The Biochemical and Genotoxic Effects of Vitamin D3 on Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae

Cihat Çelik

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1729010

TR EN

Vitamin D3'ün Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvaları Üzerinde Biyokimyasal ve Genotoksik Etkileri

Öz

Vitamin D3 (VD3), dünya çapında beslenmede ve hormonal fonksiyonlarda etkili olan önemli bir bileşiktir. VD3'ün böceklerde yüksek besinsel konsantrasyonlarda olumsuz etkilere sahip olduğu varsayılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu hipotezi test etmek için VD3, Galleria mellonella'nın (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) yapay besinine % 0,01, 0,1 ve 1 oranlarında (g, 100 g) ilave edildi. G. mellonella'nın 1. evre larvaları, laboratuvar koşullarında 7. evreye ulaşana kadar VD3 içeren yapay bir besinle yetiştirildi. VD3'ün böceğin 7. evre larvalarındaki malondialdehit (MDA) ve protein karbonil (PCO) seviyeleri, glutatyon-S-transferaz (GST) ve sitokrom P450 monooksijenaz (CYP450) enzim aktiviteleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırıldı. Ayrıca, VD3'ün larvalar üzerindeki genotoksik etkisi incelendi. Larva MDA içeriği %1 VD3'te 1,5 kat önemli ölçüde arttı. Larvalardaki PCO içeriği %0,1 VD3 konsantrasyonunda önemli ölçüde azaldı. Kontrolle karşılaştırıldığında, GST enzim aktivitesi en yüksek VD3 konsantrasyonunda yaklaşık 2 kat arttı. Ayrıca, aynı konsantrasyonda, larvalardaki CYP450 enzim aktivitesi düştü. Aynı zamanda, VD3, DNA hasarı açısından önemli ölçüde artan genotoksisiteye neden oldu. Kuyruk uzunluğu, VD3 konsantrasyonları ile doz bağımlı bir şekilde yaklaşık 13 kata kadar önemli ölçüde arttı. Kuyruk uzunluğuna benzer şekilde, kuyruk DNA yüzdesi ve kuyruk momenti seviyeleri de kontrole kıyasla anlamlı bir şekilde arttı. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, VD3'ün muhtemel etkileri nedeniyle zararlı böceklerin kontrolünde kullanılabilme potansiyeline katkı sağlayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

The Biochemical and Genotoxic Effects of Vitamin D3 on Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae

Abstract

Vitamin D3 (VD3) is an important compound that is widely used worldwide nutritional and hormonal functioning. VD3 at high dietary concentrations has been hypothesized to have adverse effects in insects. In this study, to test this hypothesis, VD3 was incorporated into the artificial diet of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1% (g, 100 g). The 1st instar larvae of G. mellonella were reared on an artificial diet containing VD3 until they reached the 7th stage in laboratory conditions. The effects of VD3 on malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) levels, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) enzyme activities in the 7th instar larvae of the insect were investigated. Also, the genotoxic effect of VD3 on the larvae was examined. Larval MDA content was significantly increased 1.5-fold in the 1% VD3. PCO content in larvae was significantly decreased at the 0.1% concentration of VD3. Compared with control, GST enzyme activity was increased approximately 2-fold at the highest VD3 concentration. Also, at the same concentration, CYP450 enzyme activity in larvae decreased. Furthermore, VD3 significantly increased DNA damage. Tail length significantly increased up to approximately 13-fold in a dose-dependent manner with VD3 concentrations. Similar to tail length, tail DNA percentage and tail moment levels were also significantly increased compared to control. The findings of this study may contribute to the potential use of VD3 in the control of pest insects due to its possible effects.

Keywords

Teşekkür

The author thank Prof. Dr. Ender Büyükgüzel (Z.B.E. University, Zonguldak, Türkiye) for helpful advice and comments.

