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Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Investigation of in vitro Cytotoxic Effects of Perchloroetylene by Using Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 5, 644 - 649, 31.10.2018

Ümit Ünsal Tülay Aşkın Çelik

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksudobil.407505
Cited By: 1

Öz

Perchlorethylene
(PERC= tetrachlorethylene) is widely used in industry as a dry-cleaning
solvent, degreaser, and cleaner. PCE is a useful solvent in the dry-cleaning
industry because it is an effective cleaner and prevent shrinking and color
fading of garments. At least two-thirds of dry cleaners use PCE as a solvent in
their dry-cleaning operations. The
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) included PCE to the Group 2A
probable human carcinogen, and considers it as possibly carcinogenic to the
dry-cleaning industry workers. It has been showed that PERC causes human skin
lesions as well as lymphosarcoma, leukemia, colon, lung and urogenital cancers
in dry cleaning workers. In this study, the potential cytotoxic effect of pure
Perchloroethylene on Artemia salina larvas
was investigated by Brine Shrimp Letality Assay. In experiments saline was used
as negative control, ethanol was used as solvent control and Mytomicin-C (MMC)
was used as positive control. The results of this study (LC50
values) showed that the cytotoxic effect on the A. salina larvae exposed to PERC for 24 hours in vitro was only due to the application of 1000 ppm of PERC, while
the other concentrations (10 and 100 ppm) did not have cytotoxic activity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Artemia salina Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay Perchloroethylene Cytotoxic effect

