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Investigation of the Effect of ‘Squalene’ Triterpene on Somatic Mutations in Drosophila melanogaster by In vivo Wing Spot Test

Yıl 2023, , 477 - 486, 30.06.2023

Handan Uysal , Hatice Çelik

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1103555
Cited By: 1

Öz

Squalene (SKU) terpene, which belongs to the triterpenes group of secondary metabolites and is synthesized by plants, is frequently used in different fields such as cosmetics, medicine and food industry due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticarcinogenic properties. SKU, are also preferred in alternative medicine methods because of their bioactivity. In this study, the possible genotoxic effects of SKU, which is used in many different areas and taken into the body by contact or oral route, were investigated depending on the dose-time interaction. Wild and mutant strains of Drosophila melanogaster, an important model organism, are used in research in the field of genetics. The genotoxic effect of SKU was determined by somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) and multiple wing hair (mwh) and flare (flr3) mutant strains of Drosophila melanogaster were used. For this purpose, the analysis of the data of the application groups containing different concentrations of SKU (50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm) was statistically evaluated by comparing them with the dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) negative control group. According to the data obtained from the SMART result; while the clone induction frequency was 0.57 in the DMSO control group, this value was 0.41 for 50 ppm depending on the dose increase; 0.52 for 100 ppm; 0.93 for 200 ppm and 1.30 for 400 ppm. This increase in clone induction frequency can be considered as an indication that SKU induces somatic mutations and exhibits genotoxic effects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Drosphila melanogaster Genotoxicity Somatic mutation Terpenes

