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Determination of In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Different Propolis Samples from Düzce-Yığılca Region against Oral Microorganisms

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 223 - 233, 30.04.2022

Meral Kekeçoğlu , Emine Sönmez , Pelin Dorkaç Nazife Eroglu

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.928230
Cited By: 1

Öz

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of propolis samples collected from 3 different locations in Düzce Province Yığılca District, especially against bacteria and yeasts that cause oral infections. The activity of propolis samples including chemical content, phenolic and flavonoid composition was determined by LCMS-MS method and herbal origin was determined with palynological analysis. They were tested against 2 Gram (-), anaerobic, 2 Gram (+) anerobic, 2 Gram (+) facultative anaerobic bacteria and 3 yeast. The efficiency of propolis samples against these microorganisms was determined by the disk diffusion method and the formed zones were measured. When compared with ethanol control, propolis samples were found effective against all microorganisms. Propolis samples which determined the inhibition zone were subjected to the MIC test. Propolis samples have MIC values between 2 µg/ml and 128 µg/ml. While Enterococcus faecalis was found as the most sensitive strain among bacteria; Candida krusei was identified as the most resistant strain. While the propolis sample from Hoşafoğlu Village is determined as the most effective group against all tested microorganisms, the propolis sample from Redifler Village was less effective. As a result, propolis samples from Düzce / Yığılca region sustained high antibacterial and antifungal activity against selected microorganisms releted to the oral flora. Considering that oral infections will lead to greater systemic problems if left untreated, natural propolis extracts is recommended in the treatment of such infections.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Propolis Oral flora Microorganism Antimicrobial activity

