Effect of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Thymus syriacus Boiss. Cultivated Under the Mediterranean Conditions

Nadire Pelin Bahadırlı; Mehmet Bahadırlı

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1707850

TR EN

Organik ve Mineral Gübrelerin Akdeniz Koşullarında Yetiştirilen Thymus syriacus Boiss. Bitkisinin Uçucu Yağ Verimi ve Bileşenleri Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Thymus syriacus Boiss., Türkiye dahil olmak üzere Doğu Akdeniz’de yayılış gösteren, her dem yeşil, çok yıllık yarı çalı formunda bir türdür. Organik ve mineral gübrelerin kullanımı, sürdürülebilir tarımsal üretim açısından önem taşımakta olup, bu iki gübre türü toprak verimliliği ve bitki performansı üzerindeki etkileri bakımından farklılık göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, organik ve mineral gübre T. syriacus ‘un uçucu yağ (UY) içeriği ve bileşenleri üzerindeki etkileri Doğu Akdeniz koşullarında araştırılmıştır. Denemede dört farklı uygulama 2 yıl süreyle değerlendirilmiştir: kontrol (gübre uygulanmamış), mineral (0.4 ton ha-1), ahır gübresi (25 ton ha-1), ve vermikompost (10 ton ha-1). Çalışmada uygulamaların UY içeriği ve bileşenleri üzerinde önemli ölçüde etkili olduğu bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Her iki yılda da kontrol uygulamasında EO içeriği daha düşük (%1.12–%1.87) bulunurken, solucan gübresi uygulamasında en yüksek EO içeriği (%1.30–%2.57) elde edilmiştir. İkinci yılda gübre uygulamaları kontrol grubuna kıyasla uçucu yağ içeriğini belirgin biçimde artırmıştır. Ana bileşenler karvakrol ve o-simen olarak belirlenmiş; karvakrol oranı %62.98 ile %84.56 arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek karvakrol içeriği, ikinci yılda vermikompost uygulanan örneklerde saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, vermikompost gübrelemesi T. syriacus yetiştiriciliğinde yüksek uçucu yağ ve karvakrol elde edilmesi ve sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması amacıyla tavsiye edilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Effect of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Thymus syriacus Boiss. Cultivated Under the Mediterranean Conditions

Abstract

Thymus syriacus Boiss. It is an evergreen, perennial sub-shrub that is distributed throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, including Türkiye. The use of organic and mineral fertilizers differs in their contributions to sustainability and soil fertility. While the mineral fertilizers are believed to ensure rapid nutrient availability, organic fertilizers play a vital role in maintaining long-term soil health and supporting sustainable production systems. In the present study, a field experiment on T. syriacus Boiss. was conducted to examine the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on essential oil (EO) content and composition in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Türkiye. The treatments included control (no fertilizer), manure (25 ton ha-1), vermicompost (10 ton ha-1), and mineral fertilizer (0.4 ton ha-1). Treatments were found to be significantly effective on EO content and components (p<0.05). In both years, control had lower EO content (1.12-1.87%); furthermore, vermicompost had the highest EO content (1.30-2.57%). In the 2nd year, fertilizer applications had significantly improved essential oil content compared with the control. Carvacrol and o-cymene were found as the main components. Carvacrol content ranged from 62.98% to 84.56%, with the highest observed in second-year vermicompost-applied samples. As a result, vermicompost organic fertilizer can be recommended for the sustainable cultivation of T. syriacus, as it improves soil health while maintaining high essential oil yield and carvacrol content similar to or even greater than those achieved with mineral fertilizers.

Keywords

Kaynakça

Alia, T. & Akrama, H. (2020). Chemical composition of ethanolic extracts of Thymus syriacus Boiss of three sites of Syrian coast by using gas chromatography (GC/MS). Chemistry Research Journal, 5(4), 21-28 pp.
Al-Mariri, A., Swied, G., Oda, A. & Hallab, L.A. (2013). Antibacterial activity of Thymus syriacus Boiss essential oil and its components against some Syrian gram-negative bacteria isolates. Iranian Journal of Medical Science, 38(2 Suppl), 180-186 pp.
Al-Shnani, F., Al-Haddad, T., Karabet, F. & Allaf, A.W. (2016). Chitosan loaded with silver nanoparticles, CS‐AgNPs, using Thymus syriacus, wild mint, and rosemary essential oil extracts as reducing and capping agents. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry (Special Issue devoted to 49th International Symposium on Essential Oils), 30(11), 1-7 sy. https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.3680
Ayanoglu, F., Bahadirli, N.P. & Turkmen, M. (2018). The essential-oil content and components of Thymus syriacus Boiss. at different harvesting periods. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, 16(1), 138 pp.
Bahadirli, M. & Dogan, K. (2021). The Effect of Organic and Mineral Fertilizer Applications on Yield and Soil Microbial Activities in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (22), 140-145. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.846045.
Baranauskiene, R., Venskutonis, P.R., Viskelis, P. & Dambrauskiene, E. (2003). Influence of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and composition of thyme (Thymus vulgaris). J Agric Food Chem, 51(26), 7751-7758. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0303316.
Baser, K.H.C. (2008). Biological and pharmacological activities of carvacrol and carvacrol bearing essential oils. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 14, 3106-3120 pp.
Battah, B., Rajab, A., Shbibe, L., Dhaliwal, J.S., Goh, K.W., Ming, L.C., Kassab, Y., Bouyahya, A., Kanakal, M.M. & Soukkarieh, C. (2022). Evaluation of antibiofilm activity of Thymus syriacus essential oil against clinically isolated MDR bacteria. Progress in Microbes and Molecular Biology, 5(1), a0000284 sy. https://doi.org/10.36877/pmmb.a0000284.

