Phosphine-Based Fumigation for Controlling Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Cut Flowers in a Refrigerated Container: Effects of Sublethal and High Concentrations
Abstract
Solid fumigants are commonly used for pest control in cut flower exports, but low temperatures and poor gas-tightness limit their effectiveness. A gas-based fumigant, ECO₂FUME® (2% phosphine, 98% CO₂), offers faster and more uniform distribution. This study aims to identify the most tolerant life stage and mortality of two target pests at sub-recommended concentrations simulating gas leakage, and to assess phytotoxic effects of a higher concentration that may be used to compensate for such loss. In this study, cut flowers naturally infested with Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tetranychus urticae (Tetranychidae: Acari) were collected from production areas and exposed to fumigant concentrations of 250, 400, 500 (recommended), and 750 ppm. Treatments were conducted at 4 °C in gas-tight units within a refrigerated container for three days. Flower quality was assessed visually over a 14-day period following fumigation. According to the obtained results, at a concentration of 400 ppm, the egg stage of T. urticae and the egg and pupal stages of F. occidentalis survived. Complete mortality (100%) was observed in all developmental stages of both species at ≥500 ppm. At the lowest concentration (250 ppm), the most tolerant stages were T. urticae eggs (65.2% mortality rate) and F. occidentalis pupae (69.3% mortality rate). No negative effects on flower quality were observed 14 days post-treatment. Under conditions of inadequate gas-tightness, pest survival may lead to the development of resistance and export failure. To address these issues, survival rates measured at low concentrations will inform fumigation planning. Additionally, increasing the concentration to 750 ppm in cut flowers exported under cold-chain conditions is a feasible option to address gas-tightness issues without compromising flower quality. In this context, concentration–stage susceptibility can inform fumigation planning under low-temperature and gas-tightness constraints, and the most tolerant life stages should be considered.
Keywords
Kaynakça
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Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Pestisititler ve Toksikoloji , Tarımda Entomoloji
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Şule Tütüncü
*
0000-0001-7277-2307
Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi
11 Nisan 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi
-
Gönderilme Tarihi
9 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi
9 Şubat 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Sayı: Advanced Online Publication
