Öz
Bu çalışma 2020 yılında üç yöntem ile (daldırma, sulama ve spreyleme) verilen melatoninin (10, 50 ve 100 µM) kök-ur nematodu Meloidogyne incognita [(Kofoid and White) Chitwood] uygulanan domates fidelerinin bazı fizyolojik yönleri üzerindeki etkisini araştırmak için yürütülmüştür. Fidelere 1000 adet ikinci dönem M. incognita larvası inoküle edilmiştir. Toplam klorofil, flavonol ve antosiyanin içerikleri ile azot balans indeksini (NBI) ölçmek için Dualex® klorofilmetre kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, klorofil içeriği üzerinde önemli bir etki olmadığını, melatoninin konsantrasyona ve yönteme bağlı olarak M. incognita’nın klorofil üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini iyileştirdiğini göstermiştir. Flavonoller, sulama ile verilen bitkilerde en yüksek, daldırma ile verilenlerde ise en düşük olmuştur. NBI, melatoninin uygulanma yönteminden etkilenmiş, daldırma ile artış, sulama ile ciddi bir düşüş göstermiştir. Sulama, diğer iki yönteme kıyasla önemli ölçüde yüksek antosiyaninlere sebep olmuştur. Nematodlu bir toprağa düşük ve orta konsantrasyonlarda melatonin uygulanmasının antosiyaninleri arttırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Melatonin, nematodlara karşı tepki geliştirmede önemli olup daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Antosiyaninler Klorofil Flavonoidler Meloidogyne incognita NBI
Destekleyen Kurum
TÜBİTAK
Proje Numarası
119O660
Kaynakça
- Agati G, Tuccio L, Kusznierewicz B, Chmiel T, Bartoszek A, Kowalski A, Grzegorzewska M, Kosson R, Kaniszewski S 2016. Nondestructive Optical Sensing of Flavonols and Chlorophyll in White Head Cabbage Grown under Different Nitrogen Regimens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64: 85-94.
- Aghdam MS, Fard JR 2017. Melatonin Treatment Attenuates Postharvest Decay and Maintains Nutritional Quality of Strawberry Fruits (Fragaria × anannasa cv. Selva) by Enhancing GABA Shunt Activity. Food Chemistry 221: 1650-1657.
- Arnao MB, Hernandez-Ruiz J 2007. Melatonin Promotes Adventitious and Lateral Root Regeneration in Etiolated Hypocotyls of Lupinus albus L. Journal of Pineal Research 42: 147-152.
- Bali S, Kaur P, Sharma A, Ohri P, Bhardwaj R, Alyemeni MN, Wijaya L, Ahmad P 2018. Jasmonic Acid-induced Tolerance to Root-knot Nematodes in Tomato Plants Through Altered Photosynthetic and Antioxidative Defense Mechanisms. Protoplasma 255: 471-484.
- Barnes PW, Flint SD, Ryel RJ, Tobler MA, Barkley AE, Wargent JJ 2015. Rediscovering Leaf Optical Properties: New Insights into Plant Acclimation to Solar UV Radiation. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 93: 94-100.
- Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Fini A, Pollastri S, Tattini M 2013. Flavonoids as Antioxidants and Developmental Regulators: Relative Significance in Plants and Humans. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14(2): 3540-3555.
- Chen Q, Qi WB, Reiter RJ, Wei W, Wang BM 2009. Exogenously Applied Melatonin Stimulates Root Growth and Raises Endogenous Indoleacetic Acid in Roots of Etiolated Seedlings of Brassica juncea L. Journal of Plant Physiology 166: 324-328.
- Collange B, Navarrete M, Peyre G, Mateille T, Tchamitchian M 2011. Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne) Management in Vegetable Crop Production: The Challenge of an Agronomic system analysis. Crop Protection 30: 1251-1262.
