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The Nexus Between Pilfering Menace and Crop Farmers’ Income Shock: Evidence From Nigeria

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 200 - 211, 28.02.2021

Theophilus Miebi Gbıgbı

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.700483
Cited By: 2

Öz

Pilfering has a big impact on the crop farming industry and it is threatening the sustainability of the industry. To generate information that can be used to inform crop farmers on how to effectively mitigate pilferage on their farms, the study investigated the factors influencing pilferage and its effects on farmers’ income in Delta State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling method was applied to choose respondents for the study. A sample size of 135 farmers were carefully chosen. The study data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, linear regression and one-way ANOVA. The findings showed that they had a mean age of 48 years and were mostly females who were also married. Majority of them were educated. The mean family size was 7 people and average farming experience of 11years with mean farm size of 1.15ha. The result disclosed pilferage index of 0.68, suggesting that 68% of farmers were victims of pilfering. The findings revealed that plantain has the highest proportion of the crops pilfered with 46.5% while cassava was the least with 11.5%. The ANOVA result indicates a statistically significant difference (F = 177.633; p<0.000) in the mean of income losses to pilferage on the farms for the different selected crop types. Pilfering on farms was significantly influenced by age, farming experiences, educational status, farm size, household size, security, attractiveness of farm, employees with high number of dependents and distance or farm location. The findings showed that pilfering resulted to high cost of security, quitting farming activities, withdrawal from growing certain crops and reduction in output. Most of the respondents (78.5%) did not use any form of measure to curb the menace of pilferage on their farms. It was recommended that tackling of pilfering on the farms should involve the synergy among government, community and the farmers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pilfering on the farm Crop production Income losses

