results. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 34 (8): 1298-1311.
- Anonymous 2010. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Regulation on the Land Use of Domestic and Urban Sludge, Official Gazette No: 27661, Ankara, Turkey.
- Bai Y, Zang C, Gu M, Gu C, Shao H, Guan Y, Wang X, Zhou X, Shan Y, Feng K 2017. Sewage Sludge as an İnitial Fertility Driver for Rapid İmprovement of Mudflat Salt-Soils. Science of the Total Environment 578:47–55.
- Beidokhti MZ, Naeeni STO, Abdi Ghahroudi MS 2019. Biosorption of Nickel (II) from Aqueous Solutions onto Pistachio Hull Waste as a Low-cost Biosorbent. Civil Engineering Journal 5 (2):447–457.
- Bozkurt M.A, Yarılgaç T 2003. The Effects of Sewage Sludge Applications on the Yield, Growth, Nutrition and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Apple Trees Growing in Dry Conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 27 (5): 285-292.
- Bozkurt M. A, Akdeniz, H, Keskin B 2020. The Effects of Sewage Sludge Application Doses and Times on Extractable Metal Concentrations in a Calcareous Pasture Soil. KSU J. Agric Nat. 23 (2): 328-335.
- Bremner JM 1965. Total Nitrogen in CA. Black (Ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. 1149-1178. CEC (Council of the European Communities) (1986). Council Directive of 12 June 1986 on the Protection of the Environment, and in Particular of the Soil, When Sewage Sludge is Used in Agriculture. Official Journal of the European Communities L 181: 6–12 (86/278/EEC).
- Chang CY, Yu HY, Chen JJ, Li FB, Zhang HH, Liu CP 2014. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Leaf Vegetables from Agricultural Soils and Associated Potential Health Risks in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Environ Monit Assess 186 (3):1547–1560.
- Chiroma TM, Ebewele RO, Hymore FK 2014. Comparative Assessement of Heavy Metal Levels in Soil, Vegetables and Urban Grey Waste Water used for Irrigation in Yola and Kano. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science 3(2): 1-9.
- Delibacak S, Ongun AR 2018. Influence of Treated Sewage Sludge Applications on Total and Available Heavy Metal Concentration of Sandy Clay Soil. Desalination and Water Treatment 112: 112–118.
- Diwan H, Ahmad A, Iqbal M 2010. Uptake-related Parameters as İndices of Phytoremediation Potential. Biologia 65(6): 1004-1011.
- Dradrach A, Karczewska A, Szopka K 2020. Arsenic Accumulation by Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) Growing in Mine Affected Soils - Findings from the Field and Greenhouse Studies. Chemosphere 248; 126045.
- Eid EM, El-Bebany AF, Alrumman SA, Hesham A, Taher MA, Fawy KF 2017. Effects of Different Sewage Sludge Applications on Heavy Metal Accumulation, Growth and Yield of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). International Journal of Phytoremediation 19 (4):340–347.
- Golui D, Datta SP, Rattan RK, Dwivedi BS, Meena MC 2014. Predicting Bioavailability of Metals from Sludge-amended Soils. Environ Monit Assess 186 (12):8541–8553.
- Hanlon EA 1992. Determination of Total Manganese, İron, Copper and Zinc in Plants by Atomic Absorption Techniques. In Plant Analysis Reference Procedures for the Southern Region of the United States (Ed. O.C. Plank) pp. 48-50. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin, USA.
- Kabata-Pendias, A, Pendias H 1992. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, 2nd Edition CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London.
- Kabata-Pendias, A. 2011. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
- Kacar B, İnal A 2008. Plant Analyzes. Nobel Publishing Company, Ankara (in Turkish).
- Karkush M, Aljorany AN 2019. Numerical Evaluation of Foundation of Digester Tank of Sewage Treatment Plant. Civil Engineering Journal 5 (5):996–1006.
- Khan A, Khan S, Khan MA, Qamar Z, Waqas M 2015. The Uptake and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals by Food Plants, Their Effects on Plants Nutrients, and Associated Health Risk: A Review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22 (18):13772–13799.