Proje Numarası

FHD-2019-7000

Kaynakça

  • Ahıskalıoğlu, A. (2007). Anemone narcissiflora Bitkisinin Karakterizasyonu ve Biyolojik Aktivitesinin İncelenmesi. (Tez No:20012)[Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kimya Ana Bilim Dalı]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Alanis-Garza, B.A., González-González, G.M., Salazar-Aranda, R., Waksman De Torres, N. & Rivas-Galindo, V.M., (2007). Screening of antifungal activity of plants from the northeast of Mexico. Journal Ethnopharmacology, 114, 468-471.
  • Arıca, Ş.Ç. (2017). Yaşlanma ve alglerin anti-gerontolojik etkileri. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 34(4), 469-474.
  • Azirak, S. & Rencuzogullari, E. (2008). The in vivo genotoxic effects of carvacrol and thymol in rat bone marrow cells. Environmental Toxicology, 23(6), 728-735.
  • Azqueta, A. & Collins, A.R. (2012). Carotenoids and DNA damage. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 733(1-2), 4-13.
  • Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., Zhiri, A. & Idaomar, M. (2005). Cytotoxicity and gene induction by some essential oils in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutation Research/ Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 585(1-2), 1-13.
  • Baldissera, M.D., Souza, C.F., De Matos, A.F.I.M., Doleski, P.H., Baldisserotto, B., Da Silva, A.S. & Monteiro, S.G. (2018). Blood-brain barrier breakdown, memory impairment and neurotoxicity caused in mice submitted to orally treatment with thymol. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 62, 114-119.
  • Briksin, D.P. (2000). Medicinal plants and phytomedicines. Linking Plant Biochemistry and Physiology to Human Health. Plant Physiology, 124(2), 507-514.
  • Bushnell, P.G., Nikinmaa, M. & Oikari, A. (1985). Metabolic effects of dehydroabietic acid on rainbow trout erythrocytes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology, 81(2), 391-394.
  • Büyükleyla, M. & Rencüzoğulları, E. (2009). The effects of thymol on sister chromatid exchange, chromosome aberration and micronucleus in human lymphocytes. Ecotoxicology and Enviromental Safety, 72(3), 943-947.
  • Calixto, J.B. (2000). Efficacy, safety, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents). Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 33(2), 179-189.
  • Chang, H.T., Chou, C.T., Liang, W.Z., Lu, T., Kuo, D.H., Shieh, P., Ho, C.M. & Jan, C.R. (2014). Effects of thymol on Ca²⁺ homeostasis and apoptosis in MDCK renal tubular cells. Chinese Journal of Physiology, 57(2), 90-98.
  • Clark, R.L. (2009). Embryotoxicity of the artemisinin antimalarials and potential consequences for use in women in the first trimester. Reproductive Toxicology, 28, 285-296.
  • Clarkson, P.M. & Thompson, H.S. (2000). Antioxidants: what role do they play in physical activity and health? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(2), 637-646.
  • Çelik, H. & Uysal, H. (2019). Abietik asitin Drosophila melanogaster’deki bio-toksik etkileri. MAS International Conference on Mathematics-Engineering-Natural and Medical Science-V, Erzurum, Turkey, 2-5 Mayıs 2019.
  • Çelik, H. & Uysal, H. (2019). Guaiazulen terpeninin in vivo bio-etkileri. Eurasianbiochem, Ankara, Turkey, 28-29 Haziran 2019.
  • Çelik, H. & Uysal, H. (2020). Abietik asit ve guaiazulen terpenlerinin “sekonder metabolit” genotoksik potansiyellerinin in vitro mikronükleus testi ile belirlenmesi. TÜBAV Bilim Dergisi, 13(2), 1-10.
  • Dağcı, E.K. & Dığrak, M. (2005). Bazı meyve ekstraktlarının antibakteriyal ve antifungal aktiviteleri. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 8(2), 1-7.
  • Davies, K.J. & Goldberg, A.L. (1987). Oxygen radicals stimulate intracellular proteolysis and lipid peroxidation by independent mechanisms in erythrocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262(17), 8220-8226.
  • Ding, W., Lev, D.D., Bishop, M.E., Lyn‐Cook, L.E., Kulkarn, R., Chang, C.W., Aidoo, A. & Manjanatha, M.G. (2011). Methyleugenol genotoxicity in the fischer 344 rat using the comet assay and pathway‐focused gene expression profiling. Toxicology Science, 123, 103–112.
  • Dorman, H.J., Bachmayer, O., Kosar, M. & Hıltunen, R. (2004). Antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts from selected lamiaceae species grown in turkey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(4), 762-770.