Kaynakça

  • Anderson KM, McCall M 2005. Farm pilfering in Australia; Australian Institute of Criminology: Canberra: Australian. Retrieved on 30th August, 2018 from:www.aic.gov.au/publications/current %20series/cfi/101-120/cfi119.aspx.
  • Anongoku CP, Obinne O, Daudu S 2008. A Socio-Economic Analysis of Livestock Pilferage in Rural and Urban Areas of Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences. 17(2): 169-172.
  • Anonguku I 2005. Incidence of Livestock Pilferage in Benue State. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis in Extension. Department of Agricultural Extension and Communication, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, 73 pp.
  • Arene CJ, Anyeaji RC 2010. Determinants of food security among households in Nsukka Metropolis of Enugu State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Science, 30: 9-16.
  • Banwo A 1995. Pilferage and Food Availability: The Marketing perspective. Proceeding of the First National Seminar on Pilferage, pp. 121-130.
  • Barclay EM 2001. A review of related literature on agricultural pilfering. Institute for Rural Futures, University of New England, retrieved on 30 August, 2018 from: www.criminologyresearchcouncil.gov. au/ reports/barclay.pdf
  • Barclay EM, Donnermeyer JF 2011. Pilfering and security on agricultural operations. Security Journal, 24:1-18.
  • Barclay EM, Donnermeyer JF, Doyle BP, Talary D 2001. Property pilfering victimization and pilfering prevention on farms. Report to the NSW Attorney General’s Pilfering Prevention Division (Report No. 012). Armidale, New South Wales: Institute for Rural Futures, University of New England.
  • Bennett C 2016. Thieves find big returns, little risks on farmlands. FARM/JOURNAL AGWEB. https://www.agweb.com/crops.
  • Bignon V, Caroli E, Galbiati R 2017. Pilfering to Survive? Pilfering and Income Shocks in Nineteenth Century France. The Economic Journal, 127 (599):19–49.
  • Bunei EK, Rono JK, Chessa SR 2013. Factors influencing farm pilfering in Kenya: opinions and experiences of farmers. International Journal of Rural Criminology, 2(1):75-100.
  • Ceccato V. 2016. Rural pilfering and community safety, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Claudia B, Bainson PK 2016. The Effect of Pilfering on the Profitability of Small Businesses A Case Study on Shield Agro Chemical Company Ltd in Takoradi. European Journal of Business and Management, 8: 144-151.
  • Donnermeyer JF, Barclay EM, Mears DP 2011. Policing agricultural pilfering. In: Mawby, R.I. and R. Yarwood (eds.): Rural policing and policing the rural: A constable countryside. Farnham: Ashgate, pp.193-204.
  • Ebojei CO, Odekina FO., Mosimabale VO and Abdullahi AN 2011. Socio-economic factors predisposing farmers’ produce to pilferage in Idah local government area of Kogi State, Nigeria. The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 6(1):16-23.
  • Eze CC, Ibekwe UC, Onoh P, Nwajiuba CU 2006. Determinants of adoption of improved cassava production technologies among farmers in Enugu State of Nigeria. Global Approach to Extension Practice (GAEP). 2(1):37- 44.
  • FafChamps M, Minten B 2003. Pilfering and rural poverty: result of a natural experiment. Proceeding of the 25th International Conference of Agricultural Economics (IAAE).
  • Gbigbi TM 2018. Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Access to Land Among Women Arable Crop Farmers in Ika North East LGA, Delta State, Nigeria. Ife Journal of Agriculture,30(1): 52-62
  • Gbigbi TM. 2011. Economic Efficiency of Smallholder Sweet Potato Producers in Delta State, Nigeria: a Case Study of Ughelli South Local Government Area. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 7(2): 163-168.
  • Graham B 2010. Analysis of the state of praedial larceny in member states of CARICOM”. A report presented to CARICOM Council of Ministers for Trade and Agriculture during the recently completed Ninth Annual Caribbean Agriculture Week on 9-15 October, 2011, Windsor Park, Dominica.
  • Grote U, Debaucher F 2016 Rural pilfering in developing countries: Theoretical framework, empirical findings, research needs, ZEF Working Paper Series, No. 148, University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn.
  • Ibrahim FD, Oformata AO, Jirgi AJ, Oseghale AI, Bako RK 2017.Determinants of maize-based arable crop farmers productivity in Niger state, Nigeria. Conference Proceedings of The 18'' Annual National Conference of The Nigerian Association Of Agricultural Economists Held Al Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria 16' - 19th October, 2017
  • Inkoom DKB 2011. Utilization of irrigation facilities towards poverty reduction in the upper western region of Ghana. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 13(2): 335– 350.
  • Jones J 2008. Farm pilfering on Anglesey: Local partner’s and organizations. Views on the Issue, second report, January 2008. Retrieved on 30th August, 2018 fromhttp://www.aber.ac.uk/en/media/ jane-jones---second-report.pdf.
  • Kehinde EA, Uchechukwu CU, Mamuh P 2015.Effect of Cattle Rustling on Income Of Farmers in Benue State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Rural Sociology 16(2):78-83.
  • Lemchi J, Tshiunza M, Tenkovano A 2003. Factors driving the intensity and rate of cooking Banana adoption in Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Social Research. 3(2):135-166.
