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Kesirli-Frekanslı Fourier Yöntemlerle Tarımsal İstihdamın Mekanizasyon ve Krediyle İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Zaman Serisi Analizi

Year 2024, Volume: 27 Issue: Ek Sayı 1 (Suppl 1), 231 - 242

Ömer Keskin

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1438420

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki tarımsal istihdamın mekanizasyon ve krediyle ilişkisini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. 1981-2022 dönemine ait yıllık zaman serilerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada ilk olarak değişkenlerin durağanlıkları, sırasıyla kesirli-frekanslı Fourier ADF ve geleneksel ADF birim kök testleriyle sınanmıştır. Daha sonra değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi olup olmadığını belirlemek için kesirli-frekanslı Fourier ADL eşbütünleşme testi uygulanmıştır. Eşbütünleşme test sonucu, tarımsal istihdamla mekanizasyon arasında negatif, kredi arasında ise pozitif ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Buna göre tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyinde yaşanan %1 yükseliş istihdam sayısında uzun ve kısa dönemde sırasıyla %3.74 ve %0.42 düşüşe, tarımsal kredi bakiyesinde yaşanan %1 yükseliş ise istihdam sayısında uzun ve kısa dönemde sırasıyla %0.14 ve %0.02 yükselişe neden olmaktadır. Analizde son olarak kesirli-frekanslı Fourier TY nedensellik testi uygulanıp eşbütünleşme testine ait sonucu destekler nitelikte sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

Kesirli-frekanslı Fourier Tarımsal istihdam Tarımsal mekanizasyon Tarımsal kredi Zaman serisi analizi