Kaynakça

  • Anonim, 2004. Tetrachloroethylene. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/tetrachloroethylene#section=Top. Hazırlanma Tarihi. 16.09.2004. Erişim Tarihi, 05.04.2018.
  • Anonim, 2008. Artemia Kültürü. MEGEP (Meslekî Eğitim ve Öğretim Sisteminin Güçlendirilmesi Projesi). T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı, Ankara.
  • Aranyi, C, O’Shea WJ, Graham JA, Miller FJ. 1986. The Effects of Inhalation of Organic Chemical Air Contaminants on Murine Lung Host Defences. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 6: 713-720.
  • ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), 1997. Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene. (Public Health Service Report, No. TP-92/18).
  • Blair A, Steward PA, Tolbert PE, Graunan D, Moran,FX, Vaught J, Ryner J.1990. Cancer and Other Causes of Death Among a Cohort of Dry Cleaners. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 47:162-168.
  • Choudhary IM, Thomsen WJ. 2001. Bioassay Techniques For Drug Development, Harwood Academic Publishers, 8-10.
  • ECETOC Technical Report. Brussels, European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals. 1990. Tetrachloroethylene: Assessment of human carcinogenic hazard. No. 37.
  • Fişek AG, Piyal B. 1991. İşçi Sağlığı Kılavuzu. Türk Tabipleri Birliği Yayını, Ankara.
  • Hartmann A, Speit G. 1995. Genotoxic Effects of Chemicals in The Single Cell Gel (SCG) Test with Human Blood Cells in Relation to the Induction of Sisterchromatid Exchanges (SCE). Mutat. Res. 346:49-56.
  • Galloway SM, Armstrong MJ, Reuben C, Colman S, Brown B, Cannon C, Bloom AD, Nakamura F, Ahmed M, Duk S, et al. 1987. Chromosome Aberrations and Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells: Evaluations of 108 Chemicals. Environ Mol Mutagen. 10 Suppl 10:1-175.
  • Ghantous, H, BRG. Danielsson, L. Dencker, J, Gorczak, O. Vesterberg. 1986. Trichloroacetic Acid Accumulates in The Murine Amniotic Fluid after Tri- and Tetrachloroethylene İnhalation. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 58: 105-114.
  • IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. World health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1995. Dry Cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Other Industrial Chemicals. 63.:159–221, France.
  • Insanu M, Anggadiredja J, Kayser O. 2012. Curcacycline A and B–New Pharmacological Insights to an Old Drug. Int J Appl Res Nat Prod., 5: 26-34.
  • Karakaya AE. 1996. İş Yerlerinde Maruz Kalınan Kimyasallar ve Endüstri Toksikoljisi. İşçi Sağlığı ve İş Güvenliği Bülteni, sayı:35, Ankara.
  • Kerster, HW, Schaeffer, DJ. 1983. Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Nauplii as a Teratogen Test System. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 7(3):342-9.
  • Kokkali V, Katramados I, Newman JD. 2011. Monitoring The Effect of Metal Ions on The Mobility of Artemia salina nauplii. Biosensors 1 (2): 36-45.
  • Lee JS. 2008. Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) CAS Registry Number: 127-18-4. Development Support Document Final, April 15, 2008, Accessible 2013 Revised Odor Value: September 14, 2015.
  • Lewan L, Andersson M, Morales-Gomez P. 1992. The Use of Artemia salina in Toxicity Testing. ATLA, 20:297-301.
  • Libralato G, Prato E, Migliore L, Cicero AM, Manfra L. 2016. A Review of Toxicity Testing Protocols and Endpoints with Artemia spp. Ecological Indicators, (69): 35-49.
  • Lundberg I, Hogberg, J, Kronevi, T, Holmberg, B. 1987. Three İndustrial Solvents İnvestigated for Tumor Promoting Activity in The Rat Liver. Cancer Lett. 36: 29–33.
  • Manfra L, Savorelli F, Pisapia M, Magaletti E, Cicero AM. 2012. Long-term Lethal Toxicity Test with The Crustacean Artemia franciscana. JoVE, 62: 2182–2185.
  • Maronpot RR., Shimkin MB, Witschi H.P, Smith LH, Cline JM. 1986. Strain A-Mouse Pulmonary Tumor Test Results for Chemicals Previously Tested in The National Cancer Institute Carcinogenicity Tests. JNCI 76: 1101–1112.
  • Mclaughlin JL, Rogers LL, Anderson JE. 1998. The Use of Biological Assays to Evaluate Botanicals. Drug Inf J., 32: 513–24.
  • Milman HA., Story DA, Riccio ES, Sivak A, Tu AS, Williams A.S, Tong C, Tyson CA. 1988. Rat Liver Foci and in vitro Assays to Detect İnitiating and Promoting Effects of Chlorinated Ethanes and Ethylenes. Annal. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 534: 521–530.
  • Muzzullo MS, Grilli G, Lattanzi G, Prodi G, Turina MP, Colacci A. 1987. Evidence of DNA Binding Activity of Perchloroethylene. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 58(2): 215-235.
  • Nguta, JM., Mbaria, JM., Gakuya, DW., Gathumbi, PK., Kabasa, JD., Kiama, SG. 2011.Biological Screening of Kenya Medicinal Plants using Artemia salina L. (Artemiidae). Pharmacologyonline 2: 458-478.
  • Nunes BS, Carvalho FD, Guilhermino LM, Van Stappen G. 2006. Use of The Genus Artemia in Ecotoxicity Testing. Environ Pollut., 144: 453–62.
  • Oran, Ö. 2016. Kuru Temizleme Atölyelerinde Çalışanların Maruz Kaldığı Kimyasal Risk Faktörlerinin İncelenmesi. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik bakanlığı, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Genel Müdürlüğü, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Uzmanlık Tezi, 110 s.
  • PSLAR, Priority Substances List Assessment Report Tetrachloroethylene. 1993. Canadian Environmental Protection Act. ISBN 0-662-21066-2 Cat. No. En-40-215/28E.
  • Potter CL, Chang LW, De Angelo AB, Daniel FB. 1996. Effects of Four Trihalomethanes on DNA Strand Breaks, Renal Hyaline Droplet Formation and Serum Testosterone in Male F-344 Rats. Cancer Lett., 106(2):235-242.
  • Rajabi S, Ramazani A, Hamidi M, Tahereh N. 2015. Artemia salina as A Model Organism in Toxicity Assessment of Nanoparticles. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 23: 20. DOI 10.1186/s40199-015-0105-x.
  • Solis PN, Wright CW, Anderson MM, Gupta MP, Phillipson JD 1993. Amicrowell Cytotoxicity Assay using Artemia salina. Plant Med., 59: 250-252.
  • Spencer HB, Hussein WR, Tchounwou PB. 2002. Effects of Tetrachloroethylene on The Viability and Development Of Embryos of The Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 42: 463-469. DOI: 10.1007/s00244-001-0050-1.
  • Theiss JC, Stoner GD, Shimkin MB, Weisberger EK. 1977. Test for Carcinogenicity of Organic Contaminants of United States Drinking Waters by Pulmonary Tumor Response in Strain A Mice. Cancer. Res. 37: 2717–2720.
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).2003. Neurotoxicity of Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene): Discussion Paper, EPA/600/P-03/005A. Washington, D.C. Available from: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/ recordisplay.cfm?deid=75193.
  • Ünsal Ü. 2013. Perkloretilen (PERC)’in Sitotoksik ve in vitro Genotoksik Etkisinin Farklı Test Sistemleri İle Araştırılması. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi,130 s.
  • Van Duuren BL, Goldschmidt BM, Loewengar G, Smith AC, Melchionne S , Seldman I, Roth D. 1979. Carcinogenicity of Halogenated Olefinic and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Mice. JNCI 63: 1433–1439.
  • Walles SA. 1986. Induction of Single-Strand Breaks in DNA of Mice by Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene. Toxicol Lett., 31:31-35.
  • Wang JL, Chen WL, Tsai SY, Sung PY, Huang RN. 2001. An in vitro Model for Evaluation of Vaporous Toxicity of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene to CHO-K1 Cells. Chem Biol Interact., 137(2):139-154.
  • White IN, Razvi N, Gibbs AH, Davies AM, Manno M, Zaccaro C, De Matteis F, Pähler A, Dekant W. 2001. Neoantigen Formation and Clastogenic Action of HCFC-123 and Perchloroethylene in Human MCL-5 cells. Toxicol Lett., 124:129-138.
  • Zhu Qi-Xing, Shen T, Ding R, Liang Zhao-Zhao, Zhang, Xue-Jun. 2005. Cytotoxicity of Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene on Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes and Protective Role of Vitamin E. Toxicology, 209: 55–67.