  • Lesotho-South Africa Fence.2013. Retrieved 30 08, 2018, from globalsecurity.org: http://www.global security. org/military/world/rsa/fence-lesotho.htm
  • Louise Manning and Jan Mei Soon (2016). Food Safety, Food Fraud, and Food Defense: A Fast Evolving Literature. Journal of food science, 18(4):823-834.
  • Magubane T 2011. Stock pilfering spiraling out of control. Retrieved 30 08-2018 from Kwanalu: http://www.kwanalu.co.za/default.asp?action=news&Id=540.
  • Manu IN, Andu WN, Tarla DN, Agharih WN 2014. Socio-economic effect of cattle theft on the pastoralists of the North West Region of Cameroon. Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science 4(6):299-305.
  • McCaghy CH, Capron TA, Jamieson J, Carey SH 2016. Deviant Behaviour Pilfering, Conflict, and Interest Groups. E-Book8th Edition. New York: Routledge,https:/doi.org/10.4324/9781315664323
  • McCall M 2003. Results from the 2001-02 National Farm pilfering Survey. Australian Institute of Criminology, Trends and Issues in Pilfering and Criminal Justice, No.266.
  • Mears DP, Scott ML, Bhati AS 2007. Opportunity theory and agricultural pilfering victimization. Rural Sociology, 72(2):151–184.
  • Mears DP, Scott ML, Bhati AS 2007. Policy, Theory, and Research Lessons from an Evaluation of an Agricultural Pilfering Prevention Program. Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center, Florida State University.https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/ 217908.pdf (accessed August 2018).
  • Miltonian A 2016. Causes of crime. Retrieved 06/04/2019, from Scribd.com. http://www.scribd. com.
  • Miller L 2017. Psychological Theories of Criminal Behavior. In: Van Hasselt V., Bourke M. (eds) Handbook of Behavioral Criminology. Springer, Cham pp 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61625-4_4.
  • Müller GS 2016. Magnitude of Livestock Theft in Kwa Sani and Factors That Could Influence It. A Master’s thesis in Disaster Management in the Disaster Management Training and Education Centre for Africa at the University of the Free State.
  • Odekina FO 2009. An assessment of effects of pilferage on arable crop farmers in Idah local government area of Kogi State, Nigeria. A thesis Submitted to the Post Graduate School, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Master of Science in Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology.
  • Ofuoku, AU, Emuh, FN. 2009. African rural women in agricultural and rural development: Challenges and opportunities. In Agbamu, J.U. (ed). Perspectives in agricultural extension and rural development. Owerri, Nigeria: Springfield Publishers Ltd. Pp. 348-360.
  • Ogunjimi SI 2001.Operational habits and health hazard in the use of chemicals among cocoa farmers in Osun and Edo States. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis. OAU Ile-Ife.
  • Olubanjo OO 1995. Pilferage: Concept, Dimension and Likely Motivation and Effect on Private Agricultural Venture in Nigeria. Paper and Proceedings Presented at Ogun state University, Nigeria. November, 13-16.
  • Olusanya TP, Adefuye BO, Adekinmisi AA 1995. Causes and Effects of Pilferage in Livestock Enterprises. In: Proceedings of Pilferage on farms, Nigeria. Samfard Farm Foundation, pp. 49 – 54.
  • Olusanya TP 1995. Causes, Method, Effects and Control of Pilfering in Livestock Enterprises in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun State. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis. Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Ogun State University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, 84pp.
  • Oni OA, Fashogbon AE, 2013. Food poverty and livelihoods issues in rural Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 8: 108-135.
  • Osborn E 2015. Examining Macro-Level Correlates of Farm Equipment Pilfering: A Test of Routine Activity Theory and Social Disorganization Theory, PhD-dissertation, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky Available online at http://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd/2248?utm_source=ir.library.louisville.edu%2Fetd%2F2248 &utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages (retrieved on 16th October, 2019).
  • Palmary I 2001. Social Crime Prevention in South Africa's Major Cities. Retrieved 04/06/2019, from CSVR organization: http://www.csvr.org.za/docs/ urbansafety/socialcrimeprevention.pdf.
  • Prakash, D., 2003. Rural women, food security and agricultural cooperatives. A report presented to the Rural Development and Management Centre Kalkaji, New Delhi, 1-15.
  • Sabo BB, Isah SD, Chamo AM, Rabiu MA 2017. Role of Smallholder Farmers in Nigeria’s Food Security. Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science 7(1): 1-5.
  • Swanson CR, Chamelin NC, Territo L 2001.Criminal investigation. Boston: McGraw Hill.
  • Van Kesteren J, van Dijk J, Mayhew P 2014. The international pilfering victim’s surveys: A retrospective, International Review of Victimology, 20(1): 49–69.
  • Vincent B, Eve C,Roberto G 2014. Stealing to Survive? Crime and Income Shocks in 19th Century France. IZA Discussion Paper No. 8531.
  • Yahaya MK 2007. Communication and Social Change: Lesson from Cassava Technology Transfer in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension 10: 178.
  • Zalkuwi J, Yusuf C, Ibrahim A, 2014. Analysis of cost and return in cowpea production in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 11(2): 144-147.