References

  • Adu-Baffour, F., Daum, T., & Birner, R. (2019). Can small farms benefit from big companies’ initiatives to promote mechanization in Africa? A case study from Zambia. Food Policy, 84, 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.03.007
  • Afridi, F., Bishnu, M., & Mahajan, K. (2020). Gendering technological change: Evidence from agricultural mechanization. https://www.iza.org/ publications/dp/13712/gendering-technological-change-evidence-from-agricultural-mechanization (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Aydoğuş, O. (2011). Bir muamma: Tarımsal istihdam artışı. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi, 2(14), 18-24.
  • Banerjee, P., Arčabić, V., & Lee, H. (2017). Fourier adl cointegration test to approximate smooth breaks with new evidence from crude oil market. Economic Modelling, 67, 114-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.11.004
  • Barman S., & Deka, N. (2019). Effect of farm mechanization in human labour employment. International Journal of Agricultural Science, 4, 16-22.
  • Behera, D. K. (2016). Employment potential in Indian agriculture: An econometric investigation. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 16(2), 129-140.
  • Binswanger, H. P., & Pingali, P. L. (1984). The evolution of farming systems and agricultural technology in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington D.C.: World Bank. https://documents. worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/443761468913796233/the-evolution-of-farming-systems-and-agricultural-technology-in-sub-saharan-africa (Alınma Tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Bozoklu, Ş., Yılancı, V., & Görüş, M. Ş. (2020). Persistence in per capita energy consumption: A fractional integration approach with a fourier function. Energy Economics, 91, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104926
  • Caunedo, J., & Kala, N. (2022). Mechanizing agriculture. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w29061/w29061.pdf (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Daum, T., Adegbola, Y. P., Kamau, G., Kergna, A. O., Daudu, C., Zossou, R. C., . . . Oluwole, F. A. (2020). Impacts of agricultural mechanization: Evidence from four African countries. Stuttgart: Universität Hohenheim. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3672085 (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Doğan, M. (2012). Türkiye ziraatinde makineleşme: Traktör ve biçerdöverin etkileri. Coğrafya Dergisi, (14), 66-75.
  • Doğan, Z., Arslan, S., & Berkman, A. N. (2015). Türkiye’de tarım sektörünün iktisadi gelişimi ve sorunları. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 29-41.
  • Durgun, Ö. (2012). Tarımsal istihdamda çözülme devam ediyor mu? Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 33(2), 129-144.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The flexible fourier form and dickey-fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.econlet.2012.04.081
  • Felipe, J., Dacuycuy, C., & Lanzafame, M. (2014). The declining share of agricultural employment in the people’s Republic of China: How fast? https://www.adb.org/publications/declining-share-agricultural-employment-prc-how-fast#:~:text =Results %20indicate%20that%20the% 20share, as%20in%20advanced%20economies%20today (Alınma Tarihi: 21.01.2024).
  • Fink, G., Jack, B. K., & Masiye, F. (2014). Seasonal credit constraints and agricultural labour supply: Evidence from Zambia. Bonn: IZA-Institute of Labor Economics. https://g2lm-lic.iza.org/ publications/wp/wp01/ (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Hamilton, S. F., Richards, T. J., Shafran, A. P., & Vasilaky, K. N. (2022). Farm labor productivity and the impact of mechanization. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 104(4), 1435-1459. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12273
  • Hayami, Y., & Ruttan, V. W. (1970). Factor prices and technical change in agricultural development: The United States and Japan, 1880-1960. Journal of Political Economy, 78(5), 1115-1141.
  • Hekimoğlu, B., & Baş, E. (2018). Ülkemizde ve Samsun’da tarımsal değişimler-tarımsal istihdam için öneriler. https://samsun.tarimorman.gov.tr/Belgeler/Yayinlar/Tarimsal_strateji/Tarimsal_istihdam_için_oneriler.pdf (Alınma Tarihi: 21.01.2024).
  • Houssou, N., & Chapoto, A. (2015). Adoption of farm mechanization, cropland expansion, and intensification in Ghana (Paper presentation). International Conference of Agricultural Economists, Milan, Italy, August 8-14, pp. 29.
  • İlkay, S. Ç., Yılancı, V., Ulucak, R., & Jones, K. (2021). Technology spillovers and sustainable environment: Evidence from time-series analyses with fourier extension. Journal of Environmental Management, 294, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jenvman.2021.113033
  • Işın, F., Keskin, G., Kılıç, M., Türkekul, B., & Ateş, H. Ç. (2010). Türkiye’de tarımsal işgücü piyasası ve sosyal güvenlik politikaları (Sözlü bildiri). Ziraat Mühendisliği VII. Teknik Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye, 11-15 Ocak 2010, ss. 22.
  • Keikha, A., Alipour, F., & Mohammadi, H. (2014). The nonlinear relationship between bank credits and agricultural employment in Mazandaran province. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 4(4), 309-312.
  • Kirui, O. K. (2019). The agricultural mechanization in Africa: Micro-level analysis of state drivers and effects. Bonn: ZEF-Center for Development Research. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm? abstract_id=3368103 (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Lingard, J., & Bagyo, A. S. (1983). The impact of agricultural mechanisation on production and employment in rice areas of West Java. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 19(1), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918312331334299
  • Mano, Y. Y., Takahashi, K., & Otsuka, K. (2017). Contract farming, farm mechanization, and agricultural intensification: The case of rice farming in Cote d’Ivoire. Tokyo: Jica Research Institute. https://www.jica.go.jp/english/jica_ri/ publication/workingpaper/wp_157.html (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Orji, A., Ogbuabor, J. E., Alisigwe, J. N., & Anthony-Orji, O. I. (2021). Agricultural financing, agricultural output growth, and employment generation in Nigeria. European Journal of Business Science and Technology, 7(1), 74-90. https://doi.org/10.11118/ejobsat.2021.002
  • Pablo, D. J. (2016). The bad business of agriculture. A correlation analysis on employment share and agriculture added value share in Ecuador. Revista Politécnica, 37(2), 108-111.
  • Pata, U. K., & Yılancı, V. (2020). Financial development, globalization, and ecological footprint in G7: Further evidence from threshold cointegration and fractional frequency causality tests. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 27(4), 803-825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-020-00467-z
  • Prilliadi, H. (2023). The impacts of renewable energy, exchange rate, and inflation on agricultural sector employment in Turkey. Research in Agricultural Sciences, 54(3), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.5152/AUAF.2023.22018
  • Rajkhowa, P., & Kubik, Z. (2021). Revisiting the relationship between farm mechanization and labour requirement in India. Indian Economic Review, 56, 487-513. https://doi.org/10.1007/ 41775-021-00120-x
  • Senanayake, S. M. (2002). Who have more access to cheap credit in Vietnam? Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 57(2), 241-246.
  • Seven, Ü., & Tümen, S. (2020). Agricultural credits and agricultural productivity: Cross-country evidence. Bonn: IZA-Institute of Labor Economics. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/12930/agricultural-credits-and-agricultural-productivity-cross-country-evidence (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Shani, B. B., & Musa, A. (2021). The effect of mechanization on labour employment and cropland expansion in northern Nigeria. Agro-Science, 20(3), 24-29.
  • Şahin, G. (2023). Türkiye ve seçilmiş ülkelerde tarımsal istihdamın durumu ve yapılması gerekenler. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 10(93), 600-615. https://doi.org/ 10.26450/jshsr.3549
  • Şimşir, N. C. (2012). An econometric analysis of the relationships between economic growth and agricultural credits for propoor growth in Turkey. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 4(2), 355-364.
  • Tandoğan, N. S. (2022). How does agricultural mechanization affect agricultural production? A panel data analysis. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 28(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.24181/ tarekoder.1013081
  • Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. (2019). Kırsal kalkınma ve kırsalda istihdam grubu çalışma belgesi. https://cdniys.tarimorman.gov.tr/api/File/GetFile/330/Sayfa/1416/1778/DosyaGaleri/iii._tarim_orman_surasi_calisma_grup_belgeleri_3._cilt.pdf (Alınma Tarihi: 21.01.2024).
  • TBB. (2023). İller ve bölgeler-kredi-tarım ihtisas kredileri. Türkiye Bankalar Birliği Veri Sistemi. https://verisistemi.tbb.org.tr/index.php?/tbb/report_bolgeler (Alınma Tarihi: 25.01.2024).
  • Toyin, M. E., Sola, O. O., & John, O. T. (2017). Agro-processing output and agricultural sector employment: Evidence from South Africa. Acta Universitatis Danubius Œconomica, 13(2), 174-184.
  • TÜİK. (2023a). 100 yılın göstergeleri. https://biruni. tuik.gov.tr/yayin/views/visitorPages/yayinGoruntuleme.zul?yayin_no=618 (Alınma Tarihi: 25.01.2024).
  • TÜİK. (2023b). Mevsim etkisinden arındırılmış temel işgücü göstergeleri 3. çeyrek: Temmuz-Eylül, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-III.-Ceyrek:-Temmuz---Eylul,-2023-49381 (Alınma Tarihi: 18.01.2024).
  • TÜİK. (2023c). Tarım istatistikleri özeti başlıklı 1981-2002 dönemine ait raporlar. Tarımsal Alet ve Makineler. https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/ yordambt/yordam.php (Alınma Tarihi: 25.01.2024).
  • TÜİK. (2023d). Tarım-tarımsal alet ve makine istatistikleri (2003-2022). İstatistik Veri Portalı. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=1 (Alınma Tarihi: 25.01.2024).
  • Üçler, Y. T. (2022). Türkiye’de sektörler itibari ile istihdam büyüme ilişkisi. Pearson Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 7(21), 148-160. https://doi.org/10.46872/pj.590
  • Yücel, M. H., & Çalışkan, Z. (2020). Tarımda verimlilik ve makineleşmenin tarımsal istihdam üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 31(117), 525-554. https://doi.org/10.5455/ey.17303