Perkloretilen’in in vitro Sitotoksik Etkisinin Brine Shrimp Letalite Testi ile Araştırılması

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 5, 644 - 649, 31.10.2018

Ümit Ünsal Tülay Aşkın Çelik

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksudobil.407505
Cited By: 1

Öz

Perkloroetilen
(PERC), kuru temizleme endüstrisinde çözücü, yağ giderici ve temizleyici olarak
yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Perkloroetilen, güçlü ve etkili bir
temizleyici olup giysilerin buruşmasını ve renginin solmasını engeller. Kuru
temizleme dükkanlarının en az üçte ikisi kuru temizleme işlemlerinde
perkloroetilen’i kullanmaktadır. Uluslararası Kanser Araştırmaları Ajansı
(IARC, 1995) Perkloroetileni insan karsinojeni olarak Grup2A içerisine almıştır
ve kurutemizleme endüstrisinde çalışan insanlar için kanserojen olabileceğini
belirtmiştir. PERC’in kuru temizlemede çalışan işçilerde cilt lezyonlarının
yanı sıra, lenfosarkom, lösemi, kolon, akciğer ve ürogenital kanserlere neden
olduğuna dair çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada saf Perkloroetilen’in Artemia salina larvaları üzerindeki
potansiyel sitotoksik etkisi Brine Shrimp Letalite Testi ile araştırılmıştır.
Denemelerde negatif kontrol olarak tuzlu su, çözücü kontrol olarak etanol ve
pozitif kontrol olarak da Mitomisin-C (MMC) kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları,
LC50
değerlerine göre, in vitro ortamda PERC’e 24 saat maruz
bırakılan A.salina
larvaları üzerindeki sitotoksik etkinin sadece 1000 ppm’lik PERC uygulanması
sonucunda ortaya çıktığını, diğer konsantrasyon aralıklarında (10 ve 100 ppm)
ise sitotoksik aktivitesinin olmadığını göstermiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Artemia salina Brine Shrimp Letalite Testi Perkloroetilen Sitotoksik etki

