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Turunçgil Bahçelerinde Meyve Dökümüne Neden Olan Fungal Patojenlerin Tanısı ve Bazı Bileşiklerinin Antifungal Etkileri

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 6, 1401 - 1413, 07.11.2024

Aysun Uysal , Şener Kurt , Soner Soylu , Merve Kara , Emine Mine Soylu

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1457700

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Hatay ilinde turunçgil bahçelerinde meyve dökümüne neden olan fungal etmenlerin belirlenmesi ve bu patojenlere karşı bor bileşikleri ve pirolignöz asitin (PA) in vitro antifungal etkileri araştırılmıştır. Hatay’ın Erzin, Dörtyol, Arsuz ve Samandağ ilçelerinde yer alan portakal, mandarin, limon, greyfurt bahçelerinde yere dökülen meyvelerden toplam 30 adet izolat elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen izolatlardan PDA besi yerinde hastalık izolasyonu yapılmıştır. Sonra bu izolatlardan mikroskop incelemeleri, DNA izolasyonu, PCR ve sekanslama çalışmaları ile teşhisleri yapılmıştır. Morfolojik ve moleküler tanılama çalışmaları sonucunda Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. karsti, Diaporthe foeniculina meyve dökümlerinden sorumlu hastalık etmenleri olarak teşhis edilmiştir. Yapılan patojenisite denemeleri sonucunda tüm fungal izolatlar patojen olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen fungal etmenler içerisinde en yüksek virülenslik %92.6-88.9 ile Colletotrichum spp., tarafından gösterilmiş olup bu türleri %66.7 ile D. foeniculina, %55.6 ile F. oxysporum ve %44.4 ile A. alternata türleri takip etmiştir. Bor bileşikleri ve PA’nın farklı konsantrasyonları (%0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.09, 0.1, 0.12, 0.15, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7,1.0,1.5; w/v) elde edilen 5 fungal patojen izolatın misel gelişimi ve konidi çimlenmesi üzerindeki antifungal etkileri in vitro koşullarda araştırılmıştır. Fungal türlerin miseliyal gelişimi, farklı dozlarda borik asit (%0.12), boraks (%0.1), etidot-67 (%0.1) ve PA (%1.5) uygulamaları tarafından tamamen engellenmiştir. Öte yandan borik asit (%0.15), boraks (%0.12), Etidot-67 (%0.12) ve PA (%1.5) uygulamaları, izolatların konidi çimlenmesini önemli ölçüde engellemiştir. Elde edilen fungal türlere karşı EC50 değerleri, misel gelişimi için %0.059-0.69 ve konidi çimlenme için %0.065-0.82 arasında bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de turunçgil meyve dökümlerine neden olan fungal hastalık etmenlerine karşı bor bileşikleri ve PA’nın antifungal etkinliğini araştıran ilk çalışmadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Turunçgil Fungal patojen Meyve dökümü Bor bileşikleri Pirolignöz asit

Etik Beyan

Çalışmada herhangi bir anket çalışması yapılmadığı gibi, denemelerde insan ve hayvan denek kullanılmamıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu Başkanlığı

Proje Numarası

21.GAP.047

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma, Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu Başkanlığı tarafından finansal olarak desteklenmiş (Proje Numarası: 21.GAP.047), ve Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Bitki Sağlığı Kliniği Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi laboratuvarlarında gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

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  • Anonim, (2023). TUİK Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (Alınma Tarihi: 30 Ocak 2024).
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  • Baimark, Y., & Niamsa, N. (2009). Study on wood vinegars for use as coagulating and antifungal agents on the production of natural rubber sheets. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33, 994-998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.04.001
  • Batista, E., Lopes, A., & Alves, A. (2021). What Do We Know about Botryosphaeriaceae An Overview of a Worldwide Cured Dataset? Forests, 12, 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030313
  • Bezerra, J.D.P., Crous, P.W., Aiello, D., Gullino, M.L. Polizzi, G., & Guarnaccia, V. (2021). Genetic Diversity and Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Associated with Symptomatic Citrus Plants in Europe. Plants, 10, 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030492
  • Bishnoi, M., Parkash, J., & Khan, A. (2023). Citrus Fruit Drop: Causes and Management. Just Agriculture. 3(10), 115-120.
  • Boratyn, G.M, Camacho, C., Cooper, P.S, Coulouris, G., Fong, A., Ma, N., Madden, T.L., Matten. W.T., McGinnis, S.D., Merezhuk, Y., Raytselis, Y., Sayers, E.W., Tao, T., Ye, J., & Zaretskaya, I. (2013). BLAST: a more efficient report with usability improvements. Nucleic Acids Research, 41, 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt282
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Identification of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Drop in Citrus Orchards and Antifungal Effects of Some Compounds