A Time Series Analysis on the Relationship of Agricultural Employment with Mechanization and Credit Using Fractional-Frequency Fourier Methods

Year 2024, Volume: 27 Issue: Ek Sayı 1 (Suppl 1), 231 - 242

Ömer Keskin

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1438420

Abstract

The present study investigates the relationship between agricultural employment with mechanization and credit in Türkiye. Firstly, the stationarities of the variables are examined by applying the fractional-frequency Fourier ADF and conventional ADF unit root tests in the study, which covers the annual time series from 1981 to 2022, respectively. Then, the fractional-frequency Fourier ADL cointegration test was applied to assess the existence of the cointegration relationship between the variables. The findings of the fractional-frequency Fourier bootstrap ADL procedure revealed that there is a negative relationship between agricultural employment and mechanization and a positive relationship between credit. According to this finding, a 1% increase in the agricultural mechanization level causes a 3.74% and 0.42% decrease in the number of employments in the long and short run, respectively, and a 1% increase in the agricultural credit balance causes a 0.14% and 0.02% increase in the number of employments in the long and short run, respectively. Finally, the fractional-frequency Fourier TY causality test was applied, with the findings supporting the cointegration test finding.

Keywords

Fractional-frequency Fourier Agricultural employment Agricultural mechanization Agricultural credit Time series analysis

