Interaction of Three Populations of Pratylenchus thornei with Fusarium culmorum in Wheat Plant
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 25 Sayı: 5, 1042 - 1050, 31.10.2022
Fatma Gül Göze Özdemir
,
Şerife Evrim Arıcı
,
İbrahim Halil Elekcioğlu
Öz
The interaction of three populations of Pratylenchus thornei (SK11, SK24 and YLVC24) and Fusarium culmorum B4 isolate on İkizce wheat variety were investigated under controlled conditions with simultaneous and sequential inoculations. In the study, 1000 larva+adult inoculum density was used for nematode populations, while 50% diluted culture filtrate concentration was used in the fungal inoculum and 5 mL was applied to each pot. After about seven weeks, the wheat plants were removed and evaluated in terms of disease severity, final nematode density in soil and root, and nematode reproduction rate. It has been determined that the pathogenicity of the nematode populations is important in nematode and fungi interactions in the study. No interaction could be detected between the fungi and YLVC24, which has the lowest reproduction rate (6.6±0.1) among the populations, on wheat. In the SK24 population with the highest reproduction rate (10.4±0.4), the final nematode density was found to increase in simultaneous nematode and fungi application (12240.0±446.8), and fungi inoculation two weeks after nematode application (11672.0±389.3) compared to only nematode application (10436.0±446.8). When fungi was inoculated two weeks before nematode application on wheat, the population densities of SK11 and SK24 decreased. No difference was found between nematode populations in disease severity caused by fungi on wheat in simultaneous and sequential inoculations. It was determined that fungi application time was effective on total nematode density and reproduction rate of SK11 and SK24 populations. In the study, synergistic interaction was found only between the P. thornei SK24 population and F. culmorum in wheat.
Kaynakça
- Al-Hazmi AS, Dawabah AA, Al-Nadhari SN, Al-Yahya FA, Lafi HA 2016. Effects of Seedling Age and Root Wounding on the Charcoal Rot/Root-Knot Disease Complex On Green Bean. Nematropica 46(2): 229-234.
- Arıcı, Ş E 2006. Somaklonal Varyasyondan Yararlanarak İn Vitro Seleksiyonla Buğday (Triticum aestivum L.)’Da Başak Yanıklığına (Fusarium Spp.)Dayanıklı Bitki Elde Edilmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, 167 sy.
- Armstrong, JS, Peaır FB, Pılcher SD 1993. The Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and the Lesion Nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) on Winter Wheat. Journal of the Kansas Entomologıcal Socıety 66(1):69-74.
- Back, MA, Haydock PPJ, Jenkinson P 2002. Disease Complexes Involving Plant Parasitic Nematodes and Soilborne Pathogens. Plant Pathology 51(6): 683-697.
- Bagci SA, Hekimhan H, Mergoum M, Aktas H, Taner S, Tulukcu, E, Ekiz H 2001. Effects of Foot and Root Rot Pathogens on Yields of Some Cereal Genotypes and Determination of Resistance Sources. 4th Field Crops
Congress 17-21 September, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
- Barker, KR, Olthof, TH 1976. Relationships Between Nematode Population Densities and Crop Responses. Annual Review Of Phytopathology 14(1): 327-353.
- Bhagawati, B, Goswami, BK 2000. Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on Tomato. Indian Journal of Nematology 30(1): 93-94.
- Castillo, P, Jime´nez-Dı´az, RM, Go´mez-Barcina, A, Vovlas, N 1995. Parasitism of the Root-Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus thornei on Chickpea. Plant Pathology 44: 728-733.
- Castillo P, Vovlas N 2007. Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae): Diagnosis, Biology, Pathogenicity and Management. Nematology Monographs & Perspectives Vol. 6, Brill, Leiden, the Netherlands, 529 pp.
- Charegani, H, Majzoob, S, Hamzehzarghani, H, Karegar-Bide, A 2012. Effect of Various Initial Population Densities of Two Species of Meloidogyne on Growth of Tomato and Cucumber in Greenhouse. Nematologia
Mediterranea 40(2): 129-134.
- Çepni, E, Tunalı, B, Gürel, F 2013. Genetic Diversity and Mating Types of Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum originating from Different Agro‐Ecological Regions in Turkey. Journal of Basic Microbiology 53(8): 686-694.
- Edmunds, JE, Mai, WF 1966a. Effect of Trrichoderma viride, Fusarium oxyporum and Fungal Enzymes Upon Penetration of Alfalfa Roots by Pratylenchus penetrans. Phytopathology 56(10): 1132.
- Edmunds, JE, Mai, WF 1966b. Population Increase of Pratylenchus penetrans in Alfalfa and Celery Roots Infected with Trichoderma viride. Phytopathology 56(11): 1320.
- Edmunds, JE, Mai, WF 1967. Effect of Fusarium oxysporum on Movement of Pratylenchus penetrans Toward Alfalfa Roots. Phytopathology 57(5): 468.
- Erginbas-Orakci, G, Morgounov A, Dababat, AA 2018. Determination of Resistance in Winter Wheat Genotypes To The Dryland Root Rots Caused by Fusarium culmorum in Turkey. International Journal Of Agriculture And Wildlife Science 4(2): 193 - 202.
- Fosu-Nyarko, J, Jones, MG 2016. Advances in Understanding The Molecular Mechanisms of Root Lesion Nematode Host Interactions. Annual Review of Phytopathology 54: 253-278.