- Di Gennaro SF, Battiston E, Di Marco S, Facini O, Matese A, Nocentini M, Palliotti A, Mugnai L 2016. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-Based Remote Sensing to Monitor Grapevine Leaf Stripe Disease within a Vineyard Affected by Esca Complex. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 55(2): 262-275.
- Evans CA, Miller EK, Friedland AJ 2001. Effect of Nitrogen and Light on Nutrient Concentrations and Associated Physiological Responses in Birch and Fir Seedlings. Plant Soil 236: 197-207.
- Kautz B, Hunsche M, Noga G 2014. Salinity-induced Changes for Multiparametric Fluorescence Indices of Tomato leaves. Agriculture 4: 132-146.
- Liu C, Chen L, Zhao R, Li R, Zhang S, Yu W, Sheng J, Shen L 2019. Melatonin Induces Disease Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Tomato Fruit by Activating Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathway. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 67: 6116-6124.
- Longchamps L, Khosla R 2014. Early Detection of Nitrogen Variability in Maize Using Fluorescence. Agronomy Journal 106: 511-518.
- Martinez V, Nieves-Cordones M, Lopez-Delacalle M, Rodenas R, Mestre TC, Garcia-Sanchez F, Rubio F, Nortes PA, Mittler R, Rivero RM 2018. Tolerance to Stress Combination in Tomato Plants: New Insights in the Protective Role of Melatonin. Molecules 23(3): 535.
- Moustafa-Farag M, Almoneafy A, Mahmoud A, Elkelis, A, Arnao MB, Li L, Ai S 2020. Melatonin and Its Protective Role against Biotic Stress Impacts on Plants. Biomolecules 10: 54.
- Nascimento LBS, Brunetti C, Agati G, Iacono CL, Detti C, Giordani E, Ferrini F, Gori A 2020. Short-Term Pre-Harvest UV-B Supplement Enhances the Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Ocimum basilicum Leaves during Storage. Plants 9: 797.
- Oustric J, Morillon R, Luro F, Herbette S, Lourkisti R, Giannettini J, Berti L, Santini J 2017. Tetraploid Carrizo Citrange Rootstock (Citrus sinensis Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) Enhances Natural Chilling Stress Tolerance of Common Clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan). Journal of Plant Physiology 214: 108-115.
- Qiao Y, Yin L, Wang B, Ke Q, Deng X, Wang S 2019. Melatonin Promotes Plant Growth by Increasing Nitrogen Uptake and Assimilation under Nitrogen Deficient Condition in Winter Wheat. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 139: 342-349.
- Padilla FM, Peña-Fleitas MT, Gallardo M, Thompson RB 2014. Evaluation of Optical Sensor Measurements of Canopy Reflectance and of Leaf Flavonols and Chlorophyll Contents to Assess Crop Nitrogen Status of Muskmelon. European Journal of Agronomy 58: 39-52.
- Pallmann P, Hothorn LA 2016. Analysis of Means: A Generalized Approach Using R. Journal of Applied Statistics 43(8): 1541-1560.
- Ralmi NHAA, Khandaker MM, Mat N 2016. Occurrence and Control of Root Knot Nematode in Crops: A Review. Australian Journal of Crop Science 10: 1649-1654.
- Reiter R J, Tan D, Zhou Z, Cruz MH, Fuentes-Broto L, Galano A 2015. Phytomelatonin: Assisting Plants to Survive and Thrive. Molecules 20: 7396-7437.
- Sharif R, Xie C, Zhang H, Arnao MB, Ali M, Ali Q, Muhammad I, Shalmani A, Nawaz MA, Chen P, Li Y. 2018. Melatonin and Its Effects on Plant Systems. Molecules 23: 2352.
- Shi H, Chen Y, Tan DX, Reiter RJ, Chan Z, He C 2015. Melatonin Induces Nitric Oxide and the Potential Mechanisms Relate to Innate Immunity against Bacterial Pathogen Infection in Arabidopsis. Journal of Pineal Research 59: 102-108.