References

  • Adu-Baffour, F., Daum, T., & Birner, R. (2019). Can small farms benefit from big companies’ initiatives to promote mechanization in Africa? A case study from Zambia. Food Policy, 84, 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.03.007
  • Afridi, F., Bishnu, M., & Mahajan, K. (2020). Gendering technological change: Evidence from agricultural mechanization. https://www.iza.org/ publications/dp/13712/gendering-technological-change-evidence-from-agricultural-mechanization (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Aydoğuş, O. (2011). Bir muamma: Tarımsal istihdam artışı. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi, 2(14), 18-24.
  • Banerjee, P., Arčabić, V., & Lee, H. (2017). Fourier adl cointegration test to approximate smooth breaks with new evidence from crude oil market. Economic Modelling, 67, 114-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.11.004
  • Barman S., & Deka, N. (2019). Effect of farm mechanization in human labour employment. International Journal of Agricultural Science, 4, 16-22.
  • Behera, D. K. (2016). Employment potential in Indian agriculture: An econometric investigation. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 16(2), 129-140.
  • Binswanger, H. P., & Pingali, P. L. (1984). The evolution of farming systems and agricultural technology in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington D.C.: World Bank. https://documents. worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/443761468913796233/the-evolution-of-farming-systems-and-agricultural-technology-in-sub-saharan-africa (Alınma Tarihi: 13.02.2024).
  • Bozoklu, Ş., Yılancı, V., & Görüş, M. Ş. (2020). Persistence in per capita energy consumption: A fractional integration approach with a fourier function. Energy Economics, 91, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104926
  • Caunedo, J., & Kala, N. (2022). Mechanizing agriculture. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w29061/w29061.pdf (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Daum, T., Adegbola, Y. P., Kamau, G., Kergna, A. O., Daudu, C., Zossou, R. C., . . . Oluwole, F. A. (2020). Impacts of agricultural mechanization: Evidence from four African countries. Stuttgart: Universität Hohenheim. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3672085 (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Doğan, M. (2012). Türkiye ziraatinde makineleşme: Traktör ve biçerdöverin etkileri. Coğrafya Dergisi, (14), 66-75.
  • Doğan, Z., Arslan, S., & Berkman, A. N. (2015). Türkiye’de tarım sektörünün iktisadi gelişimi ve sorunları. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 29-41.
  • Durgun, Ö. (2012). Tarımsal istihdamda çözülme devam ediyor mu? Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 33(2), 129-144.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The flexible fourier form and dickey-fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.econlet.2012.04.081
  • Felipe, J., Dacuycuy, C., & Lanzafame, M. (2014). The declining share of agricultural employment in the people’s Republic of China: How fast? https://www.adb.org/publications/declining-share-agricultural-employment-prc-how-fast#:~:text =Results %20indicate%20that%20the% 20share, as%20in%20advanced%20economies%20today (Alınma Tarihi: 21.01.2024).
  • Fink, G., Jack, B. K., & Masiye, F. (2014). Seasonal credit constraints and agricultural labour supply: Evidence from Zambia. Bonn: IZA-Institute of Labor Economics. https://g2lm-lic.iza.org/ publications/wp/wp01/ (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Hamilton, S. F., Richards, T. J., Shafran, A. P., & Vasilaky, K. N. (2022). Farm labor productivity and the impact of mechanization. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 104(4), 1435-1459. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12273
  • Hayami, Y., & Ruttan, V. W. (1970). Factor prices and technical change in agricultural development: The United States and Japan, 1880-1960. Journal of Political Economy, 78(5), 1115-1141.
  • Hekimoğlu, B., & Baş, E. (2018). Ülkemizde ve Samsun’da tarımsal değişimler-tarımsal istihdam için öneriler. https://samsun.tarimorman.gov.tr/Belgeler/Yayinlar/Tarimsal_strateji/Tarimsal_istihdam_için_oneriler.pdf (Alınma Tarihi: 21.01.2024).
  • Houssou, N., & Chapoto, A. (2015). Adoption of farm mechanization, cropland expansion, and intensification in Ghana (Paper presentation). International Conference of Agricultural Economists, Milan, Italy, August 8-14, pp. 29.
  • İlkay, S. Ç., Yılancı, V., Ulucak, R., & Jones, K. (2021). Technology spillovers and sustainable environment: Evidence from time-series analyses with fourier extension. Journal of Environmental Management, 294, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jenvman.2021.113033
  • Işın, F., Keskin, G., Kılıç, M., Türkekul, B., & Ateş, H. Ç. (2010). Türkiye’de tarımsal işgücü piyasası ve sosyal güvenlik politikaları (Sözlü bildiri). Ziraat Mühendisliği VII. Teknik Kongresi, Ankara, Türkiye, 11-15 Ocak 2010, ss. 22.
  • Keikha, A., Alipour, F., & Mohammadi, H. (2014). The nonlinear relationship between bank credits and agricultural employment in Mazandaran province. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 4(4), 309-312.