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 6, 1401 - 1413, 07.11.2024

Aysun Uysal , Şener Kurt , Soner Soylu , Merve Kara , Emine Mine Soylu

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1457700

Öz

This study identified the fungal agents causing fruit drop in citrus orchards in Hatay province and investigated the in vitro antifungal effects of boron compounds and pyroligneous acid (PA) against these pathogens. Thirty isolates were obtained from orange, mandarin, lemon, and grapefruit orchards in the Erzin, Dörtyol, Arsuz, and Samandağ districts of Hatay. Pathogen isolation was performed on the PDA medium. The isolates were then identified through microscopic examinations, DNA isolation, PCR, and sequencing studies. Morphological and molecular identification revealed Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum karsti, and Diaporthe foeniculina as the disease agents responsible for fruit drop. Pathogenicity tests confirmed all isolates as pathogenic. Colletotrichum spp. exhibited the highest virulence with 92.6-88.9%, followed by D. foeniculina at 66.7%, F. oxysporum at 55.6%, and A. alternata at 44.4%. The antifungal effects of boron compounds and various concentrations of PA (0.03%, 0.05%, 0.07%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.12%, 0.15%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 1.0%, 1.5%; w/v) on the mycelial growth and conidial germination of five fungal pathogen isolates were investigated in vitro. Mycelial growth was completely inhibited by boric acid (0.12%), borax (0.1%), ethidote-67 (0.1%), and PA (1.5%). Additionally, boric acid (0.15%), borax (0.12%), Etidot-67 (0.12%), and PA (1.5%) significantly inhibited conidial germination. The EC50 values for mycelial growth ranged from 0.059% to 0.69%, and for conidial germination, from 0.065% to 0.82%. This is the first study investigating the antifungal activity of boron compounds and PA against fungal pathogens causing citrus fruit drop in Türkiye.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Citrus Fungal pathogen Fruit drop Boron compounds Pyroligneous acid