- Silva-Sánchez A, Buil-Salafranca J, Cabral AC, Uriz-Ezcaray N, García-Mendívil HA, Sorribas FJ, José Luis Araus JL, Gracia-Romero A 2019. Comparison of Proximal Remote Sensing Devices for Estimating Physiological Responses of Eggplants to Root-Knot Nematodes. Proceedings 18: 9.
- Singh B, Chastain DR, Reddy KR, Snider JL, Krutz LJ, Stetina SR, Sehgal A 2020. EarlySeason Morphological and Physiological Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Cotton Genotypes to Reniform Nematode and Soil Nitrogen. Agronomy 10: 1974.
- Sun Y, Liu Z, Lan G, Jiao C, Sun Y 2019. Effect of Exogenous Melatonin on Resistance of Cucumber to Downy Mildew. Scientia Horticulturae 255: 231-241.
- Tattini M, Galardi C, Pinelli P, Massai R, Remorini D, Agati G 2004. Differential Accumulation of Flavonoids and Hydroxycinnamates in Leaves of Ligustrum vulgare under Excess Light and Drought Stress. New Phytologist 163: 547-561.
- Wang P, Sun X, Li C, Wei Z, Liang D, Ma F 2013. Long-term Exogenous Application of Melatonin Delays Drought-induced Leaf Senescence in Apple. Journal of Pineal Research 54: 292-302.
- Weeda S, Zhang N, Zhao X, Ndip G, Guo Y, Buck GA, Fu C, Ren S 2014. Arabidopsis Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Roles of Melatonin in Plant Defense Systems. Plos One 9: e93462.
- Wei Y, Hu W, Wang Q, Zeng H, Li X, Yan Y, Reiter RJ, He C, Shi H 2017. Identification, Transcriptional and Functional Analysis of Heat-shock Protein 90s in Banana (Musa acuminata L.) Highlight Their Novel Role in Melatonin-mediated Plant Response to Fusarium wilt. Journal of Pineal Research 62(1): e12367.
- Wei Y, Chang Y, Zeng H, Liu G, He C, Shi H 2018. RAV Transcription Factors are Essential for Disease Resistance against Cassava Bacterial Blight via Activation of Melatonin Biosynthesis Genes. Journal of Pineal Research 64: e12454.
- Yin L, Wang P, Li M, Ke X, Li C, Liang D, Wu S, Ma X, Li C, Zou Y 2013. Exogenous Melatonin Improves Malus resistance to Marssonina Apple Blotch. Journal of Pineal Research 54: 426-434.
- Yu Y, Lv Y, Shi Y, Li T, Chen Y, Zhao D, Zhao Z 2018. The Role of Phyto-melatonin and Related Metabolites in Response to Stress. Molecules 23: 1887.
- Zhang N, Sun Q, Zhang H, Cao Y, Weeda S, Ren S, Guo YD 2014. Roles of Melatonin in Abiotic Stress Resistance in Plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 66: 647-656.
- Zhang N, Sun Q, Li H, Li X, Cao Y, Zhang H, Li S, Zhang L, Qi Y, Ren S, Zhao B, Guo YD 2016. Melatonin Improved Anthocyanin Accumulation by Regulating Gene Expressions and Resulted in High Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging Capacity in Cabbage. Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 197.
- Zhang S, Zheng X, Reiter RJ, Feng S, Liu S, Wang Y, Jin L, Li Z, Datla R, Ren M 2017. Melatonin Attenuates Potato Late Blight by Disrupting Cell Growth, Stress Tolerance, Fungicide Susceptibility and Homeostasis of Gene Expression in Phytophthora infestans. Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 1993.
- Zhang R, Sun Y, Liu Z, Jin W, Sun Y 2017. Effects of Melatonin on Seedling Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Nitrogen Metabolism in Cucumber under Nitrate Stress. Journal of Pineal Research 62: e12403.