Proje Numarası

2209

Kaynakça

  • Aga H, Shibuya T, Sugimoto T, Kurimoto M, Nakajima SH 1994. Isolation and identification of antimicrobial compounds in Brazilian propolis. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, 58(5): 945-946.
  • Bağış N, Kurgan Ş, Önder C 2014. Ağız içi candida enfeksiyonları ve tedavisi. A.Ü. Diş Hek. Fak. Dergisi, 41(3): 191-198.
  • Bankova VS, De Castro SL, Marcucci MC 2000. Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Apidologie, 31: 3–15.
  • Bogdanov S 2012. Propolis: Composition, Health, Medicine: A Review. Bee Product Science.
  • Bradshaw DJ, Marsh PD, Watson GK, Allison C 1998. Role of Fusobacterium nucleatum and coaggregation in anaerobe survival in planktonic and biofilm oral microbial communities during aeration. Infection and immunity, 66(10): 4729-4732.
  • Chirumbolo S 2011. Propolis as anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic compounds:Which role for flavonoids? International Immunopharmacology, 11(9): 1386–1387.
  • Choudhari MK, Punekar SA, Ranade RV, Paknikar KM 2012. Antimicrobial activity of stingless bee (Trigona sp.) propolis used in the folk medicine of Western Maharashtra, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 141(1): 363–367.
  • De Andrade Ferreira FB, Torres SA, da Silva Rosa OP, Ferreira CM, Garcia RB, Marcucci MC, Gomes BP 2007. Antimicrobial effect of propolis and other substances against selected endodontic pathogens. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 104(5): 709-716.
  • Demir H, Birdane YO 2015. Hepatotoksik Antibiyotikler. Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi, 8(1): 65-73.
  • Dobrowolski JW, Vohora SB, Sharma K, Shah SA, Naqvi SA, Dandiya PC 1991. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiamoebic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic studies on propolis bee products. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 35(1): 77-82.
  • Dos Santos L, Hochheim S, Boeder, AM, Kroger A, Tomazzoli MM, Dal Pai Neto R, de Cordova CM 2017. Chemical characterization, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial activity of propolis extracts and isolated compounds from the Brazilian stingless bees Melipona quadrifasciata and Tetragonisca angustula. Journal of Apicultural Research, 56(5): 543-558.
  • Eroğlu N, Kambur Acar M, Kekeçoğlu M 2021. The Investigation Propolis Foraging Preference of Different Honey Bee Races. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Science, 31(1):133-141.
  • Feres M, Figueiredo LC, Barreto IM, Coelho MH, Araujo MW, Cortelli SC 2005. In vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and propolis in saliva samples of healthy and periodontallyinvolved subjects. Journal of the International Academy of Periodontology, 7(3): 90-96.
  • Ferrari CKB, Percario S, Silva JCCB, Torres EAFD 2016. An apple plus a brazil nut a day keeps the doctors away: Antioxidant capacity of foods and their health benefits. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 22(2): 189–195.
  • Frozza COD, Garcia CSC, Gambato G, de Souza MDO, Salvador M, Moura S, Roesch-Ely M 2013. Chemical characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Brazilian red propolis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 52: 137–142.
  • Gençay Ö, Sorkun K 2006. Microscopic analysis of propolis samples collected from East Anatolia (Kemaliye-Erzincan). FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 31(4): 192-197.
  • Ghisalberti E 1979. Propolis: A review. Bee World, 60(2): 59–84.
  • Grbic JT, Mitchell-Lewis DA, Fine JB, Phelan JA, BucklanRS, Zambon JJ, Lamster IB 1995. The relationship of candidiasis to linear gingival erythema in HIV-infected homosexual men and parenteral drug users. Journal of periodontology, 66(1): 30-37.
  • Hegazi AG, Abd El Hady FK, Abd Allah FA 2000. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of European propolis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 55(1-2): 70-75.
  • Hegazi AG, El Hady FK 2001. Egyptian propolis: 1-antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Upper Egypt propolis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 56(1-2): 82-88.
  • Kandaswamy D, Venkateshbabu N, Gogulnath D, Kindo AJ 2010. Dentinal tubule disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine gel, propolis, morinda citrifolia juice, 2% povidone iodine, and calcium hydroxide. International endodontic journal, 43(5): 419-423.
  • Kartal M, Yıldız S, Kaya S, Kurucu S, Topçu G 2003. Antimicrobial activity of propolis samples from two different regions of Anatolia. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 86(1): 69-73.
  • Kayaoglu G, Ömürlü H, Akca G, Gürel M, Gençay Ö, Sorkun K, Salih B 2011. Antibacterial activity of Propolis versus conventional endodontic disinfectants against Enterococcus faecalis in infected dentinal tubules. Journal of endodontics, 37(3): 376-381.
  • Kolayli S, Palabiyik I, Atik DS, Keskin M, Bozdeveci A, Karaoglu SA 2020. Comparison of Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects of Different Varieties of Honey and Propolis Samples. Acta Alimentaria, 49(4): 515-523.
  • Koo H, Gomes BP, Rosalen PL, Ambrosano GM, Park YK, Cury JA 2000. In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and Arnica montana against oral pathogens. Archives of oral biology, 45(2): 141-148.
  • Koo H, Cury JA, Rosalen PL, Ambrosano GM, Ikegaki M, Park YK 2002. Effect of a mouthrinse containing selected propolis on 3-day dental plaque accumulation and polysaccharide formation. Caries Research, 36(6): 445-448.
  • Kouidhi B, Zmantar T, Bakhrouf A 2010. Anti-cariogenic and anti-biofilms activity of Tunisian propolis extract and its potential protective effect against cancer cells proliferation. Anaerobe, 16(6): 566–571.
  • Mirzoeva OK, Grishanin RN, Calder PC 1997. Antimicrobial action of propolis and some of its components: the effects on growth, membrane potential and motility of bacteria. Microbiological research, 152(3): 239-246.
  • Nes IF, Diep DB, Holo H 2007. Bacteriocin diversity in Streptococcus and Enterococcus. Journal of bacteriology, 189(4): 1189-1198.
  • Oh S, Lee J, Kim G, Shim G, Back J 2003. Anticariogenic activity of a bacetracin produced by lactooccus bacteria. Food Science and Biotechnology, 12: 9-12.
  • Oncag O, Cogulu D, Uzel A, Sorkun K 2006. Efficacy of propolis as an intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis. General dentistry, 54(5): 319-322.
  • Ozan F, Sümer Z, Polat ZA, Er K, Ozan U, Deger O 2007. Effect of mouthrinse containing propolis on oral microorganisms and human gingival fibroblasts. European Journal of Dentistry, 1(4): 195-201.
  • Ozan U, Hubbezoglu I, Sumer Z 2009. Sodyum hipoklorit, klorheksidin ve propolis içerikli solüsyonların potasyum titanyum fosfat lazer ile birlikte kullanımlarının candida albicans üzerine etkinliklerinin incelenmesi. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal, 12(1): 33-38.
  • Rostamifar S, Azad A, Bazrafkan A, Modaresi F, Atashpour S, Jahromi ZK 2021. New Strategy of Reducing Biofilm Forming Bacteria in Oral Cavity by Bismuth Nanoparticles. BioMed Research International, 2021: 1-8.
  • Schneidewind EM, Büge A, Kala H, Metzner J, Zschunke A 1979. Identification of an antimicrobially active constituent isolated from propolis. Pharmazie, 34: 103–106.
  • Sitheeque MAM, Samaranayake LP 2003. Chronic hyperplastic candidosis/candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia). Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, 14(4): 253-267.
  • Sonmez S, Kirilmaz L, Yucesoy M, Yücel B, Yilmaz B 2005. The effect of bee propolis on oral pathogens and human gingival fibroblasts. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 102(3): 371-376.
  • SPSS 2005. IBM SPSS Statistics 15.0 for Windows. Armonk, NY.
  • Turkmen B, Ayhan K, Altuntaş EG 2016. Dental Plak Oluşumundan Sorumlu Mikroorganizmalar ve Bunların Tüketilen Gıdalarla İlişkisi. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5: 51-61.
  • Warakomska Z, Maciejewicz W 1992. Microscopic analysis of propolis from Polish regions. Apidologie, 23(4): 277-283.
  • Yang L, Yan QH, Ma JY, Wang Q, Zhang JW, Xi GX 2013. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic compounds in propolis. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(5): 771–776.