  • Edwards, J.A., Bellion, P., Beilstein, P., Rümbeli, R. & Schierle, J. (2016). Review of genotoxicity and rat carcinogenicity investigations with astaxanthin. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 75, 5-19.
  • Edwin, E., Edwin, S. & Amalraj, A. (2006). Antihyperglycemic activity of Bougainvillea glabra choisy. Planta India, 2, 25-26.
  • Eichorn, S.E. & Evert, R.F. (2016). Raven Bitki Biyolojisi. Çeviri Editörü: İsmail Türkan, Palme Yayıncılık.
  • Eisen, J.S., Koren, G., Juurlink, D.N. & Ng, V.L. (2004). N‐acetylcysteine for the treatment of clove oil‐induced fulminant hepatic failure. Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology, 42, 89–92.
  • Elumalai, A., Eswaraiah, M.C., Lahari, K.M. & Shaik, H.A. (2012). In vivo screening of Bougainvillea glabra leaves for its analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. Asian Journal Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2, 85-87.
  • Erdem, S. & Eren, P.A. (2009). Tedavi amacıyla kullanılan bitkiler ve bitkisel ürünlerin yan etkileri. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 133.
  • Erdoğan, E.A. (2012). Using fields of plant essential oils and potential genetic effects. Lokman Hekim Journal, 2(2), 21-24.
  • Frei, H. & Würgler, F.E. (1988). Statistical methods to decide whether mutagenicity test data from Drosophila assays indicate a positive, negative or inconclusive result. Mutation Research, 203, 297-308.
  • Graf, U., Abraham, S.K., Guzmán-Rincón, J. & Würgler, F.E. (1998). Antigenotoxicity studies in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutation Research/ Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 402(1-2), 203-209.
  • Gupta, J., Siddique, Y.H., Beg, T., Ara, G. & Afzal, M. (2009). Protective role of green tea extract against genotoxic damage induced by anabolic steroids in cultured human lymphocytes. Biology and Medicine, 1(2), 87-99.
  • Güçlü, İ. & Yüksel, V. (2017). Fitoterapide antiviral bitkiler. Deneysel Tıp Dergisi, 7(13), 25-34.
  • Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F. & Riley, T.V. (1999). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 86, 985-990.
  • Huang, Z.R., Lin, Y.K. & Fang, J.Y. (2009). Biological and pharmacological activities of squalene and related compounds: potential uses in cosmetic dermatology. Molecules, 14(1), 540–54.
  • İpek, E., Zeytinoglu, H., Okay, S., Tuylu, B.A., Kurkcuoglu, M. & Baser, K.H.C. (2005). Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of Origanum oil and carvacrol evaluatedby amesSalmonella/ microsomal test. Food and Chemistry, 93, 551-556.
  • Kamaya, Y., Tokita, N. & Suzuki, K. (2005). Effects of dehydroabietic acid and abietic acid on survival, reproduction, and growth of the crustacean Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 61(1), 83-88.
  • Kırbağ, S. & Bağcı, E. (2000). Piceae abies (L.) karst. ve Picea orientalis (L.) link uçucu yağlarının antimikrobiyal aktivitesi üzerine bir araştırma. Journal of Quafqaz University, 3(1), 183-1882.
  • Luo, M., Jiang, L.K. & Zou, G.L. (2005). Acute and genetic toxicity of essential oil extracted from Litsea cubeba (lour.) pers. Journal of Food Protection, 68(3), 581-588.
  • Marnett, L.J. (2002). Oxy radicals, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Toxicology, 181, 219-222.
  • Moon, H.I., Cho, S.B., Lee, J.H., Paik, H.D. & Kim, S.K. (2011). Immunotoxicity activity of sesquiterpenoids from black galingale (Kaempferia parviflora wall. ex. baker) against Aedes aegypti l. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 33, 380-383.
  • Morton, C.A., Garioch, J., Todd, P., Lamey, P.J. & Forsyth, A. (1995). Contact sensitivity to menthol and peppermint in patients with intra‐oral symptoms. Contact Dermatitis, 32(5), 281-284.
  • Mouhssen, L. (2004). Methods to study the phytochemistry and bioactivity of essential oils. Phytotherapy Research, 18, 435-448.
  • Ortega, M.T., Jeffery, B., Riviere, J.E. & Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. (2016). Toxicological effects of pet food ingredients on canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and enterocyte-like cells. Journal of Applied Toxicoogy, 36(2), 189-98.
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‘Skualen’ Triterpeninin Somatik Mutasyonlar Üzerine Etkisinin Drosophila melanogaster’de In vivo Kanat Benek Testi ile Araştırılması