Battah, B., Chianese, T., Rosati, L., Petretto, G., Soukkarieh, C., Ferrari, M., Mazzarello, V., Barac, A., Peric, A., & Donadu, M. G. (2025). Thymus syriacus Essential Oil Extract: Potential Antileishmanial Activity Induced by an Apoptotic-like Death. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 14(3), 293.
Bistgani, E.Z., Siadat, S.A., Bakhshandeh, A., Pirbalouti, A.G., Hashemi, M., Maggi, F. & Morshedloo, M.R. (2018). Application of combined fertilizers improves biomass, essential oil yield, aroma profile, and antioxidant properties of Thymus daenensis Celak. Industrial Crops Production, 121, 434-440 sy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.048.
Chen, J. (2006). The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or biofertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility. International Workshop on Sustained Management of the Soil-Rhizosphere System for Efficient Crop Production and Fertilizer Use Bangkok, 1-11 pp.
da Cunha Honorato, A., de Assis, R. M. A., Maciel, J. F. A., Nohara, G. A., de Carvalho, A. A., Pinto, J. E. B. P., & Bertolucci, S. K. V. (2024). Fertilization with different manure sources and doses provides quantitative-qualitative gains in the production of Thymus vulgaris L. South African Journal of Botany, 164, 345-355.
dos Santos, C. P., de Oliveira, T. C., Pinto, J. A. O., Fontes, S. S., Cruz, E. M. O., de Fátima Arrigoni-Blank, M., & Blank, A. F. (2015). Chemical diversity and influence of plant age on the essential oil from Lippia sidoides Cham. germplasm. Industrial Crops and Products, 76, 416-421.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.07.017.
El-Gabali, T.M.M.A., Jadain, O.A.M. & El-Zubeir, I.E.M. (2023). Effect of addition of Syrian thyme (Thymus syriacus) on physiochemical and sensory quality of Sudanese Mudaffara cheese during storage. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 60, 517-527 sy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05634-7.
Farooqi, A. H. A., Shukla, A., Sharma, S., & Khan, A. (1996). Effect of Plant Age and GA3 on Artemisinin and Essential Oil Yield in Artemisia annua L. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 4(1), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1300/J044v04n01_09.
Garg, V.K. & Gupta, R. (2009). Vermicomposting of Agro-Industrial Processing Waste. In: Biotechnology for Agro-Industrial Residues Utilization (Eds: Poonam Singh nee'Nigam, Ashok Pandey) Springer, 431-454 pp.
Gautam, A., Sekaran, U., Guzman, J., Kovács, P., Hernandez, J.L.G. & Kumar, S. (2020). Responses of soil microbial community structure and enzymatic activities to long-term application of mineral fertilizer and beef manure. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 8, 100073. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.indic.2020.100073.
Guner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babac, M.T. (2012). Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını İstanbul, 978-605-60425-7-7 pp.
Hafi, M.A., Beyrouthy, M.E., Ouaini, N., Stien, D., Rutledge, D. & Chaillou, S. (2017). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Satureja, Thymus, and Thymbra species grown in Lebanon. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 14, e1600236 sy. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201600236.
Hendawy, S.F., Azza, A., El-Din, E., Aziz, E.E. & Omer, E.A. (2015). Productivity and oil quality of Thymus vulgaris L. under organic fertilization conditions. Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences, 3(2), 2010 pp.
Herencia, J. F., Garcia-Galavis, P. A., & Maqueda, C. (2011). Long-term effect of organic and mineral fertilization on soil physical properties under greenhouse and outdoor management practices. Pedosphere, 21(4), 443-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(11)60146-X.
Jamali, C.A., Bonzidi, L., Bekkouche, K., Lahcen, H., Markouk, M., Wohlmuth, H., Leach, D. & Abbad, A. (2012). Chemical composition and antioxidant and anticandidal activities of essential oils from different wild Moroccan Thymus species. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 9, 1188-1197 sy. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201200041.
Jamil, D.M., Brown, J.E., Driscoll, D. & Howell, N.K. (2010). Characterization and antioxidant activity of the volatile oils of Thymus syriacus Boiss. var. syriacus and Thymbra spicata L. grown wild in Kurdistan-Iraq. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 69(OCE1), E104 sy. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665109992928.
Karalija, E., Dahija, S., Tarkowski, P., & Zeljković, S. Ć. (2022). Influence of climate-related environmental stresses on economically important essential oils of Mediterranean Salvia sp. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 864807. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.864807.
