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Vitamin D3'ün Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvaları Üzerinde Biyokimyasal ve Genotoksik Etkileri

Year 2026, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 156 - 169

Cihat Çelik

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1729010

Abstract

Vitamin D3 (VD3), dünya çapında beslenmede ve hormonal fonksiyonlarda etkili olan önemli bir bileşiktir. VD3'ün böceklerde yüksek besinsel konsantrasyonlarda olumsuz etkilere sahip olduğu varsayılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu hipotezi test etmek için VD3, Galleria mellonella'nın (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) yapay besinine % 0,01, 0,1 ve 1 oranlarında (g, 100 g) ilave edildi. G. mellonella'nın 1. evre larvaları, laboratuvar koşullarında 7. evreye ulaşana kadar VD3 içeren yapay bir besinle yetiştirildi. VD3'ün böceğin 7. evre larvalarındaki malondialdehit (MDA) ve protein karbonil (PCO) seviyeleri, glutatyon-S-transferaz (GST) ve sitokrom P450 monooksijenaz (CYP450) enzim aktiviteleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırıldı. Ayrıca, VD3'ün larvalar üzerindeki genotoksik etkisi incelendi. Larva MDA içeriği %1 VD3'te 1,5 kat önemli ölçüde arttı. Larvalardaki PCO içeriği %0,1 VD3 konsantrasyonunda önemli ölçüde azaldı. Kontrolle karşılaştırıldığında, GST enzim aktivitesi en yüksek VD3 konsantrasyonunda yaklaşık 2 kat arttı. Ayrıca, aynı konsantrasyonda, larvalardaki CYP450 enzim aktivitesi düştü. Aynı zamanda, VD3, DNA hasarı açısından önemli ölçüde artan genotoksisiteye neden oldu. Kuyruk uzunluğu, VD3 konsantrasyonları ile doz bağımlı bir şekilde yaklaşık 13 kata kadar önemli ölçüde arttı. Kuyruk uzunluğuna benzer şekilde, kuyruk DNA yüzdesi ve kuyruk momenti seviyeleri de kontrole kıyasla anlamlı bir şekilde arttı. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, VD3'ün muhtemel etkileri nedeniyle zararlı böceklerin kontrolünde kullanılabilme potansiyeline katkı sağlayabilir.

Keywords

Galleria mellonella DNA hasarı Vitamin D3 Oksidatif stres Detoksifikasyon enzimleri

References

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The Biochemical and Genotoxic Effects of Vitamin D3 on Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae

Year 2026, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 156 - 169

Cihat Çelik

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1729010

Abstract

Vitamin D3 (VD3) is an important compound that is widely used worldwide nutritional and hormonal functioning. VD3 at high dietary concentrations has been hypothesized to have adverse effects in insects. In this study, to test this hypothesis, VD3 was incorporated into the artificial diet of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1% (g, 100 g). The 1st instar larvae of G. mellonella were reared on an artificial diet containing VD3 until they reached the 7th stage in laboratory conditions. The effects of VD3 on malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) levels, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) enzyme activities in the 7th instar larvae of the insect were investigated. Also, the genotoxic effect of VD3 on the larvae was examined. Larval MDA content was significantly increased 1.5-fold in the 1% VD3. PCO content in larvae was significantly decreased at the 0.1% concentration of VD3. Compared with control, GST enzyme activity was increased approximately 2-fold at the highest VD3 concentration. Also, at the same concentration, CYP450 enzyme activity in larvae decreased. Furthermore, VD3 significantly increased DNA damage. Tail length significantly increased up to approximately 13-fold in a dose-dependent manner with VD3 concentrations. Similar to tail length, tail DNA percentage and tail moment levels were also significantly increased compared to control. The findings of this study may contribute to the potential use of VD3 in the control of pest insects due to its possible effects.

Keywords

Galleria mellonella DNA damage Vitamin D3 Oxidative stress Detoxification enzymes

Thanks

The author thank Prof. Dr. Ender Büyükgüzel (Z.B.E. University, Zonguldak, Türkiye) for helpful advice and comments.