Yıl 2023, , 477 - 486, 30.06.2023

Handan Uysal , Hatice Çelik

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1103555
Cited By: 1

Öz

Sekonder metabolitlerin triterpenler grubuna ait olan ve bitkiler tarafından sentezlenen skualen (SKU) terpeni, antioksidan, antienflamatuar, antibakteriyel ve antikanserojen özellikleri nedeniyle kozmetik, ilaç ve gıda endüstrisi gibi farklı alanlarda sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. SKU, alternatif tıp yöntemlerinde de sahip oldukları bioaktiviteler nedeniyle tercih edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, farklı birçok alanda kullanılan ve temas ya da oral yollarla vücuda alınan SKU’nun doz-süre etkileşimine bağlı olarak olası genotoksik etkileri araştırılmıştır. Genetik alanında yapılan araştırmalarda önemli bir model organizma olan Drosophila melanogaster’in yabanıl ve mutant soyları kullanılmaktadır. SKU’nun genotoksik etkisi somatik mutasyon ve rekombinasyon testi (SMART) ile belirlenmiş ve Drosophila melanogaster’in multiple wing hair (mwh) ve flare (flr3) mutant soyları kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla SKU’nun farklı konsantrasyonlarını (50, 100, 200 ve 400 ppm) içeren uygulama gruplarına ait verilerin analizi dimetilsülfoksit (DMSO) negatif kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırılarak istatistiki olarak değerlendirilmiştir. SMART sonucundan elde edilen verilere göre; klon indüksiyon frekansı DMSO kontrol grubunda 0.57 iken bu değer doz artışına bağlı olarak 50 ppm için 0.41; 100 ppm için 0.52; 200 ppm için 0.93 ve 400 ppm içinde 1.30 olarak belirlenmiştir. Klon indüksiyon frekansındaki bu artış SKU’nun somatik mutasyonları uyardığı ve genotoksik etki sergilediğinin göstergesi olarak kabul edilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Drosophila melanogaster Genotoksisite Somatik Mutasyonlar Terpenler