Proje Numarası

21.GAP.047

Kaynakça

  • Aiello, D., Carrieri R., Guarnaccia V., Vitale, A., Lahoz, E., & Polizzi, G. (2015). Characterization and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. karsti causing preharvest disease on Citrus sinensis in Italy. Journal of Phytopathology, 163, 168–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12299
  • Anonim, (2023). TUİK Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (Alınma Tarihi: 30 Ocak 2024).
  • Apai, W., & Thongdeethae, S. (2002). Wood vinegar: new organic for Thai Agriculture. The 4th Toxicity Division Conference, Department of Agriculture, pp. 166-169.
  • Avcı, S.E. (2018). Yeni Kurulan Turunçgil Bahçelerinde Fungal Patojenlerin Belirlenmesi ve Çeşit Duyarlılıklarının Saptanması (Tez no 528953). [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Ana Bilim Dalı]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Baharom, N.A., Rahman, M.H.A., Shahrun, M.S., Suherman, F.H.S., & Masdar, S.N.M. (2020). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of wood vinegars fromcarambola, coconut shells and mango against selected plant pathogenic microorganisms. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 16(6), 438–445. http://dx.doi.org/10.21161/mjm.190652
  • Baimark, Y., & Niamsa, N. (2009). Study on wood vinegars for use as coagulating and antifungal agents on the production of natural rubber sheets. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33, 994-998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.04.001
  • Batista, E., Lopes, A., & Alves, A. (2021). What Do We Know about Botryosphaeriaceae An Overview of a Worldwide Cured Dataset? Forests, 12, 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030313
  • Bezerra, J.D.P., Crous, P.W., Aiello, D., Gullino, M.L. Polizzi, G., & Guarnaccia, V. (2021). Genetic Diversity and Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Associated with Symptomatic Citrus Plants in Europe. Plants, 10, 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030492
  • Bishnoi, M., Parkash, J., & Khan, A. (2023). Citrus Fruit Drop: Causes and Management. Just Agriculture. 3(10), 115-120.
  • Boratyn, G.M, Camacho, C., Cooper, P.S, Coulouris, G., Fong, A., Ma, N., Madden, T.L., Matten. W.T., McGinnis, S.D., Merezhuk, Y., Raytselis, Y., Sayers, E.W., Tao, T., Ye, J., & Zaretskaya, I. (2013). BLAST: a more efficient report with usability improvements. Nucleic Acids Research, 41, 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt282
  • Bouket, A.C., Narmani, A., Tavasolee, A., Elyasi, G., Abdi, A., Naemi, S., Sharifi, K., Oszako, T., Alenezi, F.N., & Belbahri, L. (2022). In vitro evaluation of wood vinegar (Pyroligneous Acid) VOCs inhibitory effect against a fungus-like microorganism Ovatisporangium (Phytopythium) isolate recovered from tomato fields in Iran. Agronomy, 12, 1609. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071609
  • Chalermsan, Y., & Peerapan, S. (2009). Wood vinegar: by-product from rural charcoal kiln and its role in plant protection. Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry, Special Issue, S189-S195. http://www.pyroligneousacid.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Wood-vinegar-a-by-product-from- rural-charcoal-kilns-and-its-role-in-plant-protection.pdf
  • Chen, Y.H, Li, YF, Wei, H., Li, X.X., Zheng, H.T., Dong, X.Y., Xu, T.F., & Meng J.F. (2020). Inhibition efficiency of wood vinegar on grey mould of table grapes. Food Bioscience, 38, 100-755.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100755
  • Conway, W.S., Leverentz, B., Janisiewicz, W.J., Saftner, R.A., & Camp, M.J. (2005). Improving biocontrol using antagonist mixtures with heat and/or sodium bicarbonate to control postharvest decay of apple fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 36, 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2005.01.006
  • Dibek, E., Babayeva, A., Kürkçü, M.S., Akgüç Çöl, N.A., & Çöl, B. (2020). Bor içeren bazı biyoaktif bileşikler. Boron, 5 (1), 29- 39. https://doi.org/10.30728/boron.604069
  • Durak, M. R., Arslan, K., Silan, E., Yildiz, G., & Ozkilinc H. (2021). A novelapproach for in vitro fungicide screening and the sensitivity of Monilinia populations from peach orchards in Turkey to respiratory inhibitor fungicides. Crop Protection, 147, 105688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105688
  • Erper, İ., Kalkan, Ç., Kaçar, G., & Türkkan, M. (2019a). Elmada mavi küfe neden olan Penicillium expansum’a karşı bazı bor tuzlarının antifungal etkisi. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 34, 250-258. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.515031
  • Erper, I., Yıldırım, E., & Türkkan, M. (2019b). Antifungal Effect of Boron Compounds Against Three Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 Subgroups Causing Root and Crown Rot. Gesunde Pflanzen, 71, 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-019-00442-0