- Kumar V, Chopra AK 2012. Fertigation Effect of Distillery Effluent on Agronomical Practices of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek). Environ Monit Assess 184 (3):1207–1219.
- Latare AM, Singh SK, Kumar O 2017. Yield and Profitability of Rice-Wheat Sequence with Conjunctive Application of Sewage Sludge and Chemical Fertilisers. Indian Journal of Fertilisers 13 (7):50–61.
- Latare AM, Singh SK, Kumar O 2018. Impact of Sewage Sludge Application on Soil Fertility, Microbial Population and Enzyme Activities in Soil Under Rice-Wheat System. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 66 (3):300–309.
- Lee R 2011 The Outlook for Population Growth. Science 333 (6042): 569-573.
- Lott WL, JPNery JR, Gall JC Medcoff 1956. Leaf Analysis Technique in Coffe Research, I.B.E.C. Research Inst. Publish No: 9, 21-24.
- Lu Y, Yao H, Shan D, Jiang Y, Zhang S, Yang J 2015. Heavy Metal Residues in Soil and Accumulation in Maize at Long-Term Wastewater Irrigation Area in Tongliao, China. Journal of Chemistry (2):1-9.
- Özbek H, Kaya Z, Gök M, Kaptan H 1995. Toprak Bilimi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Genel Yayın No: 73 Ders Kitapları Yayın No:16, Adana.
- Petersen SO, Henriksen K, Mortensen GK, Krogh PH, Brandt KK, Sorensen J, Madsen T, Petersen J, Grøn C 2003. Recycling of Sewage Sludge and Household Compost to Arable Land: Fate and Effects of Organic Contaminants and İmpact on soil Fertility. Soil and Tillage Research 72 (2): 139–152.
- Sanchez ME, Estrada IB, Martinez O, Martin-Villacorta J, Aller A, Moran,A 2004. Influence of the Application of Sewage Sludge on the Degradation of Pesticides in the Soil. Chemosphere 57 (7): 673–679.
- Swain A, Singh SK, Mohapatra KK Patra A 2021. Sewage Sludge Amendment affects Spinach Yield, Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation, and Soil Pollution indexes. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 14 (8): 717.
- Song XD, Xue XY, Chen DZ, He PJ, Dai XH 2014. Application of Biochar from Sewage Sludge to Plant Cultivation: Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature and Biochar-to-Soil Ratio on Yield and Heavy Metal accumulation. Chemosphere 109:213–220.
- Wolf B 1971. The Determination of Boron in Soil Extracts, Plant Materials, Composts, Manures, Water and Nutrient Solutions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 2(5): 363-374.
Arıtma Çamurunun Kadife Çiçeği (Tagetes erecta L.) Yer minesi (Verbena hybrida) Bitkileri ve Toprak Üzerine Etkileri
Öz
Bu çalışma, kadife çiçeği (Tagetes erecta L.) ve Yer minesi (Verbena hybrida) süs bitkilerinin bitki besin içerikleri ve ağır metal düzeyleri üzerine stabilize edilmiş granül arıtma çamuru uygulamalarının etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Sera koşullarında ve saksı denemesi olarak yürütülen çalışmada uygulamalar %0 (kontrol), %3 SS, %6 SS ve %9 SS şeklinde yapılmıştır. Kadife çiçeği (Tagetes erecta L) Ni, Cd, Cr ve Hg Yer minesinde (Verbena hybrida) Cd ve Hg ağır metallerin Biyokonsantrasyon faktörü (BCF) değerleri ≥0.2 olması bitkilerin bu ağır metallerce kirlenmiş toprakları temizlemede kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Kadife çiçeği ve Yer minesi bitkilerinde N, P, K, Mg ve Ca bitki besin elementleri en yüksek değerleri sırasıyla %9 SS ve %6 SS uygulamalarından almıştır. Kadife çiçeği bitkisinde, en büyük Na (784 mg kg-1) %9 SS uygulamasından, Fe (2236 mg kg-1) %9 SS, Cu (7. 