Öz
Türkiye,
dünyada kestane üretimi ve ihracatındaki önemli ülkelerden biridir. Bu
çalışmada, Türkiye'nin kestane piyasasındaki 1960 sonrası
dönemdeki gelişmelerin ve piyasa yapısının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır.
Çalışmanın verileri, Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü ve Türkiye İstatistik Kurumundan
derlenmiştir. Türkiye, 2016 yılı dünya kestane üretiminde %2.97'lik payla en
büyük ikinci ülkedir. Türkiye'deki kestane dikim alanları, 1961 yılından
itibaren 48,000 hektardan 39,000 hektara gerilemiştir. 1988 yılında 90,000 tona
çıkan kestane üretimi, son yıllarda 65,000 tona düşmüştür. Hektara verim 1998
yılında 2 tonun üzerinde iken, son yıllarda kestane dal kanseri ve mürekkep
hastalıklarının etkisiyle 1.6 tona düşmüştür. Kestane üretiminin çoğu,
üreticiler tarafından toptancılara pazarlanmakta, yetersiz ve etkin
örgütlenmenin olmayışı nedeniyle üreticiler toptancılarla rekabet
edememektedirler. Türkiye’de yurtiçi kestane piyasalarına herhangi bir hükümet
müdahalesi söz konusu olmayıp, kabuklu ve iç kestaneye ithalatta %43.2 tarife
uygulanmaktadır. 2001 sonrası dönemde ton başına üreticilerin eline geçen
fiyatlar 1,000 ABD Dolarından 3,500 ABD Dolarına çıkmıştır. Ülke toplam ve kişi
başına kestane tüketim miktarlarında 1980’lerden itibaren azalış yaşanmaktadır.
Üretim ve fiyat düzeyine bağlı olarak 1,000 ila 12,000 ton arasında değişen
ihracatıyla Türkiye, dünya kestane ihracatının %4.1’ini gerçekleştirmektedir.
Bununla birlikte, Türkiye son yıllarda toplam değeri 5,000 ila 700,000 ABD
Doları olan 20 ila 700 ton kestane ithal etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Bounous G, 2009. Chestnut Industry Development and Quality of the Productions. Acta Hortic. 844: 21-26
- Breisch H, 2008. The Chestnut Industry in France.” In II Iberian Congress on Chestnut. Vila Real, Portugal, pp. 31-36.
- Choupina AB, Estevinho L, Martins IM 2014. Scientifically Advanced Solutions for Chestnut Ink Disease. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 98:3905-3909.
- Cuestas MI, Mattioni C, Martín LM, Vargas-Osuna E, Cherubini M, Martin MA 2018. Functional genetic diversity of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) populations from southern Spain. Forest Systems, 26(3): 1-5.
- Ding P, Liu FX, Xu CX, Wang KR 2007. Transmission of Cryphonectria hypovirus to protect chestnut trees from chestnut blight disease. Biological Control, 40: 9-14.
- EU 2017. European Union. http://madb.europa.eu/ madb/atDutyOverviewPubli.htm?countries=TR& hscode=080241 (Accessed on 08.10.2017).
- FAO 2017. Food and Agricultural Organization. http://www.fao.org/faostat /en/#data/QC, (Accessed on 20.09.2017).
- Gentile S, Valentino D, Tamietti G 2010. Effectiveness of Potassium Phosphite in the Control of Chestnut Ink Disease. Acta Hortic. 866:417-424
- Hochmuth RC, Wallace RD, Van Blokland P, Williamson JG 2012. Production and marketing of chestnuts in the southeastern United States. The Horticultural Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Florida.
- Karadeniz V, 2013. Chestnut agriculture in Turkey and its main problems. The Journal of International Social Problems. 6: 279-291.
- Karahocagil P, Tosun I 2004. Chestnut. Journal of Bakis, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, 7(13): 1-4.
- MFAL 2017. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. http://www.tarim.gov.tr/ Sayfalar /EN/ AnaSayfa.aspx. (Accessed on 15.10.2015).
- MFWM 2013. Ministry of Forestry and Water Management. Chestnut Action Plan 2013-2017, General Directorate of Forestry, p.58. https://www.ogm.gov.tr/Lists/Haberler/Attachments /457/ KESTANE %20EYLEM%20PLANI.pdf (Accessed on 07.05.2018).
- OGTR 2010. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey. Law no 5957 on Regulation of Marketing of Vegetable, Fruit and Other Foods with Sufficient Supply and Demand Volume. Number: 27533, Data: 26.03.210, Ankara. Available at http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/03/20100326-1.htm. (Accessed on 10.10.2017).