Kaynakça

  • Anonim, 2004. Tetrachloroethylene. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/tetrachloroethylene#section=Top. Hazırlanma Tarihi. 16.09.2004. Erişim Tarihi, 05.04.2018.
  • Anonim, 2008. Artemia Kültürü. MEGEP (Meslekî Eğitim ve Öğretim Sisteminin Güçlendirilmesi Projesi). T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı, Ankara.
  • Aranyi, C, O’Shea WJ, Graham JA, Miller FJ. 1986. The Effects of Inhalation of Organic Chemical Air Contaminants on Murine Lung Host Defences. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 6: 713-720.
  • ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), 1997. Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene. (Public Health Service Report, No. TP-92/18).
  • Blair A, Steward PA, Tolbert PE, Graunan D, Moran,FX, Vaught J, Ryner J.1990. Cancer and Other Causes of Death Among a Cohort of Dry Cleaners. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 47:162-168.
  • Choudhary IM, Thomsen WJ. 2001. Bioassay Techniques For Drug Development, Harwood Academic Publishers, 8-10.
  • ECETOC Technical Report. Brussels, European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals. 1990. Tetrachloroethylene: Assessment of human carcinogenic hazard. No. 37.
  • Fişek AG, Piyal B. 1991. İşçi Sağlığı Kılavuzu. Türk Tabipleri Birliği Yayını, Ankara.
  • Hartmann A, Speit G. 1995. Genotoxic Effects of Chemicals in The Single Cell Gel (SCG) Test with Human Blood Cells in Relation to the Induction of Sisterchromatid Exchanges (SCE). Mutat. Res. 346:49-56.
  • Galloway SM, Armstrong MJ, Reuben C, Colman S, Brown B, Cannon C, Bloom AD, Nakamura F, Ahmed M, Duk S, et al. 1987. Chromosome Aberrations and Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells: Evaluations of 108 Chemicals. Environ Mol Mutagen. 10 Suppl 10:1-175.
  • Ghantous, H, BRG. Danielsson, L. Dencker, J, Gorczak, O. Vesterberg. 1986. Trichloroacetic Acid Accumulates in The Murine Amniotic Fluid after Tri- and Tetrachloroethylene İnhalation. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 58: 105-114.
  • IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. World health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1995. Dry Cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Other Industrial Chemicals. 63.:159–221, France.
  • Insanu M, Anggadiredja J, Kayser O. 2012. Curcacycline A and B–New Pharmacological Insights to an Old Drug. Int J Appl Res Nat Prod., 5: 26-34.
  • Karakaya AE. 1996. İş Yerlerinde Maruz Kalınan Kimyasallar ve Endüstri Toksikoljisi. İşçi Sağlığı ve İş Güvenliği Bülteni, sayı:35, Ankara.
  • Kerster, HW, Schaeffer, DJ. 1983. Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Nauplii as a Teratogen Test System. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 7(3):342-9.
  • Kokkali V, Katramados I, Newman JD. 2011. Monitoring The Effect of Metal Ions on The Mobility of Artemia salina nauplii. Biosensors 1 (2): 36-45.
  • Lee JS. 2008. Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) CAS Registry Number: 127-18-4. Development Support Document Final, April 15, 2008, Accessible 2013 Revised Odor Value: September 14, 2015.
  • Lewan L, Andersson M, Morales-Gomez P. 1992. The Use of Artemia salina in Toxicity Testing. ATLA, 20:297-301.
  • Libralato G, Prato E, Migliore L, Cicero AM, Manfra L. 2016. A Review of Toxicity Testing Protocols and Endpoints with Artemia spp. Ecological Indicators, (69): 35-49.
  • Lundberg I, Hogberg, J, Kronevi, T, Holmberg, B. 1987. Three İndustrial Solvents İnvestigated for Tumor Promoting Activity in The Rat Liver. Cancer Lett. 36: 29–33.
  • Manfra L, Savorelli F, Pisapia M, Magaletti E, Cicero AM. 2012. Long-term Lethal Toxicity Test with The Crustacean Artemia franciscana. JoVE, 62: 2182–2185.
  • Maronpot RR., Shimkin MB, Witschi H.P, Smith LH, Cline JM. 1986. Strain A-Mouse Pulmonary Tumor Test Results for Chemicals Previously Tested in The National Cancer Institute Carcinogenicity Tests. JNCI 76: 1101–1112.
  • Mclaughlin JL, Rogers LL, Anderson JE. 1998. The Use of Biological Assays to Evaluate Botanicals. Drug Inf J., 32: 513–24.
  • Milman HA., Story DA, Riccio ES, Sivak A, Tu AS, Williams A.S, Tong C, Tyson CA. 1988. Rat Liver Foci and in vitro Assays to Detect İnitiating and Promoting Effects of Chlorinated Ethanes and Ethylenes. Annal. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 534: 521–530.
  • Muzzullo MS, Grilli G, Lattanzi G, Prodi G, Turina MP, Colacci A. 1987. Evidence of DNA Binding Activity of Perchloroethylene. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 58(2): 215-235.