  • Eti Maden, (2021). Activity Reports. Eti Maden, Ankara https://www.etimaden.gov.tr/storage/uploads/sunumlar/2022-en/EtiMadenEN/dergi.html (Alınma Tarihi: 15 Şubat 2024).
  • Fengel, D., & Wegener, G. (1984). Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. 240-265.
  • Gao, T., Zhang, Y., Shi, J., Mohamed, S.R., Xu, J., & Liu, X (2021) The antioxidant guaiacol exerts fungicidal activity against fungal growth and deoxynivalenol production in Fusarium graminearum. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 762844. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.762844
  • Grewal, A., Abbey, L., & Gunupuru, L.R. (2018). Production, prospects and potential application of pyroligneous acid in agriculture. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 135, 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.09.008
  • Guarnaccia, V. Groenewald, J.Z. Polizzi, G. & Crous, P.W. (2017). High species diversity in Colletotrichum associated with citrus diseases in Europe. Persoonia- Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 39, 32-50(19). https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.02
  • Guarnaccia, V., & Crous, P.W. (2017). Emerging citrus diseases in Europe caused by Diaporthe spp. IMA Fungus, 8, 317– 334. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.02.07
  • Güler Güney, İ., Tekin, F., Günen, T.U., Özer, G. & Derviş, S. (2023). Alternaria alternata causing inner black rot of lemon (Citrus limon) fruits in Turkey: Genetic diversity and characterisation. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 125, 101998.
  • Hrustić, J., Mihajlović, M., Grahovac, M., Delibašić, G., & Tanović, B. (2018). Fungicide sensitivity, growth rate, aggressiveness and frost hardiness of Monilinia fructicola and Monilinia laxa isolates. European Journal of Plant Pathology 151, 389–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1380-9
  • Huang, F., Hou, X., Dewdney, M.M. Fu, Y. Chen, G. Hyde K.D., & Li, H. (2013). Diaporthe species occurring on citrus in China. Fungal Diversity, 61, 237–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0245-6
  • Kadota, M., & Niimi, Y. (2004). Effects of cytokinin types and their concentrations on shoot proliferation and hyperhydrocity in vitro pear cultivar shoots. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture, 72, 261-265. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022378511659
  • Kara, M., Soylu, S., Soylu, E. M. Uysal, A., Kurt, Ş., & Türkmen, M. (2024). Determination of the chemical composition and antifungal activity of wood vinegar (Pyroligneous Acid) against the onion bulb rot disease caused by Fusarium proliferatum. Gesunde Pflanzen, 76, 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-023-00931-3
  • Kurt, Ş., Uysal, A., Soylu, E. M., Kara, M., & Soylu, S. (2020a). Characterization and pathogenicity of Fusarium solani associated with dry root rot of citrus in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 86, 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-020-00922-6
  • Kurt, Ş., Soylu, S., Uysal, A., Soylu, E.M., & Kara, M. (2020b). Ceviz gövde kanseri hastalığı etmeni Botryosphaeria dothidea’nın tanılanması ve bazı fungisitlerin hastalık etmenine karşı in vitro antifungal etkinliklerininin belirlenmesi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 25, 46-56. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.686111
  • Lieten, P. (2002). Boron deficiency of strawberries grown in substrate culture. Acta Horticulturae, 567, 451–454. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.567.94
  • Mu, J., Uehara, T., & Furuno, T. (2003). Effect of bamboo vinegar on regulation of germination and radicle growth of seed plants. Journal of Wood Science, 49, 262-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-002-0472-z Numata, K., Ogawa, T., & Tanaka, K. (1994). Effect of pyroligneous acid (Wood Vinegar) on several soilborne diseases. Proceedings of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, 401, 107-110.
  • Oramahi, H.A., & Yoshimura, T. (2013). Antifungal and antitermitic activities of wood vinegar from Vitex pubescens Vahl. Journal of Wood Science, 59, 344-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-013-1340-8
  • Pertile, G., & Frac, M. (2023). The Antifungal effect of pyroligneous acid on the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24, 3080. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043080
  • Rattanpal, H. S., Singh, G., Arora, A., & Singh, S., (2019). Management of Fruit Drop in Citrus. Department of Fruit Science Punjab Agricultural University- Ludhiana. ISBN: 9789386267757
  • Sezer, G., Mısırlı, A., Şen, F., & Acarsoy Bilgin, N. (2019). Turunçgillerde Büyüme Düzenleyici Madde Uygulamalarının Meyve Dökümü ve Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri. Anadolu Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 29(1), 76-83. https://doi.org/10.18615/anadolu.568879