- Zhao L, Chen L, Gu P, Zhan X, Zhang Y, Hou C, Wu Z, Wu YF, Wang QC 2019. Exogenous Application of Melatonin Improves Plant Resistance to Virus Infection. Plant Pathology 68: 1287-1295.
Öz
This study was conducted in 2020 to investigate the influence of melatonin (10, 50 and 100 µM) given in three methods (immersion, irrigation, and foliar spraying) on some physiological aspects of tomato seedlings inoculated with root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita [(Kofoid and White) Chitwood]. The seedlings were inoculated with 1000 second-stage juveniles of M. incognita. Dualex® optic sensor was used to in situ measure total chlorophylls, flavonols, anthocyanins contents and nitrogen balance index (NBI). Results indicated that while no significant effects were observed on chlorophyll content, melatonin ameliorated the adverse effects of M. incognita on chlorophyll depending on the concentration and mode of application. Flavonols were at the highest in the irrigated plants and the lowest in the immersed ones. NBI was affected by the method the melatonin was applied, and immersing boosted it while irrigation caused a significant decrease. Irrigation resulted in significantly higher anthocyanins compared to the other two methods. One observation was that applying melatonin in the low and medium concentrations to the soil containing nematode increased the anthocyanin content of the plant. Melatonin merits a value in developing a response against the nematode but needs further elucidation.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Anthocyanins Chlorophyll Flavonoids Meloidogyne incognita NBI
Proje Numarası
119O660
Kaynakça
- Agati G, Tuccio L, Kusznierewicz B, Chmiel T, Bartoszek A, Kowalski A, Grzegorzewska M, Kosson R, Kaniszewski S 2016. Nondestructive Optical Sensing of Flavonols and Chlorophyll in White Head Cabbage Grown under Different Nitrogen Regimens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64: 85-94.
- Aghdam MS, Fard JR 2017. Melatonin Treatment Attenuates Postharvest Decay and Maintains Nutritional Quality of Strawberry Fruits (Fragaria × anannasa cv. Selva) by Enhancing GABA Shunt Activity. Food Chemistry 221: 1650-1657.
- Arnao MB, Hernandez-Ruiz J 2007. Melatonin Promotes Adventitious and Lateral Root Regeneration in Etiolated Hypocotyls of Lupinus albus L. Journal of Pineal Research 42: 147-152.
- Bali S, Kaur P, Sharma A, Ohri P, Bhardwaj R, Alyemeni MN, Wijaya L, Ahmad P 2018. Jasmonic Acid-induced Tolerance to Root-knot Nematodes in Tomato Plants Through Altered Photosynthetic and Antioxidative Defense Mechanisms. Protoplasma 255: 471-484.
- Barnes PW, Flint SD, Ryel RJ, Tobler MA, Barkley AE, Wargent JJ 2015. Rediscovering Leaf Optical Properties: New Insights into Plant Acclimation to Solar UV Radiation. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 93: 94-100.
- Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Fini A, Pollastri S, Tattini M 2013. Flavonoids as Antioxidants and Developmental Regulators: Relative Significance in Plants and Humans. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14(2): 3540-3555.
- Chen Q, Qi WB, Reiter RJ, Wei W, Wang BM 2009. Exogenously Applied Melatonin Stimulates Root Growth and Raises Endogenous Indoleacetic Acid in Roots of Etiolated Seedlings of Brassica juncea L. Journal of Plant Physiology 166: 324-328.
- Collange B, Navarrete M, Peyre G, Mateille T, Tchamitchian M 2011. Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne) Management in Vegetable Crop Production: The Challenge of an Agronomic system analysis. Crop Protection 30: 1251-1262.
- Di Gennaro SF, Battiston E, Di Marco S, Facini O, Matese A, Nocentini M, Palliotti A, Mugnai L 2016. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-Based Remote Sensing to Monitor Grapevine Leaf Stripe Disease within a Vineyard Affected by Esca Complex. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 55(2): 262-275.