Destekleyen Kurum

Atatürk Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Yönetim Birimi

Proje Numarası

FHD-2019-7000

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma Atatürk Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Yönetim Birimi -FHD-2019-7000- kodu ile desteklenen Hatice ÇELİK’in “Drosophila Melanogaster’de Doz-Süre Etkileşimine Bağlı Olarak Terpenlerin In Vivo Toksik ve Genotoksik Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi” adlı Yüksek Lisans Tez Projesi olup, tezin gerçekleştirilmesine maddi destek sağlayan Atatürk Üniversitesi BAP birimine katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • Ahıskalıoğlu, A. (2007). Anemone narcissiflora Bitkisinin Karakterizasyonu ve Biyolojik Aktivitesinin İncelenmesi. (Tez No:20012)[Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kimya Ana Bilim Dalı]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Alanis-Garza, B.A., González-González, G.M., Salazar-Aranda, R., Waksman De Torres, N. & Rivas-Galindo, V.M., (2007). Screening of antifungal activity of plants from the northeast of Mexico. Journal Ethnopharmacology, 114, 468-471.
  • Arıca, Ş.Ç. (2017). Yaşlanma ve alglerin anti-gerontolojik etkileri. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 34(4), 469-474.
  • Azirak, S. & Rencuzogullari, E. (2008). The in vivo genotoxic effects of carvacrol and thymol in rat bone marrow cells. Environmental Toxicology, 23(6), 728-735.
  • Azqueta, A. & Collins, A.R. (2012). Carotenoids and DNA damage. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 733(1-2), 4-13.
  • Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., Zhiri, A. & Idaomar, M. (2005). Cytotoxicity and gene induction by some essential oils in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutation Research/ Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 585(1-2), 1-13.
  • Baldissera, M.D., Souza, C.F., De Matos, A.F.I.M., Doleski, P.H., Baldisserotto, B., Da Silva, A.S. & Monteiro, S.G. (2018). Blood-brain barrier breakdown, memory impairment and neurotoxicity caused in mice submitted to orally treatment with thymol. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 62, 114-119.
  • Briksin, D.P. (2000). Medicinal plants and phytomedicines. Linking Plant Biochemistry and Physiology to Human Health. Plant Physiology, 124(2), 507-514.
  • Bushnell, P.G., Nikinmaa, M. & Oikari, A. (1985). Metabolic effects of dehydroabietic acid on rainbow trout erythrocytes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology, 81(2), 391-394.
  • Büyükleyla, M. & Rencüzoğulları, E. (2009). The effects of thymol on sister chromatid exchange, chromosome aberration and micronucleus in human lymphocytes. Ecotoxicology and Enviromental Safety, 72(3), 943-947.
  • Calixto, J.B. (2000). Efficacy, safety, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents). Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 33(2), 179-189.
  • Chang, H.T., Chou, C.T., Liang, W.Z., Lu, T., Kuo, D.H., Shieh, P., Ho, C.M. & Jan, C.R. (2014). Effects of thymol on Ca²⁺ homeostasis and apoptosis in MDCK renal tubular cells. Chinese Journal of Physiology, 57(2), 90-98.
  • Clark, R.L. (2009). Embryotoxicity of the artemisinin antimalarials and potential consequences for use in women in the first trimester. Reproductive Toxicology, 28, 285-296.
  • Clarkson, P.M. & Thompson, H.S. (2000). Antioxidants: what role do they play in physical activity and health? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(2), 637-646.
  • Çelik, H. & Uysal, H. (2019). Abietik asitin Drosophila melanogaster’deki bio-toksik etkileri. MAS International Conference on Mathematics-Engineering-Natural and Medical Science-V, Erzurum, Turkey, 2-5 Mayıs 2019.
  • Çelik, H. & Uysal, H. (2019). Guaiazulen terpeninin in vivo bio-etkileri. Eurasianbiochem, Ankara, Turkey, 28-29 Haziran 2019.
  • Çelik, H. & Uysal, H. (2020). Abietik asit ve guaiazulen terpenlerinin “sekonder metabolit” genotoksik potansiyellerinin in vitro mikronükleus testi ile belirlenmesi. TÜBAV Bilim Dergisi, 13(2), 1-10.
  • Dağcı, E.K. & Dığrak, M. (2005). Bazı meyve ekstraktlarının antibakteriyal ve antifungal aktiviteleri. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 8(2), 1-7.
  • Davies, K.J. & Goldberg, A.L. (1987). Oxygen radicals stimulate intracellular proteolysis and lipid peroxidation by independent mechanisms in erythrocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262(17), 8220-8226.
  • Ding, W., Lev, D.D., Bishop, M.E., Lyn‐Cook, L.E., Kulkarn, R., Chang, C.W., Aidoo, A. & Manjanatha, M.G. (2011). Methyleugenol genotoxicity in the fischer 344 rat using the comet assay and pathway‐focused gene expression profiling. Toxicology Science, 123, 103–112.
  • Dorman, H.J., Bachmayer, O., Kosar, M. & Hıltunen, R. (2004). Antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts from selected lamiaceae species grown in turkey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(4), 762-770.
  • Edwards, J.A., Bellion, P., Beilstein, P., Rümbeli, R. & Schierle, J. (2016). Review of genotoxicity and rat carcinogenicity investigations with astaxanthin. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 75, 5-19.
  • Edwin, E., Edwin, S. & Amalraj, A. (2006). Antihyperglycemic activity of Bougainvillea glabra choisy. Planta India, 2, 25-26.
  • Eichorn, S.E. & Evert, R.F. (2016). Raven Bitki Biyolojisi. Çeviri Editörü: İsmail Türkan, Palme Yayıncılık.
  • Eisen, J.S., Koren, G., Juurlink, D.N. & Ng, V.L. (2004). N‐acetylcysteine for the treatment of clove oil‐induced fulminant hepatic failure. Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology, 42, 89–92.
  • Elumalai, A., Eswaraiah, M.C., Lahari, K.M. & Shaik, H.A. (2012). In vivo screening of Bougainvillea glabra leaves for its analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. Asian Journal Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2, 85-87.
  • Erdem, S. & Eren, P.A. (2009). Tedavi amacıyla kullanılan bitkiler ve bitkisel ürünlerin yan etkileri. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 133.
  • Erdoğan, E.A. (2012). Using fields of plant essential oils and potential genetic effects. Lokman Hekim Journal, 2(2), 21-24.