The Nexus Between Pilfering Menace and Crop Farmers’ Income Shock: Evidence From Nigeria

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 200 - 211, 28.02.2021

Theophilus Miebi Gbıgbı

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.700483
Cited By: 2

Öz

Pilfering has a big impact on the crop farming industry and it is threatening the sustainability of the industry. To generate information that can be used to inform crop farmers on how to effectively mitigate pilferage on their farms, the study investigated the factors influencing pilferage and its effects on farmers’ income in Delta State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling method was applied to choose respondents for the study. A sample size of 135 farmers were carefully chosen. The study data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, linear regression and one-way ANOVA. The findings showed that they had a mean age of 48 years and were mostly females who were also married. Majority of them were educated. The mean family size was 7 people and average farming experience of 11years with mean farm size of 1.15ha. The result disclosed pilferage index of 0.68, suggesting that 68% of farmers were victims of pilfering. The findings revealed that plantain has the highest proportion of the crops pilfered with 46.5% while cassava was the least with 11.5%. The ANOVA result indicates a statistically significant difference (F = 177.633; p<0.000) in the mean of income losses to pilferage on the farms for the different selected crop types. Pilfering on farms was significantly influenced by age, farming experiences, educational status, farm size, household size, security, attractiveness of farm, employees with high number of dependents and distance or farm location. The findings showed that pilfering resulted to high cost of security, quitting farming activities, withdrawal from growing certain crops and reduction in output. Most of the respondents (78.5%) did not use any form of measure to curb the menace of pilferage on their farms. It was recommended that tackling of pilfering on the farms should involve the synergy among government, community and the farmers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pilfering on the farm Income losses Crop production