Düzce-Yığılca Bölgesine Ait Farklı Propolis Örneklerinin Oral Mikroorganizmalar Üzerindeki in Vitro Antimikrobiyal Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 223 - 233, 30.04.2022

Meral Kekeçoğlu , Emine Sönmez , Pelin Dorkaç Nazife Eroglu

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.928230
Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Düzce İli Yığılca İlçesinin 3 farklı lokasyonundan toplanan propolis örneklerinin, özellikle ağız içi enfeksiyonlarına neden olan bakteri ve mayalara karşı antimikrobiyal ve antifungal aktivitesini değerlendirmektir. Palinolojik analizler ile bitkisel orijini, LC-MS/MS yöntemi ile kimyasal içeriği, fenolik ve flavonoid komposizyonu belirlenen propolis örneklerinin 2 adet Gram (-), anaerobik, 2 adet Gram (+) anerobik, 2 adet Gram (+) fakültatif anaerobik bakteri ve 3 adet maya üzerindeki aktivitesi test edilmiştir. Propolis numunelerinin bu mikroorganizmalar üzerindeki etkinlikleri disk difüzyon metodu ile belirlenmiş ve oluşturdukları zonlar ölçülmüştür. Etanol kontrolü ile karşılaştırıldığında test edilen propolis örnekleri tüm mikroorganizmalara karşı etkili bulunmuştur. Etki zonu oluşturan gruplar MIC deneyine dahil edilmiştir. Propolis örneklerinin MIC değerleri 2 µg/ml ile 128 µg/ml arasındadır. Enterococcus feacalis bakteriler içerisinde en duyarlı suş olarak bulunurken; Candida krusei, test edilen tüm propolis örneklerine karşı en dirençli suş olarak tespit edilmiştir. Üç farklı gruba ayrılan propolis numuleri içinde 1. grubu temsil eden Hoşafoğlu Köyü’ne ait propolis numunesi, test edilen tüm mikroorganizmalara karşı en etkili grup olarak belirlenirken; Redifler Köyü’ne ait propolis örneği ise daha az etkilidir. Sonuç olarak, Düzce/Yığılca yöresine ait propolis numuneleri, ağız içi florasına ait seçilen mikroorganizmalara karşı yüksek oranda antibakteriyel aktiviteye sahiptir. Ağız içi enfeksiyonlarının tedavi edilmediğinde daha büyük sistemik problemlere yol açacağı düşünülürse bu tür enfeksiyonların tedavisinde standartlaştırılmış doğal propolis ekstraktlarının kullanılması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Propolis Ağız içi florası Mikroorganizma Antimikrobiyal etki