- Oliveira MT, Martins LM, Abreu CG 1999. A Method for Evaluating the Degree of Defoliation on Chestnut Trees Affected by the Ink Disease. Acta Hortic. 494: 443-446.
- Ozcagiran R, Unal A, Ozeker E, Isfendiyaroglu M 2007. Temperate Fruit Species: Nuts. Ege University Publications, 3:566.
- Ridley JD 1999. Market Development Opportunities in the Australian Chestnut Industry. Acta Hortic. 494: 55-60
- Robin C, Lanz S, Soutrenon A, Rigling D 2010. Dominance of Natural Over Released Biological Control Agents of the Chestnut Blight Fungus Cryphonectria Parasitica in South-Eastern France is Associated With Fitness-Related Traits. Biological Control, 53: 55-61.
- Serdar U 2015. Chestnut cultivation in Turkey. http://www.eurochestnut.com/wp-content/uploads/ 2015/09/CHESTNUT-CULTIVATION-IN-TURKEY. pdf Accessed on 06.05.2018.
- Soylu A, Serdar U, Ertan E, Mert C 2009. Following Chestnut Footprins (Catanea spp.) Cultivation and Culture, Folklore and History; Tradations and Uses: Turkey. Scripta Horticulturae, 9: 155-160.
- Soylu A, 2004. Cultivation and Characteristics of Chestnut. Second Edition, Hasad Publishing Limited Company, ISBN 975-8377-37-X, Istanbul.
- TS 2014. Turkish Standard. http://www.kib.org.tr/ files/downloads/sirkuler/2014337 ek2. Pdf (Accessed on 10.10.2017).
- TSI 2017. Turkish Statistical Institute. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Start.do ;jsessionid= 0l2JZjQQyhzQ7Rv1hdFhSHk23bCJQzlLlJc9Vk2GXrkKbwdK13J9!-1513161628 (Accessed on 10.10.2017).
- TSPO 2001. The State Planning Organizations. “Special Commission Report for Fruits.” 8th Five Year Development Plan, Ankara. Available at: https://www.google.com.tr/search?q=meyvecilik +%C3%B6zel+ihtisas+komisyonu+raporu+ 2001&oq=meyvecilik+ %C3%B6zel+ihtisas+ komisyonu+raporu+2001&aqs=chrome..69i57.11733j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie= UTF-8 (Accessed on 16.5.2018).
Öz
Turkey
is one of the main countries both in producing and exporting chestnut in the
world. Objective of this study was to evaluate the structure and developments
in the chestnut market of Turkey since the 1960s. The main data were gathered
from the databases of the Food and Agriculture Organization and the Turkish
Statistical Institute. In 2016, Turkey was the second largest chestnut producer
in the world with a share of 2.97%. Chestnut plantation areas in Turkey have decreased
from 48,000 to 39,000 ha
since 1961. While chestnut production increased
to 90,000 tons in 1988, and decreased to 65,000 t recently. Whereas
the yield per hectare was over 2 t in
1988, which decreased to 1.6 t recently, due to ink disease and canker blight. Most of the
chestnut production is traditionally sold by producers to wholesalers;
therefore, producers cannot compete
with wholesalers due to lack of sufficient and effective cooperation under
farmer organization.
Whereas there isn’t any government intervention to the domestic chestnut
markets in Turkey. It is implemented 43,2% of tariff rate was implemented for
chestnut in importation. Although the net incomes
per ton of the chestnut producers have increased from 1,000 US$ to 3,500 US$
since 2001, total and per capita
chestnut consumption amounts have decreased since the late 1980s. Turkey’s chestnut export fluctuated
between 1,000 t and 12,000 t depending on production and price levels and it
accounted for 4.1% of the global chestnut exportation. In recent years, Turkey
has imported between 20 t and 700 t chestnut totaling of 5,000-700,000 US$ in
value.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Bounous G, 2009. Chestnut Industry Development and Quality of the Productions. Acta Hortic. 844: 21-26
- Breisch H, 2008. The Chestnut Industry in France.” In II Iberian Congress on Chestnut. Vila Real, Portugal, pp. 31-36.
- Choupina AB, Estevinho L, Martins IM 2014. Scientifically Advanced Solutions for Chestnut Ink Disease. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 98:3905-3909.
- Cuestas MI, Mattioni C, Martín LM, Vargas-Osuna E, Cherubini M, Martin MA 2018. Functional genetic diversity of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) populations from southern Spain. Forest Systems, 26(3): 1-5.