- Evans CA, Miller EK, Friedland AJ 2001. Effect of Nitrogen and Light on Nutrient Concentrations and Associated Physiological Responses in Birch and Fir Seedlings. Plant Soil 236: 197-207.
- Kautz B, Hunsche M, Noga G 2014. Salinity-induced Changes for Multiparametric Fluorescence Indices of Tomato leaves. Agriculture 4: 132-146.
- Liu C, Chen L, Zhao R, Li R, Zhang S, Yu W, Sheng J, Shen L 2019. Melatonin Induces Disease Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Tomato Fruit by Activating Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathway. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 67: 6116-6124.
- Longchamps L, Khosla R 2014. Early Detection of Nitrogen Variability in Maize Using Fluorescence. Agronomy Journal 106: 511-518.
- Martinez V, Nieves-Cordones M, Lopez-Delacalle M, Rodenas R, Mestre TC, Garcia-Sanchez F, Rubio F, Nortes PA, Mittler R, Rivero RM 2018. Tolerance to Stress Combination in Tomato Plants: New Insights in the Protective Role of Melatonin. Molecules 23(3): 535.
- Moustafa-Farag M, Almoneafy A, Mahmoud A, Elkelis, A, Arnao MB, Li L, Ai S 2020. Melatonin and Its Protective Role against Biotic Stress Impacts on Plants. Biomolecules 10: 54.
- Nascimento LBS, Brunetti C, Agati G, Iacono CL, Detti C, Giordani E, Ferrini F, Gori A 2020. Short-Term Pre-Harvest UV-B Supplement Enhances the Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Ocimum basilicum Leaves during Storage. Plants 9: 797.
- Oustric J, Morillon R, Luro F, Herbette S, Lourkisti R, Giannettini J, Berti L, Santini J 2017. Tetraploid Carrizo Citrange Rootstock (Citrus sinensis Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) Enhances Natural Chilling Stress Tolerance of Common Clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan). Journal of Plant Physiology 214: 108-115.
- Qiao Y, Yin L, Wang B, Ke Q, Deng X, Wang S 2019. Melatonin Promotes Plant Growth by Increasing Nitrogen Uptake and Assimilation under Nitrogen Deficient Condition in Winter Wheat. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 139: 342-349.
- Padilla FM, Peña-Fleitas MT, Gallardo M, Thompson RB 2014. Evaluation of Optical Sensor Measurements of Canopy Reflectance and of Leaf Flavonols and Chlorophyll Contents to Assess Crop Nitrogen Status of Muskmelon. European Journal of Agronomy 58: 39-52.
- Pallmann P, Hothorn LA 2016. Analysis of Means: A Generalized Approach Using R. Journal of Applied Statistics 43(8): 1541-1560.
- Ralmi NHAA, Khandaker MM, Mat N 2016. Occurrence and Control of Root Knot Nematode in Crops: A Review. Australian Journal of Crop Science 10: 1649-1654.
- Reiter R J, Tan D, Zhou Z, Cruz MH, Fuentes-Broto L, Galano A 2015. Phytomelatonin: Assisting Plants to Survive and Thrive. Molecules 20: 7396-7437.
- Sharif R, Xie C, Zhang H, Arnao MB, Ali M, Ali Q, Muhammad I, Shalmani A, Nawaz MA, Chen P, Li Y. 2018. Melatonin and Its Effects on Plant Systems. Molecules 23: 2352.
- Shi H, Chen Y, Tan DX, Reiter RJ, Chan Z, He C 2015. Melatonin Induces Nitric Oxide and the Potential Mechanisms Relate to Innate Immunity against Bacterial Pathogen Infection in Arabidopsis. Journal of Pineal Research 59: 102-108.
- Silva-Sánchez A, Buil-Salafranca J, Cabral AC, Uriz-Ezcaray N, García-Mendívil HA, Sorribas FJ, José Luis Araus JL, Gracia-Romero A 2019. Comparison of Proximal Remote Sensing Devices for Estimating Physiological Responses of Eggplants to Root-Knot Nematodes. Proceedings 18: 9.