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

2209

Teşekkür

Proje çalışması esnasında çalışmamızı destekleyen TÜBİTAK'a teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • Aga H, Shibuya T, Sugimoto T, Kurimoto M, Nakajima SH 1994. Isolation and identification of antimicrobial compounds in Brazilian propolis. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, 58(5): 945-946.
  • Bağış N, Kurgan Ş, Önder C 2014. Ağız içi candida enfeksiyonları ve tedavisi. A.Ü. Diş Hek. Fak. Dergisi, 41(3): 191-198.
  • Bankova VS, De Castro SL, Marcucci MC 2000. Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Apidologie, 31: 3–15.
  • Bogdanov S 2012. Propolis: Composition, Health, Medicine: A Review. Bee Product Science.
  • Bradshaw DJ, Marsh PD, Watson GK, Allison C 1998. Role of Fusobacterium nucleatum and coaggregation in anaerobe survival in planktonic and biofilm oral microbial communities during aeration. Infection and immunity, 66(10): 4729-4732.
  • Chirumbolo S 2011. Propolis as anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic compounds:Which role for flavonoids? International Immunopharmacology, 11(9): 1386–1387.
  • Choudhari MK, Punekar SA, Ranade RV, Paknikar KM 2012. Antimicrobial activity of stingless bee (Trigona sp.) propolis used in the folk medicine of Western Maharashtra, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 141(1): 363–367.
  • De Andrade Ferreira FB, Torres SA, da Silva Rosa OP, Ferreira CM, Garcia RB, Marcucci MC, Gomes BP 2007. Antimicrobial effect of propolis and other substances against selected endodontic pathogens. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 104(5): 709-716.
  • Demir H, Birdane YO 2015. Hepatotoksik Antibiyotikler. Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi, 8(1): 65-73.
  • Dobrowolski JW, Vohora SB, Sharma K, Shah SA, Naqvi SA, Dandiya PC 1991. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiamoebic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic studies on propolis bee products. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 35(1): 77-82.
  • Dos Santos L, Hochheim S, Boeder, AM, Kroger A, Tomazzoli MM, Dal Pai Neto R, de Cordova CM 2017. Chemical characterization, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial activity of propolis extracts and isolated compounds from the Brazilian stingless bees Melipona quadrifasciata and Tetragonisca angustula. Journal of Apicultural Research, 56(5): 543-558.
  • Eroğlu N, Kambur Acar M, Kekeçoğlu M 2021. The Investigation Propolis Foraging Preference of Different Honey Bee Races. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Science, 31(1):133-141.
  • Feres M, Figueiredo LC, Barreto IM, Coelho MH, Araujo MW, Cortelli SC 2005. In vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and propolis in saliva samples of healthy and periodontallyinvolved subjects. Journal of the International Academy of Periodontology, 7(3): 90-96.
  • Ferrari CKB, Percario S, Silva JCCB, Torres EAFD 2016. An apple plus a brazil nut a day keeps the doctors away: Antioxidant capacity of foods and their health benefits. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 22(2): 189–195.
  • Frozza COD, Garcia CSC, Gambato G, de Souza MDO, Salvador M, Moura S, Roesch-Ely M 2013. Chemical characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Brazilian red propolis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 52: 137–142.
  • Gençay Ö, Sorkun K 2006. Microscopic analysis of propolis samples collected from East Anatolia (Kemaliye-Erzincan). FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 31(4): 192-197.
  • Ghisalberti E 1979. Propolis: A review. Bee World, 60(2): 59–84.
  • Grbic JT, Mitchell-Lewis DA, Fine JB, Phelan JA, BucklanRS, Zambon JJ, Lamster IB 1995. The relationship of candidiasis to linear gingival erythema in HIV-infected homosexual men and parenteral drug users. Journal of periodontology, 66(1): 30-37.
  • Hegazi AG, Abd El Hady FK, Abd Allah FA 2000. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of European propolis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 55(1-2): 70-75.
  • Hegazi AG, El Hady FK 2001. Egyptian propolis: 1-antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Upper Egypt propolis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 56(1-2): 82-88.
  • Kandaswamy D, Venkateshbabu N, Gogulnath D, Kindo AJ 2010. Dentinal tubule disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine gel, propolis, morinda citrifolia juice, 2% povidone iodine, and calcium hydroxide. International endodontic journal, 43(5): 419-423.
  • Kartal M, Yıldız S, Kaya S, Kurucu S, Topçu G 2003. Antimicrobial activity of propolis samples from two different regions of Anatolia. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 86(1): 69-73.