  • Kirui, O. K. (2019). The agricultural mechanization in Africa: Micro-level analysis of state drivers and effects. Bonn: ZEF-Center for Development Research. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm? abstract_id=3368103 (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Lingard, J., & Bagyo, A. S. (1983). The impact of agricultural mechanisation on production and employment in rice areas of West Java. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 19(1), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918312331334299
  • Mano, Y. Y., Takahashi, K., & Otsuka, K. (2017). Contract farming, farm mechanization, and agricultural intensification: The case of rice farming in Cote d’Ivoire. Tokyo: Jica Research Institute. https://www.jica.go.jp/english/jica_ri/ publication/workingpaper/wp_157.html (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Orji, A., Ogbuabor, J. E., Alisigwe, J. N., & Anthony-Orji, O. I. (2021). Agricultural financing, agricultural output growth, and employment generation in Nigeria. European Journal of Business Science and Technology, 7(1), 74-90. https://doi.org/10.11118/ejobsat.2021.002
  • Pablo, D. J. (2016). The bad business of agriculture. A correlation analysis on employment share and agriculture added value share in Ecuador. Revista Politécnica, 37(2), 108-111.
  • Pata, U. K., & Yılancı, V. (2020). Financial development, globalization, and ecological footprint in G7: Further evidence from threshold cointegration and fractional frequency causality tests. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 27(4), 803-825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-020-00467-z
  • Prilliadi, H. (2023). The impacts of renewable energy, exchange rate, and inflation on agricultural sector employment in Turkey. Research in Agricultural Sciences, 54(3), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.5152/AUAF.2023.22018
  • Rajkhowa, P., & Kubik, Z. (2021). Revisiting the relationship between farm mechanization and labour requirement in India. Indian Economic Review, 56, 487-513. https://doi.org/10.1007/ 41775-021-00120-x
  • Senanayake, S. M. (2002). Who have more access to cheap credit in Vietnam? Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 57(2), 241-246.
  • Seven, Ü., & Tümen, S. (2020). Agricultural credits and agricultural productivity: Cross-country evidence. Bonn: IZA-Institute of Labor Economics. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/12930/agricultural-credits-and-agricultural-productivity-cross-country-evidence (Alınma Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
  • Shani, B. B., & Musa, A. (2021). The effect of mechanization on labour employment and cropland expansion in northern Nigeria. Agro-Science, 20(3), 24-29.
  • Şahin, G. (2023). Türkiye ve seçilmiş ülkelerde tarımsal istihdamın durumu ve yapılması gerekenler. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 10(93), 600-615. https://doi.org/ 10.26450/jshsr.3549
  • Şimşir, N. C. (2012). An econometric analysis of the relationships between economic growth and agricultural credits for propoor growth in Turkey. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 4(2), 355-364.
  • Tandoğan, N. S. (2022). How does agricultural mechanization affect agricultural production? A panel data analysis. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 28(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.24181/ tarekoder.1013081
  • Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. (2019). Kırsal kalkınma ve kırsalda istihdam grubu çalışma belgesi. https://cdniys.tarimorman.gov.tr/api/File/GetFile/330/Sayfa/1416/1778/DosyaGaleri/iii._tarim_orman_surasi_calisma_grup_belgeleri_3._cilt.pdf (Alınma Tarihi: 21.01.2024).
  • TBB. (2023). İller ve bölgeler-kredi-tarım ihtisas kredileri. Türkiye Bankalar Birliği Veri Sistemi. https://verisistemi.tbb.org.tr/index.php?/tbb/report_bolgeler (Alınma Tarihi: 25.01.2024).
  • Toyin, M. E., Sola, O. O., & John, O. T. (2017). Agro-processing output and agricultural sector employment: Evidence from South Africa. Acta Universitatis Danubius Œconomica, 13(2), 174-184.
  • TÜİK. (2023a). 100 yılın göstergeleri. https://biruni. tuik.gov.tr/yayin/views/visitorPages/yayinGoruntuleme.zul?yayin_no=618 (Alınma Tarihi: 25.01.2024).
  • TÜİK. (2023b). Mevsim etkisinden arındırılmış temel işgücü göstergeleri 3. çeyrek: Temmuz-Eylül, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-III.-Ceyrek:-Temmuz---Eylul,-2023-49381 (Alınma Tarihi: 18.01.2024).
  • TÜİK. (2023c). Tarım istatistikleri özeti başlıklı 1981-2002 dönemine ait raporlar. Tarımsal Alet ve Makineler. https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/ yordambt/yordam.php (Alınma Tarihi: 25.01.2024).
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There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Agricultural Policy
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors

Ömer Keskin 0000-0002-1939-2791

Early Pub Date September 15, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date February 16, 2024
Acceptance Date August 1, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024Volume: 27 Issue: Ek Sayı 1 (Suppl 1)

Cite

APA Keskin, Ö. (2024). Kesirli-Frekanslı Fourier Yöntemlerle Tarımsal İstihdamın Mekanizasyon ve Krediyle İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Zaman Serisi Analizi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 27(Ek Sayı 1 (Suppl 1), 231-242. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1438420
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