Kaynakça

Alkan, Ç., Çelik, C., Büyükgüzel, K., & Büyükgüzel, E. (2023). Oxidative and genotoxic effect of piperazine on Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) hemolymph. Environmental Entomology, 52(3), 399-407. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvad028
Anet, A., Olakkaran, S., Purayil, A. K., & Puttaswamygowda, G. H. (2019). Bisphenol A induced oxidative stress mediated genotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 370, 42-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.050
Arafat, E. A., Eltaweil, A. S., Abd El-Monaem, E. M., Elhenawy, H. I., Hussein, H. K., Hassan, M. A., & El-Samad, L. M. (2025). Toxicological investigations of biosynthesized nickel ferrites nanoparticles on midgut epithelium of Blaps polychresta as nanopesticides: Structural damages and oxidative stress. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 208, 106314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106314
Aslan, K., Üstündağ, G., Çelik, C., Büyükgüzel, E., Büyükgüzel, K., Alkan, Ç., Keleş, V., & Uslu, A. (2025). Efficacy of azithromycin in alternative chemical management of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) reared on an artificial diet. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 28(1), 102363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2024.102363
Aslan, N., Büyükgüzel, E., & Büyükgüzel, K. (2019). Oxidative effects of gemifloxacin on some biological traits of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Environmental Entomology, 48, 667-673. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz039
Binkley, N., & Krueger, D. (2000). Hypervitaminosis a and bone. Nutrition Reviews, 58(5), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2000.tb01848.x
Bronskill, J. (1961). A cage to simplify the rearing of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Pyralidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists Society, 15(2), 102-104.
Büyükgüzel, E., & Büyükgüzel, K. (2021). Oxidative impact of dietary triclabendazole in Galleria mellonella. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, 27(3), 301-306. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2020.25170