  • Nguta, JM., Mbaria, JM., Gakuya, DW., Gathumbi, PK., Kabasa, JD., Kiama, SG. 2011.Biological Screening of Kenya Medicinal Plants using Artemia salina L. (Artemiidae). Pharmacologyonline 2: 458-478.
  • Nunes BS, Carvalho FD, Guilhermino LM, Van Stappen G. 2006. Use of The Genus Artemia in Ecotoxicity Testing. Environ Pollut., 144: 453–62.
  • Oran, Ö. 2016. Kuru Temizleme Atölyelerinde Çalışanların Maruz Kaldığı Kimyasal Risk Faktörlerinin İncelenmesi. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik bakanlığı, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Genel Müdürlüğü, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Uzmanlık Tezi, 110 s.
  • PSLAR, Priority Substances List Assessment Report Tetrachloroethylene. 1993. Canadian Environmental Protection Act. ISBN 0-662-21066-2 Cat. No. En-40-215/28E.
  • Potter CL, Chang LW, De Angelo AB, Daniel FB. 1996. Effects of Four Trihalomethanes on DNA Strand Breaks, Renal Hyaline Droplet Formation and Serum Testosterone in Male F-344 Rats. Cancer Lett., 106(2):235-242.
  • Rajabi S, Ramazani A, Hamidi M, Tahereh N. 2015. Artemia salina as A Model Organism in Toxicity Assessment of Nanoparticles. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 23: 20. DOI 10.1186/s40199-015-0105-x.
  • Solis PN, Wright CW, Anderson MM, Gupta MP, Phillipson JD 1993. Amicrowell Cytotoxicity Assay using Artemia salina. Plant Med., 59: 250-252.
  • Spencer HB, Hussein WR, Tchounwou PB. 2002. Effects of Tetrachloroethylene on The Viability and Development Of Embryos of The Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 42: 463-469. DOI: 10.1007/s00244-001-0050-1.
  • Theiss JC, Stoner GD, Shimkin MB, Weisberger EK. 1977. Test for Carcinogenicity of Organic Contaminants of United States Drinking Waters by Pulmonary Tumor Response in Strain A Mice. Cancer. Res. 37: 2717–2720.
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).2003. Neurotoxicity of Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene): Discussion Paper, EPA/600/P-03/005A. Washington, D.C. Available from: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/ recordisplay.cfm?deid=75193.
  • Ünsal Ü. 2013. Perkloretilen (PERC)’in Sitotoksik ve in vitro Genotoksik Etkisinin Farklı Test Sistemleri İle Araştırılması. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi,130 s.
  • Van Duuren BL, Goldschmidt BM, Loewengar G, Smith AC, Melchionne S , Seldman I, Roth D. 1979. Carcinogenicity of Halogenated Olefinic and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Mice. JNCI 63: 1433–1439.
  • Walles SA. 1986. Induction of Single-Strand Breaks in DNA of Mice by Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene. Toxicol Lett., 31:31-35.
  • Wang JL, Chen WL, Tsai SY, Sung PY, Huang RN. 2001. An in vitro Model for Evaluation of Vaporous Toxicity of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene to CHO-K1 Cells. Chem Biol Interact., 137(2):139-154.
  • White IN, Razvi N, Gibbs AH, Davies AM, Manno M, Zaccaro C, De Matteis F, Pähler A, Dekant W. 2001. Neoantigen Formation and Clastogenic Action of HCFC-123 and Perchloroethylene in Human MCL-5 cells. Toxicol Lett., 124:129-138.
  • Zhu Qi-Xing, Shen T, Ding R, Liang Zhao-Zhao, Zhang, Xue-Jun. 2005. Cytotoxicity of Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene on Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes and Protective Role of Vitamin E. Toxicology, 209: 55–67.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article)
Yazarlar

Ümit Ünsal

Tülay Aşkın Çelik

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Mart 2018
Kabul Tarihi 16 Nisan 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünsal, Ü., & Çelik, T. A. (2018). Perkloretilen’in in vitro Sitotoksik Etkisinin Brine Shrimp Letalite Testi ile Araştırılması. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 21(5), 644-649. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksudobil.407505

Cited By

The genotoxic effects of perchloroethylene in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and the possible ameliorative role of α-tocopherol
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Ayşe Yavuz Kocaman
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13523-3
 Kapak Resmi İndir

21082



2022-JIF = 0.500

2022-JCI = 0.170

Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi (International Peer Reviewed Journal)

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      Yılda 6 sayı yayınlanır. (Published 6 times a year)


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