- Ding P, Liu FX, Xu CX, Wang KR 2007. Transmission of Cryphonectria hypovirus to protect chestnut trees from chestnut blight disease. Biological Control, 40: 9-14.
- EU 2017. European Union. http://madb.europa.eu/ madb/atDutyOverviewPubli.htm?countries=TR& hscode=080241 (Accessed on 08.10.2017).
- FAO 2017. Food and Agricultural Organization. http://www.fao.org/faostat /en/#data/QC, (Accessed on 20.09.2017).
- Gentile S, Valentino D, Tamietti G 2010. Effectiveness of Potassium Phosphite in the Control of Chestnut Ink Disease. Acta Hortic. 866:417-424
- Hochmuth RC, Wallace RD, Van Blokland P, Williamson JG 2012. Production and marketing of chestnuts in the southeastern United States. The Horticultural Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Florida.
- Karadeniz V, 2013. Chestnut agriculture in Turkey and its main problems. The Journal of International Social Problems. 6: 279-291.
- Karahocagil P, Tosun I 2004. Chestnut. Journal of Bakis, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, 7(13): 1-4.
- MFAL 2017. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. http://www.tarim.gov.tr/ Sayfalar /EN/ AnaSayfa.aspx. (Accessed on 15.10.2015).
- MFWM 2013. Ministry of Forestry and Water Management. Chestnut Action Plan 2013-2017, General Directorate of Forestry, p.58. https://www.ogm.gov.tr/Lists/Haberler/Attachments /457/ KESTANE %20EYLEM%20PLANI.pdf (Accessed on 07.05.2018).
- OGTR 2010. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey. Law no 5957 on Regulation of Marketing of Vegetable, Fruit and Other Foods with Sufficient Supply and Demand Volume. Number: 27533, Data: 26.03.210, Ankara. Available at http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/03/20100326-1.htm. (Accessed on 10.10.2017).
- Oliveira MT, Martins LM, Abreu CG 1999. A Method for Evaluating the Degree of Defoliation on Chestnut Trees Affected by the Ink Disease. Acta Hortic. 494: 443-446.
- Ozcagiran R, Unal A, Ozeker E, Isfendiyaroglu M 2007. Temperate Fruit Species: Nuts. Ege University Publications, 3:566.
- Ridley JD 1999. Market Development Opportunities in the Australian Chestnut Industry. Acta Hortic. 494: 55-60
- Robin C, Lanz S, Soutrenon A, Rigling D 2010. Dominance of Natural Over Released Biological Control Agents of the Chestnut Blight Fungus Cryphonectria Parasitica in South-Eastern France is Associated With Fitness-Related Traits. Biological Control, 53: 55-61.
- Serdar U 2015. Chestnut cultivation in Turkey. http://www.eurochestnut.com/wp-content/uploads/ 2015/09/CHESTNUT-CULTIVATION-IN-TURKEY. pdf Accessed on 06.05.2018.
- Soylu A, Serdar U, Ertan E, Mert C 2009. Following Chestnut Footprins (Catanea spp.) Cultivation and Culture, Folklore and History; Tradations and Uses: Turkey. Scripta Horticulturae, 9: 155-160.
- Soylu A, 2004. Cultivation and Characteristics of Chestnut. Second Edition, Hasad Publishing Limited Company, ISBN 975-8377-37-X, Istanbul.
- TS 2014. Turkish Standard. http://www.kib.org.tr/ files/downloads/sirkuler/2014337 ek2. Pdf (Accessed on 10.10.2017).
- TSI 2017. Turkish Statistical Institute. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Start.do ;jsessionid= 0l2JZjQQyhzQ7Rv1hdFhSHk23bCJQzlLlJc9Vk2GXrkKbwdK13J9!-1513161628 (Accessed on 10.10.2017).
- TSPO 2001. The State Planning Organizations. “Special Commission Report for Fruits.” 8th Five Year Development Plan, Ankara. Available at: https://www.google.com.tr/search?q=meyvecilik +%C3%B6zel+ihtisas+komisyonu+raporu+ 2001&oq=meyvecilik+ %C3%B6zel+ihtisas+ komisyonu+raporu+2001&aqs=chrome..69i57.11733j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie= UTF-8 (Accessed on 16.5.2018).
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Şubat 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 4 Haziran 2018 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 6 Ağustos 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 |
Cited By
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Sustainability Science
Franziska Wolpert
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00806-w
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