Büyükgüzel, E., & Kayaoğlu, S. (2014). The effect of niclosamide on some biological and physiological aspects of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 38(1), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.87976
Büyükgüzel, E., Tunaz, H., Stanley, D., & Büyükgüzel, K. (2011). The influence of chronic eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibition on life history of the greater waxmoth, Galleria mellonella and its ectoparasitoid, Bracon hebetor. Journal of Insect Physiology, 57(4), 501-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.01.015
Büyükgüzel, K. (2006). Malathion-induced oxidative stress in a parasitoid wasp: effect on adult emergence, longevity, fecundity, and oxidative and antioxidative response of the Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 99, 1225-1234. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/99.4.1225
Çankaya, N., Yalcin, S., & Ercan, F. (2025). In vivo and in silico evaluation of the effect of p-Acetamide and MPAEMA on the model organism Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 28(3), 625-635. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1591091
Çelik, C. (2024). Immune modulation by dexketoprofen trometamol, a selective eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitor of cellular immune response and phenoloxidase reaction in response to viral infection in Pimpla turionellae adults. Heliyon, 10(18), e37695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37695
Çelik, C., Stanley, D., & Büyükgüzel, E. (2023). Genotoxic effects of oxyclozanide on hemocytes of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 47(3), 147-154. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0179.3126
Chaitanya, R. K., Shashank, K., & Sridevi, P. (2016). Oxidative stress in invertebrate systems. Free Radicals and Diseases, 19, 51-68. https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64573
Di Rosa, M., Malaguarnera, M., Nicoletti, F., & Malaguarnera, L. (2011). Vitamin D3: a helpful immuno‐modulator. Immunology, 134(2), 123-139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03482.x
Duarte, R. M. F., Malta, S. M., do Prado Mascarenhas, F. N. A., Bittar, V. P., Borges, A. L., Teixeira, R. R., Zanon, R. G., Carlos Ueira Vieira, C. U., & Espindola, F. S. (2024). Chronic exposure to 2, 2′-azobis-2-amidinopropane that induces intestinal damage and oxidative stress in larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 106, 104388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2024.104388
Edzeamey, F. J., Ramchunder, Z., McCarthy, R. R., & Virmouni, S. A. (2025). Galleria mellonella as a drug discovery model to study oxidative stress. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 15218. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99337-6
EPA 1984. Vitamin D3, United States Environmental protection Agency, Pesticide Fact Sheet, No: 42, CAS Number; 434-16-2.
Eskin, A., & Nurullahoğlu, Z. U. (2023). Influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the hemocyte count and hemocyte-mediated immune responses of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 46(6), 1176-1186. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2022.2139842
Esteves, F., Rueff, J., & Kranendonk, M. (2021). The central role of cytochrome P450 in xenobiotic metabolism-a brief review on a fascinating enzyme family. Journal of Xenobiotics, 11(3), 94-114. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox11030007
Goltzman, D. (2018). Functions of vitamin D in bone. Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 149(4), 305-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-018-1648-y
Güven, E., Pandir, D., & Baş, H. (2015). UV radiation-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage on Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 39(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.06717
Gwokyalya, R., & Altuntaş, H. (2019). Boric acid‐induced immunotoxicity and genotoxicity in model insect Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 101, e21588. https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.21588
Habig, W. H., Pabst, M. J., & Jakoby, W. B. (1974). Glutathione S-transferases: the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 249(22), 7130-7139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42083-8
Haussler, M. R., Whitfield, G. K., Kaneko, I., Haussler, C. A., Hsieh, D., Hsieh, J. C., & Jurutka, P. W. (2013). Molecular mechanisms of vitamin D action. Calcified Tissue International, 92, 77-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-012-9619-0
Hommerding, H. (2024). Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) poisoning in animals. MSD Manual Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (MSD).
IBM SPSS, (2021). IBM SPSS Statistics 28.0 for Windows. Chicago, IL, USA.
Jain, S. K., & Levine, S. N. (1995). Elevated lipid peroxidation and vitamin E-quinone levels in heart ventricles of streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 18(2), 337-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(94)00114-Y
Kaur, M., Chadha, P., Kaur, S., Kaur, A., Kaur, R., Yadav, A. K., & Kaur, R. (2018). Schizophyllum commune induced genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in Spodoptera litura. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 4693. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22919-0
Keleş, V., & Büyükgüzel, E. (2025). Dietary levamisole induces DNA damage in the haemolymph of Galleria mellonella. Physiological Entomology, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12496
Keleş, V., Büyükgüzel, K., & Büyükgüzel, E. (2021). The effect of streptomycin on survival, development, and some biochemical aspects of Drosophila melanogaster. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 45(6), 432-441. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-2101-14
Kumar D, Banerjee D, Chakrabarti P, & Sarkar, S., & Basu, P. (2022). Oxidative stress and apoptosis in Asian honey bees (A. cerana) exposed to multiple pesticides in intensive agricultural landscape. Apidologie, 53(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-022-00929-2
Kwadha, C. A., Ong’amo, G. O., Ndegwa, P. N., Raina, S. K., & Fombong, A. T. (2017). The biology and control of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Insects, 8(2), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects8020061