Kaynakça

  • Anderson KM, McCall M 2005. Farm pilfering in Australia; Australian Institute of Criminology: Canberra: Australian. Retrieved on 30th August, 2018 from:www.aic.gov.au/publications/current %20series/cfi/101-120/cfi119.aspx.
  • Anongoku CP, Obinne O, Daudu S 2008. A Socio-Economic Analysis of Livestock Pilferage in Rural and Urban Areas of Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences. 17(2): 169-172.
  • Anonguku I 2005. Incidence of Livestock Pilferage in Benue State. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis in Extension. Department of Agricultural Extension and Communication, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, 73 pp.
  • Arene CJ, Anyeaji RC 2010. Determinants of food security among households in Nsukka Metropolis of Enugu State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Science, 30: 9-16.
  • Banwo A 1995. Pilferage and Food Availability: The Marketing perspective. Proceeding of the First National Seminar on Pilferage, pp. 121-130.
  • Barclay EM 2001. A review of related literature on agricultural pilfering. Institute for Rural Futures, University of New England, retrieved on 30 August, 2018 from: www.criminologyresearchcouncil.gov. au/ reports/barclay.pdf
  • Barclay EM, Donnermeyer JF 2011. Pilfering and security on agricultural operations. Security Journal, 24:1-18.
  • Barclay EM, Donnermeyer JF, Doyle BP, Talary D 2001. Property pilfering victimization and pilfering prevention on farms. Report to the NSW Attorney General’s Pilfering Prevention Division (Report No. 012). Armidale, New South Wales: Institute for Rural Futures, University of New England.
  • Bennett C 2016. Thieves find big returns, little risks on farmlands. FARM/JOURNAL AGWEB. https://www.agweb.com/crops.
  • Bignon V, Caroli E, Galbiati R 2017. Pilfering to Survive? Pilfering and Income Shocks in Nineteenth Century France. The Economic Journal, 127 (599):19–49.
  • Bunei EK, Rono JK, Chessa SR 2013. Factors influencing farm pilfering in Kenya: opinions and experiences of farmers. International Journal of Rural Criminology, 2(1):75-100.
  • Ceccato V. 2016. Rural pilfering and community safety, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Claudia B, Bainson PK 2016. The Effect of Pilfering on the Profitability of Small Businesses A Case Study on Shield Agro Chemical Company Ltd in Takoradi. European Journal of Business and Management, 8: 144-151.
  • Donnermeyer JF, Barclay EM, Mears DP 2011. Policing agricultural pilfering. In: Mawby, R.I. and R. Yarwood (eds.): Rural policing and policing the rural: A constable countryside. Farnham: Ashgate, pp.193-204.
  • Ebojei CO, Odekina FO., Mosimabale VO and Abdullahi AN 2011. Socio-economic factors predisposing farmers’ produce to pilferage in Idah local government area of Kogi State, Nigeria. The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 6(1):16-23.
  • Eze CC, Ibekwe UC, Onoh P, Nwajiuba CU 2006. Determinants of adoption of improved cassava production technologies among farmers in Enugu State of Nigeria. Global Approach to Extension Practice (GAEP). 2(1):37- 44.
  • FafChamps M, Minten B 2003. Pilfering and rural poverty: result of a natural experiment. Proceeding of the 25th International Conference of Agricultural Economics (IAAE).
  • Gbigbi TM 2018. Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Access to Land Among Women Arable Crop Farmers in Ika North East LGA, Delta State, Nigeria. Ife Journal of Agriculture,30(1): 52-62
  • Gbigbi TM. 2011. Economic Efficiency of Smallholder Sweet Potato Producers in Delta State, Nigeria: a Case Study of Ughelli South Local Government Area. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 7(2): 163-168.
  • Graham B 2010. Analysis of the state of praedial larceny in member states of CARICOM”. A report presented to CARICOM Council of Ministers for Trade and Agriculture during the recently completed Ninth Annual Caribbean Agriculture Week on 9-15 October, 2011, Windsor Park, Dominica.
  • Grote U, Debaucher F 2016 Rural pilfering in developing countries: Theoretical framework, empirical findings, research needs, ZEF Working Paper Series, No. 148, University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn.
  • Ibrahim FD, Oformata AO, Jirgi AJ, Oseghale AI, Bako RK 2017.Determinants of maize-based arable crop farmers productivity in Niger state, Nigeria. Conference Proceedings of The 18'' Annual National Conference of The Nigerian Association Of Agricultural Economists Held Al Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria 16' - 19th October, 2017
  • Inkoom DKB 2011. Utilization of irrigation facilities towards poverty reduction in the upper western region of Ghana. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 13(2): 335– 350.
  • Jones J 2008. Farm pilfering on Anglesey: Local partner’s and organizations. Views on the Issue, second report, January 2008. Retrieved on 30th August, 2018 fromhttp://www.aber.ac.uk/en/media/ jane-jones---second-report.pdf.
  • Kehinde EA, Uchechukwu CU, Mamuh P 2015.Effect of Cattle Rustling on Income Of Farmers in Benue State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Rural Sociology 16(2):78-83.
  • Lemchi J, Tshiunza M, Tenkovano A 2003. Factors driving the intensity and rate of cooking Banana adoption in Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Social Research. 3(2):135-166.
  • Lesotho-South Africa Fence.2013. Retrieved 30 08, 2018, from globalsecurity.org: http://www.global security. org/military/world/rsa/fence-lesotho.htm
  • Louise Manning and Jan Mei Soon (2016). Food Safety, Food Fraud, and Food Defense: A Fast Evolving Literature. Journal of food science, 18(4):823-834.
  • Magubane T 2011. Stock pilfering spiraling out of control. Retrieved 30 08-2018 from Kwanalu: http://www.kwanalu.co.za/default.asp?action=news&Id=540.