  • Shi, X. Q, Li, B.Q., Qin, G.Z., & Tian, S.P. (2011). Antifungal activity and possible mode of action of borate against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on mango. Plant Disease, 95, 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-10-0437
  • Sivaram, A. K., Panneerselvan, L., Mukunthan, K., & Megharaj, M. (2022). Effect of pyroligneous acid on the microbial community composition and Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) in soils. Soil Systems, 6, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6010010
  • Spiegel, J., & Stammler, G. (2006). Baseline sensitivity of Monilinia laxa and M. fructigena to pyraclostrobin and boscalid. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 113 (5),199–206.
  • SPSS, (2008). SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 17.0. Chicago: SPSS Inc.
  • Soylu, S., Kara, M., Uysal, A., Gümüş, Y., Soylu, E.M., Kurt, Ş., Üremiş, İ., & Sertkaya, E., (2024). Hatay İlinde Yetiştirilen Önemli Brassicaceous Sebze Türlerinde Fungal ve Bakteriyel Hastalık Etmenlerinin Belirlenmesi. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Derg 27(4), 839-855. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1383042
  • Tekiner, N., Tozlu, E., & Guarnaccia, V. (2020). First report of Diaporthe foeniculina causing fruit rot of lemon in Turkey. Journal of Plant Pathology, 102, 277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-019-00413-4
  • Thomidis, T., & Exadaktylou, E. (2010). Effect of boron on the development of brown rot (Monilinia laxa) on peaches. Crop Protection, 6, 572–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2009.12.023
  • Thomidis, T., Karagiannidis, N., Stefanou, S., Paresidou, M., & Prodromou, I. (2015) Influence of boron applications on preharvest and postharvest nectarine fruit rot caused by brown rot. Australasian Plant Pathology, 46, 177–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-017-0474-3
  • Uysal, A. (2019). Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde Turunçgillerde Antraknoz Etmeni Colletotrichum Türlerinin Morfolojik, Patojenik, Moleküler Karakterizasyonu ve Fungisit Duyarlılıkları. (Tez no 547970). [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Ana Bilim Dalı]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Uysal, A. (2024). Control of Monilinia blossom and twig blight (Monilinia laxa) by boron, pyroligneous acid and boscalid. Journal of Plant Pathology, 106, 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-023-01546-3
  • Uysal, A., & Kurt, Ş. (2019). First report of Colletotrichum karsti causing anthracnose on citrus in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Journal of Plant Pathology, 101, 753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-018-00215-0
  • Uysal, A., Kurt, Ş. & Guarnaccia, V. (2022a). Distribution and characterization of Colletotrichum species associated with Citrus anthracnose in eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 163, 125–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-022-02462-5
  • Uysal, A., Kurt, Ş., Soylu, S., Kara, M., & Soylu E.M. (2022b). Hatay ilinde yer alan turunçgil paketleme tesislerinde meyve ve hava kökenli mikrobiyata içerisindeki fungal ve bakteriyel türler ile yoğunluklarının belirlenmesi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(2), 340-351. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1095692
  • White, T. J., Bruns, T., Lee, S., & Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In PCR protocols a guide to methods and applications, Academic Press, San Diego. 315–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Fitopatoloji
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article)
Yazarlar

Aysun Uysal 0000-0002-9067-285X

Şener Kurt 0000-0003-4545-5968

Soner Soylu 0000-0003-1002-8958

Merve Kara 0000-0001-7320-3376

Emine Mine Soylu 0000-0001-5961-0848

Proje Numarası 21.GAP.047
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Kasım 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 11 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024Cilt: 27 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Uysal, A., Kurt, Ş., Soylu, S., Kara, M., vd. (2024). Turunçgil Bahçelerinde Meyve Dökümüne Neden Olan Fungal Patojenlerin Tanısı ve Bazı Bileşiklerinin Antifungal Etkileri. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 27(6), 1401-1413. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1457700
 Kapak Resmi İndir

21082



2022-JIF = 0.500

2022-JCI = 0.170

Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi (International Peer Reviewed Journal)

       Dergimiz, herhangi bir başvuru veya yayımlama ücreti almamaktadır. (Free submission and publication)

      Yılda 6 sayı yayınlanır. (Published 6 times a year)


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