  • Frei, H. & Würgler, F.E. (1988). Statistical methods to decide whether mutagenicity test data from Drosophila assays indicate a positive, negative or inconclusive result. Mutation Research, 203, 297-308.
  • Graf, U., Abraham, S.K., Guzmán-Rincón, J. & Würgler, F.E. (1998). Antigenotoxicity studies in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutation Research/ Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 402(1-2), 203-209.
  • Gupta, J., Siddique, Y.H., Beg, T., Ara, G. & Afzal, M. (2009). Protective role of green tea extract against genotoxic damage induced by anabolic steroids in cultured human lymphocytes. Biology and Medicine, 1(2), 87-99.
  • Güçlü, İ. & Yüksel, V. (2017). Fitoterapide antiviral bitkiler. Deneysel Tıp Dergisi, 7(13), 25-34.
  • Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F. & Riley, T.V. (1999). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 86, 985-990.
  • Huang, Z.R., Lin, Y.K. & Fang, J.Y. (2009). Biological and pharmacological activities of squalene and related compounds: potential uses in cosmetic dermatology. Molecules, 14(1), 540–54.
  • İpek, E., Zeytinoglu, H., Okay, S., Tuylu, B.A., Kurkcuoglu, M. & Baser, K.H.C. (2005). Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of Origanum oil and carvacrol evaluatedby amesSalmonella/ microsomal test. Food and Chemistry, 93, 551-556.
  • Kamaya, Y., Tokita, N. & Suzuki, K. (2005). Effects of dehydroabietic acid and abietic acid on survival, reproduction, and growth of the crustacean Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 61(1), 83-88.
  • Kırbağ, S. & Bağcı, E. (2000). Piceae abies (L.) karst. ve Picea orientalis (L.) link uçucu yağlarının antimikrobiyal aktivitesi üzerine bir araştırma. Journal of Quafqaz University, 3(1), 183-1882.
  • Luo, M., Jiang, L.K. & Zou, G.L. (2005). Acute and genetic toxicity of essential oil extracted from Litsea cubeba (lour.) pers. Journal of Food Protection, 68(3), 581-588.
  • Marnett, L.J. (2002). Oxy radicals, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Toxicology, 181, 219-222.
  • Moon, H.I., Cho, S.B., Lee, J.H., Paik, H.D. & Kim, S.K. (2011). Immunotoxicity activity of sesquiterpenoids from black galingale (Kaempferia parviflora wall. ex. baker) against Aedes aegypti l. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 33, 380-383.
  • Morton, C.A., Garioch, J., Todd, P., Lamey, P.J. & Forsyth, A. (1995). Contact sensitivity to menthol and peppermint in patients with intra‐oral symptoms. Contact Dermatitis, 32(5), 281-284.
  • Mouhssen, L. (2004). Methods to study the phytochemistry and bioactivity of essential oils. Phytotherapy Research, 18, 435-448.
  • Ortega, M.T., Jeffery, B., Riviere, J.E. & Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. (2016). Toxicological effects of pet food ingredients on canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and enterocyte-like cells. Journal of Applied Toxicoogy, 36(2), 189-98.
  • Osbourn, A.E. (1996). Preformed antimicrobial compounds and plant defense against fungal attack. The Plant Cell, 8(10), 1821.
  • Öztürk, M., Temel, M., Tınmaz, A.B. & Kil, L. (2012). Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin dış ticaretimizdeki yeri. Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler Sempozyumu 13-15 Eylül 2012 Tokat, s.33-44.
  • Rajoshok, G. & Sumathi, P. (2015). A comparative study in the efficacy of tamoxifen vs efficacy of ormeloxifen in benign proliferative breast diseases. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 17(6), 12-15.
  • Rani, J.M.J., Chandramohan, G. & Renganathan, R. (2012). Antioxidant activity, preliminary phytochemical investigation and gc–ms study of Bougainvillea glabra choicy leaves. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4, 12-16.
  • Saltan, G. (2012). Eczanelerde Hazırlanabilecek bitkisel preparatlar ve çaylar. Eczane Eczacılığında Fitoterapötikler, Homeopatikler ve Aromatikler Çalıştayı, Antalya.
  • Shah, M., Lewis, F.M. & Gawkrodger, D.J. (1996). Contact allergy in patients with oral symptoms: a study of 47 patients. American Journal of Contact Dermatitis, 7(3), 146-151.
  • Sökmen, A. & Gürel, E. (2001). Sekonder metabolit üretimi. Bitki Biyoteknolojisi, 1, 211-261.
  • Stammati, A., Bonsi, P., Zucco, F., Moezelaar, R., Alakomi, H.L. & Wright, A. (1999). Toxicity of selected plant volatiles in microbial and mammalian short-term assays. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 37, 813-823.
  • Struwe, M., Csato, M., Singer, T. & Gocke, E. (2011). Comprehensive assessment of the photomutagenicity, photogenotoxicity and photo (cyto) toxicity of azulene. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 723(2), 129-133.
  • Uysal, H. & Orunç, H. (2018). Retinol-induced aging in female and male populations of Drosophila melanogaster oregon r (wild-type). International Symposium Ecology 19- 23 June, Kastamonu, Türkiye.
  • Valerio, L.G. & Gonzales, G.F. (2005). Toxicological aspects of the south american herbs cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa) and maca (Lepidium meyenii). Toxicological Reviews, 24(1), 11-35.
  • Verpoorte, R., Van Der Heijden, R., Ten Hoopen, H.J.G. & Memelink, J. (1999). Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolite pathways for the production of fine chemicals. Biotechnology Letters, 21(6), 467-479.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article)
Yazarlar

Handan Uysal 0000-0002-4290-8223

Hatice Çelik 0000-0003-2531-6020

Proje Numarası FHD-2019-7000
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Nisan 2022
Kabul Tarihi 20 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Uysal, H., & Çelik, H. (2023). ‘Skualen’ Triterpeninin Somatik Mutasyonlar Üzerine Etkisinin Drosophila melanogaster’de In vivo Kanat Benek Testi ile Araştırılması. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 26(3), 477-486. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1103555

Cited By

Investigation of the Genotoxic Effect of Fluoxetine Hydrochloride in Drosophila melanogaster
Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1310729

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