  • Manu IN, Andu WN, Tarla DN, Agharih WN 2014. Socio-economic effect of cattle theft on the pastoralists of the North West Region of Cameroon. Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science 4(6):299-305.
  • McCaghy CH, Capron TA, Jamieson J, Carey SH 2016. Deviant Behaviour Pilfering, Conflict, and Interest Groups. E-Book8th Edition. New York: Routledge,https:/doi.org/10.4324/9781315664323
  • McCall M 2003. Results from the 2001-02 National Farm pilfering Survey. Australian Institute of Criminology, Trends and Issues in Pilfering and Criminal Justice, No.266.
  • Mears DP, Scott ML, Bhati AS 2007. Opportunity theory and agricultural pilfering victimization. Rural Sociology, 72(2):151–184.
  • Mears DP, Scott ML, Bhati AS 2007. Policy, Theory, and Research Lessons from an Evaluation of an Agricultural Pilfering Prevention Program. Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center, Florida State University.https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/ 217908.pdf (accessed August 2018).
  • Miltonian A 2016. Causes of crime. Retrieved 06/04/2019, from Scribd.com. http://www.scribd. com.
  • Miller L 2017. Psychological Theories of Criminal Behavior. In: Van Hasselt V., Bourke M. (eds) Handbook of Behavioral Criminology. Springer, Cham pp 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61625-4_4.
  • Müller GS 2016. Magnitude of Livestock Theft in Kwa Sani and Factors That Could Influence It. A Master’s thesis in Disaster Management in the Disaster Management Training and Education Centre for Africa at the University of the Free State.
  • Odekina FO 2009. An assessment of effects of pilferage on arable crop farmers in Idah local government area of Kogi State, Nigeria. A thesis Submitted to the Post Graduate School, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Master of Science in Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology.
  • Ofuoku, AU, Emuh, FN. 2009. African rural women in agricultural and rural development: Challenges and opportunities. In Agbamu, J.U. (ed). Perspectives in agricultural extension and rural development. Owerri, Nigeria: Springfield Publishers Ltd. Pp. 348-360.
  • Ogunjimi SI 2001.Operational habits and health hazard in the use of chemicals among cocoa farmers in Osun and Edo States. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis. OAU Ile-Ife.
  • Olubanjo OO 1995. Pilferage: Concept, Dimension and Likely Motivation and Effect on Private Agricultural Venture in Nigeria. Paper and Proceedings Presented at Ogun state University, Nigeria. November, 13-16.
  • Olusanya TP, Adefuye BO, Adekinmisi AA 1995. Causes and Effects of Pilferage in Livestock Enterprises. In: Proceedings of Pilferage on farms, Nigeria. Samfard Farm Foundation, pp. 49 – 54.
  • Olusanya TP 1995. Causes, Method, Effects and Control of Pilfering in Livestock Enterprises in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun State. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis. Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Ogun State University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, 84pp.
  • Oni OA, Fashogbon AE, 2013. Food poverty and livelihoods issues in rural Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 8: 108-135.
  • Osborn E 2015. Examining Macro-Level Correlates of Farm Equipment Pilfering: A Test of Routine Activity Theory and Social Disorganization Theory, PhD-dissertation, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky Available online at http://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd/2248?utm_source=ir.library.louisville.edu%2Fetd%2F2248 &utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages (retrieved on 16th October, 2019).
  • Palmary I 2001. Social Crime Prevention in South Africa's Major Cities. Retrieved 04/06/2019, from CSVR organization: http://www.csvr.org.za/docs/ urbansafety/socialcrimeprevention.pdf.
  • Prakash, D., 2003. Rural women, food security and agricultural cooperatives. A report presented to the Rural Development and Management Centre Kalkaji, New Delhi, 1-15.
  • Sabo BB, Isah SD, Chamo AM, Rabiu MA 2017. Role of Smallholder Farmers in Nigeria’s Food Security. Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science 7(1): 1-5.
  • Swanson CR, Chamelin NC, Territo L 2001.Criminal investigation. Boston: McGraw Hill.
  • Van Kesteren J, van Dijk J, Mayhew P 2014. The international pilfering victim’s surveys: A retrospective, International Review of Victimology, 20(1): 49–69.
  • Vincent B, Eve C,Roberto G 2014. Stealing to Survive? Crime and Income Shocks in 19th Century France. IZA Discussion Paper No. 8531.
  • Yahaya MK 2007. Communication and Social Change: Lesson from Cassava Technology Transfer in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension 10: 178.
  • Zalkuwi J, Yusuf C, Ibrahim A, 2014. Analysis of cost and return in cowpea production in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 11(2): 144-147.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article)
Yazarlar

Theophilus Miebi Gbıgbı 0000-0002-1335-7231

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Şubat 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Mart 2020
Kabul Tarihi 9 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Gbıgbı, T. M. (2021). The Nexus Between Pilfering Menace and Crop Farmers’ Income Shock: Evidence From Nigeria. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 24(1), 200-211. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.700483

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https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1102888
Postharvest Losses in Onion: Causes and Determinants
Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1091225
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