  • Kayaoglu G, Ömürlü H, Akca G, Gürel M, Gençay Ö, Sorkun K, Salih B 2011. Antibacterial activity of Propolis versus conventional endodontic disinfectants against Enterococcus faecalis in infected dentinal tubules. Journal of endodontics, 37(3): 376-381.
  • Kolayli S, Palabiyik I, Atik DS, Keskin M, Bozdeveci A, Karaoglu SA 2020. Comparison of Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects of Different Varieties of Honey and Propolis Samples. Acta Alimentaria, 49(4): 515-523.
  • Koo H, Gomes BP, Rosalen PL, Ambrosano GM, Park YK, Cury JA 2000. In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and Arnica montana against oral pathogens. Archives of oral biology, 45(2): 141-148.
  • Koo H, Cury JA, Rosalen PL, Ambrosano GM, Ikegaki M, Park YK 2002. Effect of a mouthrinse containing selected propolis on 3-day dental plaque accumulation and polysaccharide formation. Caries Research, 36(6): 445-448.
  • Kouidhi B, Zmantar T, Bakhrouf A 2010. Anti-cariogenic and anti-biofilms activity of Tunisian propolis extract and its potential protective effect against cancer cells proliferation. Anaerobe, 16(6): 566–571.
  • Mirzoeva OK, Grishanin RN, Calder PC 1997. Antimicrobial action of propolis and some of its components: the effects on growth, membrane potential and motility of bacteria. Microbiological research, 152(3): 239-246.
  • Nes IF, Diep DB, Holo H 2007. Bacteriocin diversity in Streptococcus and Enterococcus. Journal of bacteriology, 189(4): 1189-1198.
  • Oh S, Lee J, Kim G, Shim G, Back J 2003. Anticariogenic activity of a bacetracin produced by lactooccus bacteria. Food Science and Biotechnology, 12: 9-12.
  • Oncag O, Cogulu D, Uzel A, Sorkun K 2006. Efficacy of propolis as an intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis. General dentistry, 54(5): 319-322.
  • Ozan F, Sümer Z, Polat ZA, Er K, Ozan U, Deger O 2007. Effect of mouthrinse containing propolis on oral microorganisms and human gingival fibroblasts. European Journal of Dentistry, 1(4): 195-201.
  • Ozan U, Hubbezoglu I, Sumer Z 2009. Sodyum hipoklorit, klorheksidin ve propolis içerikli solüsyonların potasyum titanyum fosfat lazer ile birlikte kullanımlarının candida albicans üzerine etkinliklerinin incelenmesi. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal, 12(1): 33-38.
  • Rostamifar S, Azad A, Bazrafkan A, Modaresi F, Atashpour S, Jahromi ZK 2021. New Strategy of Reducing Biofilm Forming Bacteria in Oral Cavity by Bismuth Nanoparticles. BioMed Research International, 2021: 1-8.
  • Schneidewind EM, Büge A, Kala H, Metzner J, Zschunke A 1979. Identification of an antimicrobially active constituent isolated from propolis. Pharmazie, 34: 103–106.
  • Sitheeque MAM, Samaranayake LP 2003. Chronic hyperplastic candidosis/candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia). Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, 14(4): 253-267.
  • Sonmez S, Kirilmaz L, Yucesoy M, Yücel B, Yilmaz B 2005. The effect of bee propolis on oral pathogens and human gingival fibroblasts. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 102(3): 371-376.
  • SPSS 2005. IBM SPSS Statistics 15.0 for Windows. Armonk, NY.
  • Turkmen B, Ayhan K, Altuntaş EG 2016. Dental Plak Oluşumundan Sorumlu Mikroorganizmalar ve Bunların Tüketilen Gıdalarla İlişkisi. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5: 51-61.
  • Warakomska Z, Maciejewicz W 1992. Microscopic analysis of propolis from Polish regions. Apidologie, 23(4): 277-283.
  • Yang L, Yan QH, Ma JY, Wang Q, Zhang JW, Xi GX 2013. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic compounds in propolis. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(5): 771–776.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji , Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article)
Yazarlar

Meral Kekeçoğlu 0000-0002-2564-8343

Emine Sönmez 0000-0003-4418-5599

Pelin Dorkaç 0000-0002-5503-6209

Nazife Eroglu 0000-0002-8618-2583

Proje Numarası 2209
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Nisan 2021
Kabul Tarihi 10 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kekeçoğlu, M., Sönmez, E., Dorkaç, P., Eroglu, N. (2022). Düzce-Yığılca Bölgesine Ait Farklı Propolis Örneklerinin Oral Mikroorganizmalar Üzerindeki in Vitro Antimikrobiyal Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 25(2), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.928230

Cited By

Comparing the biological properties and chemical profiling of chestnut bee pollen and bee bread collected from Anatolia
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-023-00980-w
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