- Singh B, Chastain DR, Reddy KR, Snider JL, Krutz LJ, Stetina SR, Sehgal A 2020. EarlySeason Morphological and Physiological Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Cotton Genotypes to Reniform Nematode and Soil Nitrogen. Agronomy 10: 1974.
- Sun Y, Liu Z, Lan G, Jiao C, Sun Y 2019. Effect of Exogenous Melatonin on Resistance of Cucumber to Downy Mildew. Scientia Horticulturae 255: 231-241.
- Tattini M, Galardi C, Pinelli P, Massai R, Remorini D, Agati G 2004. Differential Accumulation of Flavonoids and Hydroxycinnamates in Leaves of Ligustrum vulgare under Excess Light and Drought Stress. New Phytologist 163: 547-561.
- Wang P, Sun X, Li C, Wei Z, Liang D, Ma F 2013. Long-term Exogenous Application of Melatonin Delays Drought-induced Leaf Senescence in Apple. Journal of Pineal Research 54: 292-302.
- Weeda S, Zhang N, Zhao X, Ndip G, Guo Y, Buck GA, Fu C, Ren S 2014. Arabidopsis Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Roles of Melatonin in Plant Defense Systems. Plos One 9: e93462.
- Wei Y, Hu W, Wang Q, Zeng H, Li X, Yan Y, Reiter RJ, He C, Shi H 2017. Identification, Transcriptional and Functional Analysis of Heat-shock Protein 90s in Banana (Musa acuminata L.) Highlight Their Novel Role in Melatonin-mediated Plant Response to Fusarium wilt. Journal of Pineal Research 62(1): e12367.
- Wei Y, Chang Y, Zeng H, Liu G, He C, Shi H 2018. RAV Transcription Factors are Essential for Disease Resistance against Cassava Bacterial Blight via Activation of Melatonin Biosynthesis Genes. Journal of Pineal Research 64: e12454.
- Yin L, Wang P, Li M, Ke X, Li C, Liang D, Wu S, Ma X, Li C, Zou Y 2013. Exogenous Melatonin Improves Malus resistance to Marssonina Apple Blotch. Journal of Pineal Research 54: 426-434.
- Yu Y, Lv Y, Shi Y, Li T, Chen Y, Zhao D, Zhao Z 2018. The Role of Phyto-melatonin and Related Metabolites in Response to Stress. Molecules 23: 1887.
- Zhang N, Sun Q, Zhang H, Cao Y, Weeda S, Ren S, Guo YD 2014. Roles of Melatonin in Abiotic Stress Resistance in Plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 66: 647-656.
- Zhang N, Sun Q, Li H, Li X, Cao Y, Zhang H, Li S, Zhang L, Qi Y, Ren S, Zhao B, Guo YD 2016. Melatonin Improved Anthocyanin Accumulation by Regulating Gene Expressions and Resulted in High Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging Capacity in Cabbage. Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 197.
- Zhang S, Zheng X, Reiter RJ, Feng S, Liu S, Wang Y, Jin L, Li Z, Datla R, Ren M 2017. Melatonin Attenuates Potato Late Blight by Disrupting Cell Growth, Stress Tolerance, Fungicide Susceptibility and Homeostasis of Gene Expression in Phytophthora infestans. Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 1993.
- Zhang R, Sun Y, Liu Z, Jin W, Sun Y 2017. Effects of Melatonin on Seedling Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Nitrogen Metabolism in Cucumber under Nitrate Stress. Journal of Pineal Research 62: e12403.
- Zhao L, Chen L, Gu P, Zhan X, Zhang Y, Hou C, Wu Z, Wu YF, Wang QC 2019. Exogenous Application of Melatonin Improves Plant Resistance to Virus Infection. Plant Pathology 68: 1287-1295.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | 119O660 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Ağustos 2022 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 18 Mayıs 2021 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 31 Ağustos 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 |
Cited By
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