References

  • Alkan, Ç., Çelik, C., Büyükgüzel, K., & Büyükgüzel, E. (2023). Oxidative and genotoxic effect of piperazine on Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) hemolymph. Environmental Entomology, 52(3), 399-407. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvad028
  • Anet, A., Olakkaran, S., Purayil, A. K., & Puttaswamygowda, G. H. (2019). Bisphenol A induced oxidative stress mediated genotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 370, 42-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.050
  • Arafat, E. A., Eltaweil, A. S., Abd El-Monaem, E. M., Elhenawy, H. I., Hussein, H. K., Hassan, M. A., & El-Samad, L. M. (2025). Toxicological investigations of biosynthesized nickel ferrites nanoparticles on midgut epithelium of Blaps polychresta as nanopesticides: Structural damages and oxidative stress. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 208, 106314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106314
  • Aslan, K., Üstündağ, G., Çelik, C., Büyükgüzel, E., Büyükgüzel, K., Alkan, Ç., Keleş, V., & Uslu, A. (2025). Efficacy of azithromycin in alternative chemical management of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) reared on an artificial diet. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 28(1), 102363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2024.102363
  • Aslan, N., Büyükgüzel, E., & Büyükgüzel, K. (2019). Oxidative effects of gemifloxacin on some biological traits of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Environmental Entomology, 48, 667-673. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz039
  • Binkley, N., & Krueger, D. (2000). Hypervitaminosis a and bone. Nutrition Reviews, 58(5), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2000.tb01848.x
  • Bronskill, J. (1961). A cage to simplify the rearing of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Pyralidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists Society, 15(2), 102-104.
  • Büyükgüzel, E., & Büyükgüzel, K. (2021). Oxidative impact of dietary triclabendazole in Galleria mellonella. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, 27(3), 301-306. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2020.25170
  • Büyükgüzel, E., & Kayaoğlu, S. (2014). The effect of niclosamide on some biological and physiological aspects of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 38(1), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.87976
  • Büyükgüzel, E., Tunaz, H., Stanley, D., & Büyükgüzel, K. (2011). The influence of chronic eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibition on life history of the greater waxmoth, Galleria mellonella and its ectoparasitoid, Bracon hebetor. Journal of Insect Physiology, 57(4), 501-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.01.015
  • Büyükgüzel, K. (2006). Malathion-induced oxidative stress in a parasitoid wasp: effect on adult emergence, longevity, fecundity, and oxidative and antioxidative response of the Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 99, 1225-1234. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/99.4.1225
  • Çankaya, N., Yalcin, S., & Ercan, F. (2025). In vivo and in silico evaluation of the effect of p-Acetamide and MPAEMA on the model organism Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 28(3), 625-635. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1591091
  • Çelik, C. (2024). Immune modulation by dexketoprofen trometamol, a selective eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitor of cellular immune response and phenoloxidase reaction in response to viral infection in Pimpla turionellae adults. Heliyon, 10(18), e37695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37695
  • Çelik, C., Stanley, D., & Büyükgüzel, E. (2023). Genotoxic effects of oxyclozanide on hemocytes of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 47(3), 147-154. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0179.3126
  • Chaitanya, R. K., Shashank, K., & Sridevi, P. (2016). Oxidative stress in invertebrate systems. Free Radicals and Diseases, 19, 51-68. https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64573
  • Di Rosa, M., Malaguarnera, M., Nicoletti, F., & Malaguarnera, L. (2011). Vitamin D3: a helpful immuno‐modulator. Immunology, 134(2), 123-139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03482.x
  • Duarte, R. M. F., Malta, S. M., do Prado Mascarenhas, F. N. A., Bittar, V. P., Borges, A. L., Teixeira, R. R., Zanon, R. G., Carlos Ueira Vieira, C. U., & Espindola, F. S. (2024). Chronic exposure to 2, 2′-azobis-2-amidinopropane that induces intestinal damage and oxidative stress in larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 106, 104388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2024.104388
  • Edzeamey, F. J., Ramchunder, Z., McCarthy, R. R., & Virmouni, S. A. (2025). Galleria mellonella as a drug discovery model to study oxidative stress. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 15218. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99337-6
  • EPA 1984. Vitamin D3, United States Environmental protection Agency, Pesticide Fact Sheet, No: 42, CAS Number; 434-16-2.
  • Eskin, A., & Nurullahoğlu, Z. U. (2023). Influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the hemocyte count and hemocyte-mediated immune responses of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 46(6), 1176-1186. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2022.2139842
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Entomology, Animal Physiology-Ecophysiology, Pesticides and Toxicology
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors

Cihat Çelik 0000-0002-2400-3412

Early Pub Date October 18, 2025
Publication Date October 19, 2025
Submission Date June 30, 2025
Acceptance Date August 18, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 29 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çelik, C. (2025). Vitamin D3’ün Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvaları Üzerinde Biyokimyasal ve Genotoksik Etkileri. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 29(1), 156-169. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1729010
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