Levine, R. L., Williams, J. A., Stadtman, E. P., & Shacter, E. (1994). Carbonyl assays for determination of oxidatively modified proteins. Methods in Enzymology, 233, 346-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(94)33040-9
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., & Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193(1), 265-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6
Malak, M. (2023). Albendazole-induced genotoxicity in the larvae of fall armyworm as a safe environmental tool. SN Applied Sciences, 5(12), 356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05582-7
Mattos, L. M. M., Silva, R. N., Santos, L. G., Giovanini, L., Cruz, V. S., Barreto, N. M. B., Perrone D., Santos, A. L. S., & Pereira, M. D. (2025). Harnessing H2O2-induced susceptibility in Galleria mellonella larvae: a robust model for exploring oxidative stress and biomarkers. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 113, 104596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2024.104596
Mavar, M., Sorić, T., Bagarić, E., Sarić, A., & Matek Sarić, M. (2024). The power of vitamin D: is the future in precision nutrition through personalized supplementation plans?. Nutrients, 16(8), 1176. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081176
Özdoğan, E.Ö., Çelik, C., Zaman, B., Başkaya, R., Aslan, K., Büyükgüzel, E., & Büyükgüzel, K. (2025). Dietary vitamin D3 impact on survival and development of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) reared on an artificial diet. Journal of Entomological Science, 60(4). https://doi.org/10.18474/JES25-17 (in press).
Özdoğan, EÖ., Büyükgüzel, K., Üstündağ, G., & Çelik, C. (2024). Observations on the life stages of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster when fed vitamin D3 in artificial diet. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, 30(2), 185-190. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2023.30405
Pajot, P. (1976). Fluorescence of proteins in 6-M guanidine hydrochloride. European Journal of Biochemistry, 63(1), 263-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10228.x
Rainio, M. J., Margus, A., Virtanen, V., Lindström, L., Salminen, J. P., Saikkonen, K., & Helander, M. (2020). Glyphosate-based herbicide has soil-mediated effects on potato glycoalkaloids and oxidative status of a potato pest. Chemosphere, 258, 127254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127254
Roop, J. K. (2018). Hypervitaminosis-an emerging pathological condition. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 8(10), 280-288.
Rose, R., Barbhaiya, L., Roe, R., Rock, G., & Hodgson, E. (1995). Cytochrome P-450 associated insecticide resistance and the development of biochemical diagnostic assays in Heliothis virescens. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 51(3), 178-191. https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.1995.1018
Shiau, S.Y., & J.Y., Hwang. (1994). The dietary requirement of juvenile grass shrimp (Penaeus monodon) for vitamin D. The Journal of Nutrition, 124(12), 2445-2450. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/124.12.2445
Skv, M., Abraham, S. M., Eshwari, O., Golla, K., Jhelum, P., Maity, S., & Komal, P. (2024). Tremendous fidelity of vitamin D3 in age-related neurological disorders. Molecular Neurobiology, 61(9), 7211-7238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-03989-w
Sugeçti, S., Çelik, C., Büyükgüzel, E., & Büyükgüzel, K. (2021). Physiological and biochemical effects of Klebsiella oxytoca infection on model organism Galleria mellonella L. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 23(3), 279-286. https://doi.org/10.51963/jers.v23i3.2069
Tice, R. R,, Agurell, E., Anderson, D., Burlison, B., Hartmann, A., Kobayashi, H., Miyamae, Y., Rojas, E., Ryu, J. C., & Sasaki, Y. F. (2000). Single cell gel/comet assay: guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 35(3), 206-221. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<206::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-J
Turna Demir, F., & Demir, E. (2022). Exposure to boron trioxide nanoparticles and ions cause oxidative stress, DNA damage, and phenotypic alterations in Drosophila melanogaster as an in vivo model. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 42(11), 1854-1867. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4363
Vukašinović, E. L., Čelić, T. V., Kojić, D., Franeta, F., Milić, S., Ninkov, J., Blagojević, D., & Purać, J. (2020). The effect of long term exposure to cadmium on Ostrinia nubilalis growth, development, survival rate and oxidative status. Chemosphere, 243, 125375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125375
Wan, H., Li, G. Y., Long, J. K., Smagghe, G., & Liu, Y. Y. (2025). Effect of sublethal doses of chlorantraniliprole on the activity of detoxification and protective enzymes in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, toaf049. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaf049
Ye, M., Nayak, B., Xiong, L., Xie, C., Dong, Y., You, M., Yuchi, Z., & You, S. (2022). The role of insect cytochrome P450s in mediating insecticide resistance. Agriculture, 12(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010053

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Entomoloji , Hayvan Fizyolojisi - Ekofizyoloji , Pestisititler ve Toksikoloji

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Cihat Çelik ^*
0000-0002-2400-3412
Türkiye

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

18 Ekim 2025

Yayımlanma Tarihi

1 Ocak 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

30 Haziran 2025

Kabul Tarihi

18 Ağustos 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1729010

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA72TZ37GC

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Çelik, C. (2026). The Biochemical and Genotoxic Effects of Vitamin D3 on Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 29(1), 156-169. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1729010

Vitamin D3'ün Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvaları Üzerinde Biyokimyasal ve Genotoksik Etkileri

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

The Biochemical and Genotoxic Effects of Vitamin D3 on Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae

Abstract

Keywords

Teşekkür

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster

e-ISSN: 2619-9149