4 mg kg-1) %9 SS, Zn (136 mg kg-1) %6 SS, Mn (142 mg kg-1) %6 SS ve B (42 mg kg-1) kontrol uygulamalarından elde edilmiştir. Yer minesi bitkisinde, en büyük Na (696 mg kg-1) %6 SS uygulamasından, Fe (1700 mg kg-1) %6 SS, Cu (12 mg kg-1) %6 SS, Zn (115 mg kg-1) %6 SS, Mn (100 mg kg-1) %3 SS ve B (47 mg kg-1) kontrol uygulamalarından saptanmıştır. Ağır metaller (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, As ve Hg) bakımından kadife çiçeği ve bahçe mineçiçeği bitkilerinde toksisite etkilerine rastlanmamıştır. Toprak ağır metal (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, As ve Hg) seviyeleri limit değerlerin altında belirlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ağır metal Arıtma çamuru Biyokonsantrasyon faktörü Bitki besin elementleri Süs bitkileri
Kaynakça
- Adamse P, Van der Fels-Klerx HJ, de Jong J 2017. Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Arsenic in Animal Feed and Feed Materials–Trend Analysis of Monitoring Results. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 34 (8): 1298-1311.
- Anonymous 2010. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Regulation on the Land Use of Domestic and Urban Sludge, Official Gazette No: 27661, Ankara, Turkey.
- Bai Y, Zang C, Gu M, Gu C, Shao H, Guan Y, Wang X, Zhou X, Shan Y, Feng K 2017. Sewage Sludge as an İnitial Fertility Driver for Rapid İmprovement of Mudflat Salt-Soils. Science of the Total Environment 578:47–55.
- Beidokhti MZ, Naeeni STO, Abdi Ghahroudi MS 2019. Biosorption of Nickel (II) from Aqueous Solutions onto Pistachio Hull Waste as a Low-cost Biosorbent. Civil Engineering Journal 5 (2):447–457.
- Bozkurt M.A, Yarılgaç T 2003. The Effects of Sewage Sludge Applications on the Yield, Growth, Nutrition and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Apple Trees Growing in Dry Conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 27 (5): 285-292.
- Bozkurt M. A, Akdeniz, H, Keskin B 2020. The Effects of Sewage Sludge Application Doses and Times on Extractable Metal Concentrations in a Calcareous Pasture Soil. KSU J. Agric Nat. 23 (2): 328-335.
- Bremner JM 1965. Total Nitrogen in CA. Black (Ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, American Society of Agronomy Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. 1149-1178. CEC (Council of the European Communities) (1986). Council Directive of 12 June 1986 on the Protection of the Environment, and in Particular of the Soil, When Sewage Sludge is Used in Agriculture. Official Journal of the European Communities L 181: 6–12 (86/278/EEC).
- Chang CY, Yu HY, Chen JJ, Li FB, Zhang HH, Liu CP 2014. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Leaf Vegetables from Agricultural Soils and Associated Potential Health Risks in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Environ Monit Assess 186 (3):1547–1560.
- Chiroma TM, Ebewele RO, Hymore FK 2014. Comparative Assessement of Heavy Metal Levels in Soil, Vegetables and Urban Grey Waste Water used for Irrigation in Yola and Kano. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science 3(2): 1-9.
- Delibacak S, Ongun AR 2018. Influence of Treated Sewage Sludge Applications on Total and Available Heavy Metal Concentration of Sandy Clay Soil. Desalination and Water Treatment 112: 112–118.
- Diwan H, Ahmad A, Iqbal M 2010. Uptake-related Parameters as İndices of Phytoremediation Potential. Biologia 65(6): 1004-1011.
- Dradrach A, Karczewska A, Szopka K 2020. Arsenic Accumulation by Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) Growing in Mine Affected Soils - Findings from the Field and Greenhouse Studies. Chemosphere 248; 126045.
- Eid EM, El-Bebany AF, Alrumman SA, Hesham A, Taher MA, Fawy KF 2017. Effects of Different Sewage Sludge Applications on Heavy Metal Accumulation, Growth and Yield of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). International Journal of Phytoremediation 19 (4):340–347.