Krause, S. T., Liao, P., Crocoll, C., Boachon, B., Förster, C., Leidecker, F., Wiese, N., Zhao, D., Wood, J. C., Buell, C. R., Gershenzon, J., Dudareva, N., & Degenhardt, J. (2021). The biosynthesis of thymol, carvacrol, and thymohydroquinone in Lamiaceae proceeds via cytochrome P450s and a short-chain dehydrogenase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(52), e2110092118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110092118.
Lim, S.L., Wu, T.Y., Lim, P.N. & Shak, K.P. (2015). The use of vermicompost in organic farming: overview, effects on soil and economics. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(6), 1143-56 sy. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6849.
Najar, B., Pistelli, L., Ferri, B., Angelini, L. G., & Tavarini, S. (2021). Crop Yield and Essential Oil Composition of Two Thymus vulgaris Chemotypes along Three Years of Organic Cultivation in a Hilly Area of Central Italy. Molecules, 26(16), 5109. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165109.
Nikou, S., Mirshekari, B., Pooryousef Miandoab, M., Rashidi, V. & Hassanzadeh Ghorttapeh, A. (2019). Effects of organic, chemical and integrated nutrition systems on morpho-physiological traits of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.). Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 24(1), 70-80 sy. https://doi.org/10.17557/tjfc.567363.
Rahimi, A, Gitari, H, Lyons, G,Heydarzadeh, S, Tuncturk, M, Tuncturk, R, (2023). Effects of vermicompost, compost and animal manure on vegetative growth, physiological and antioxidant activity characteristics of Thymus vulgaris L. under water stress. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33(1): 40-53. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1124458.
Rayne, N. & Aula, L. (2020). Livestock Manure and the Impacts on Soil Health: A Review. Soil Systems, 4(4), 64 sy. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4040064.
Rocha, R. P., de Castro Melo, E., Barbosa, L. C. A., dos Santos, R. H. S., Cecon, P. R., Dallacort, R., & Santi, A. (2014). Influence of plant age on the content and composition of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 8(37), 1121-1126. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2013.5549.
Sivojiene, D., Kacergius, A., Baksiene, E., Maseviciene, A. & Zickiene, L. (2021). The Influence of organic fertilizers on the abundance of soil microorganism communities, agrochemical indicators, and yield in East Lithuanian light soils. Plants (Basel), 10(12), 2648 sy. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122648.
Stahl-Biskup, E. & Saez, F. (2002). Thyme: The Genus Thymus (1st ed.). CRC Press, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203216859 pp.
Tumen, G. & Baser, K.H.C. (1994). Essential oil of Thymus syriacus Boiss. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 6(6), 663-664 sy. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1994.9699367.
Ulaşlı, B., Bahadırlı, P.N., Amangeldi, Z., & Çalışkan-Keçe, A.F, (2025). Mortality Effect of Origanum syriacum L. (Lamiaceae) and Satureja montana L. (Lamiaceae) Essential Oils on Pieris brassica L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). KSU J. Agric Nat 28(3), 797-806. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.1537664.
Vaičiulytė, V., Butkienė, R. & Ložienė, K. (2022). Effects of meteorological conditions and plant growth stage on the accumulation of carvacrol and its precursors in Thymus pulegioides. Phytochemistry, 128, 20-6 pp.
Vaičiulytė, V., & Ložienė, K. (2025). Influence of humus fertilization on yield and essential oil accumulation of Thymus × citriodorus. Professional studies: Theory and Practice, 28(2), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.56131/ pstp.2024.28.2.331.
Vouillamoz, J.F. & Christ, B. (2020). Thymus vulgaris L.: Thyme. In: Novak, J., Blüthner, W.D. (eds) Medicinal, Aromatic and Stimulant Plants. Handbook of Plant Breeding Springer pp.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Nadire Pelin Bahadırlı ^*
0000-0001-7321-5377
Türkiye

Mehmet Bahadırlı
0000-0002-1242-6485
Türkiye

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

27 Şubat 2026

Yayımlanma Tarihi

27 Şubat 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

28 Mayıs 2025

Kabul Tarihi

31 Ekim 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Sayı: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1707850

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA99FL52PG

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Bahadırlı, N. P., & Bahadırlı, M. (2026). Effect of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Thymus syriacus Boiss. Cultivated Under the Mediterranean Conditions. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication, 968-976. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1707850

Organik ve Mineral Gübrelerin Akdeniz Koşullarında Yetiştirilen Thymus syriacus Boiss. Bitkisinin Uçucu Yağ Verimi ve Bileşenleri Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Effect of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on Essential Oil Yield and Composition of Thymus syriacus Boiss. Cultivated Under the Mediterranean Conditions

Abstract

Keywords

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster

e-ISSN: 2619-9149