- Golui D, Datta SP, Rattan RK, Dwivedi BS, Meena MC 2014. Predicting Bioavailability of Metals from Sludge-amended Soils. Environ Monit Assess 186 (12):8541–8553.
- Hanlon EA 1992. Determination of Total Manganese, İron, Copper and Zinc in Plants by Atomic Absorption Techniques. In Plant Analysis Reference Procedures for the Southern Region of the United States (Ed. O.C. Plank) pp. 48-50. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin, USA.
- Kabata-Pendias, A, Pendias H 1992. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, 2nd Edition CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London.
- Kabata-Pendias, A. 2011. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
- Kacar B, İnal A 2008. Plant Analyzes. Nobel Publishing Company, Ankara (in Turkish).
- Karkush M, Aljorany AN 2019. Numerical Evaluation of Foundation of Digester Tank of Sewage Treatment Plant. Civil Engineering Journal 5 (5):996–1006.
- Khan A, Khan S, Khan MA, Qamar Z, Waqas M 2015. The Uptake and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals by Food Plants, Their Effects on Plants Nutrients, and Associated Health Risk: A Review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22 (18):13772–13799.
- Kumar V, Chopra AK 2012. Fertigation Effect of Distillery Effluent on Agronomical Practices of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek). Environ Monit Assess 184 (3):1207–1219.
- Latare AM, Singh SK, Kumar O 2017. Yield and Profitability of Rice-Wheat Sequence with Conjunctive Application of Sewage Sludge and Chemical Fertilisers. Indian Journal of Fertilisers 13 (7):50–61.
- Latare AM, Singh SK, Kumar O 2018. Impact of Sewage Sludge Application on Soil Fertility, Microbial Population and Enzyme Activities in Soil Under Rice-Wheat System. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 66 (3):300–309.
- Lee R 2011 The Outlook for Population Growth. Science 333 (6042): 569-573.
- Lott WL, JPNery JR, Gall JC Medcoff 1956. Leaf Analysis Technique in Coffe Research, I.B.E.C. Research Inst. Publish No: 9, 21-24.
- Lu Y, Yao H, Shan D, Jiang Y, Zhang S, Yang J 2015. Heavy Metal Residues in Soil and Accumulation in Maize at Long-Term Wastewater Irrigation Area in Tongliao, China. Journal of Chemistry (2):1-9.
- Özbek H, Kaya Z, Gök M, Kaptan H 1995. Toprak Bilimi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Genel Yayın No: 73 Ders Kitapları Yayın No:16, Adana.
- Petersen SO, Henriksen K, Mortensen GK, Krogh PH, Brandt KK, Sorensen J, Madsen T, Petersen J, Grøn C 2003. Recycling of Sewage Sludge and Household Compost to Arable Land: Fate and Effects of Organic Contaminants and İmpact on soil Fertility. Soil and Tillage Research 72 (2): 139–152.
- Sanchez ME, Estrada IB, Martinez O, Martin-Villacorta J, Aller A, Moran,A 2004. Influence of the Application of Sewage Sludge on the Degradation of Pesticides in the Soil. Chemosphere 57 (7): 673–679.
- Swain A, Singh SK, Mohapatra KK Patra A 2021. Sewage Sludge Amendment affects Spinach Yield, Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation, and Soil Pollution indexes. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 14 (8): 717.
- Song XD, Xue XY, Chen DZ, He PJ, Dai XH 2014. Application of Biochar from Sewage Sludge to Plant Cultivation: Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature and Biochar-to-Soil Ratio on Yield and Heavy Metal accumulation. Chemosphere 109:213–220.
- Wolf B 1971. The Determination of Boron in Soil Extracts, Plant Materials, Composts, Manures, Water and Nutrient Solutions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 2(5): 363-374.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Şubat 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 20 Ocak 2022 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 18 Nisan 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1 |
Kaynak Göster
2022-JIF = 0.500
2022-JCI = 0.170
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