- France, RA, Brodie, BB 1996. Characterization of Pratylenchus penetrans from Ten Geographically Isolated Populations Based on Their Reaction on Potato. Journal of Nematology 28(4): 520.
- Göze Özdemir, FG 2020. Isparta ve Burdur İlleri Tahıl Alanlarında Bitki Paraziti Nematodların Belirlenmesi ve Buğdayda Endoparazit Nematodların Fusarıum culmorum ile Etkileşimlerinin Araştırılması. Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü Doktora tezi, 273 sy.
- Göze Özdemir, FG, Yaşar, B, Elekcioğlu, İH 2021. Distribution and Population Density of Plant Parasitic Nematodes on Cereal Production Areas of Isparta and Burdur Provinces of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology 45(1): 53-64.
- Göze Özdemir, FG 2021. Reproductive Fitness of Five Pratylenchus thornei Populations From Isparta Province in Turkey on Sterile Carrot Discs, Wheat and Barley Cultivars. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 5(1):7-11.
- Göze Özdemir, FG, Yaşar, B, Arıcı, ŞE, Elekçioğlu, İH, 2022. Interaction effect of Root Lesion Nematodes and Fusarium culmorum Sacc. on the disease complex on some wheat cultivars. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32(1): 152-163.
- Hafez, SL, Al-Rehiayani, S, Thornton, M, Sundararaj, P 1999. Differentiation of Two Geographically Isolated Populations of Pratylenchus neglectus based on Their Parasitism of Potato and Interaction with Verticillium dahliae. Nematropica 29(1): 25-36.
- Hajihassani, A, Maafi, ZT, Hosseininejad, A 2013. Interactions Between Heterodera filipjevi and Fusarium culmorum, and Between H. filipjevi and Bipolaris sorokiniana in Winter Wheat. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 120(2): 77-84.
- Hassan, GA, Al-Assas, K, Al-Fadil, TA 2012. Interactions Between Heterodera avenae and Fusarium culmorum On Yield Components Of Wheat, Nematode Reproduction And Crown Rot Severity. Nematropica 42(2): 260-266.
- Hoseini, SMN, Pourjam, E, Goltapeh, EM 2010. Synergistic Studies on Interaction of Nematode-Fungal System of Tea Plant in Iran. Journal Of Agricultural Technology 6(3): 487-496.
- Hekimhan H, Bagci SA, Nicol J, Arisoy RZ, Taner S 2004. Dryland Root Rot:A Major Threat To Winter Cereal Production Under Sub-Optimal Growing Conditions. 4th International Crop Science Congress 27 September-01 October, Brisbane, Australia.
- Inagaki, H, Powell, NT 1969. Influence of The Root-Lesion Nematode On Black Shank Symptom Development In Flue-Cured Tobacco. Phytopathology 59(10):1350-1355.
- Jin, X, Kotcon, JB, Morton, JB 1991. Research Note: Interactions between Pratylenchus penetrans and Fusarium avenaceum in Red Clover. Nematropica 21(1):105-109.
- LaMondia, JA 2003. Interaction of Pratylenchus penetrans and Rhizoctonia fragariae in Strawberry Black Root Rot. Journal of Nematology 35(1): 17.
- Mallaiah, B, Muthamilan, M, Prabhu, S, Ananthan, R 2014. Studies on Interaction of Nematode, Pratylenchus delattrei and Fungal Pathogen, Fusarium incarnatum Associated With Crossandra Wilt in Tamil Nadu, India.
Current Biotica 8(2): 157-164.
- Mısırlıoğlu, B, Pehlivan, E 2007. Investigations on Effects on Plant Growth and Determination of Plant Parasitic Nematodes Found in Wheat Felds in The Aegean and Marmara Regions. Bulletin of Plant Protection 47: 13-29.
- Mokbel, AA, Ibrahim, IKA, Shehata, MRA, El-Saedy, MAM 2007. Interaction Between Certain Root Rot Disease Fungi and Rootknot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita on Sunflower Plants. Egyptian Journal of
Phytopathology 35:1-11.
- Mudiope, J, Adipala, E, Coyne, D, Sikora, R 2004. Monoxenic Culture Of Pratylenchus sudanensis on Carrot Disks, With Evidence of Differences in Reproductive Rates Between Geographical İsolates. Nematology 6(4): 617-619.
- Nicol, JM, Rivoal, R 2008. Integrated Management and Biocontrol of Vegetable and Grain Crops Nematodes. In Global Knowledge and Its Application for The Integrated Control and Management of Nematodes On Wheat (Eds Ciancio, A. & Mukerji, K. G.) 243–287.
- Nord-Meyer, D, Sikora, RA 1983. Studies on The Interaction Between Heterodera daverti, Fusarium avenaceum and F. oxysporum on Trifolium subterraneum. Revue De Nematologie 6(2): 193–198.
- Olthof, TH 1990. Reproduction and Parasitism of Pratylenchus neglectus on Potato. Journal of Nematology 22(3): 303.
- Ortiz-Monasterio, I, Nicol, J 2004. Effects of The Root-Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, on Wheat Yields in Mexico. Nematology 6(4): 485-493.
- Pasquali, M, Spanu, F, Scherm, B, Balmas, V, Hoffmann, L, Hammond-Kosack, KE, Migheli, Q 2013. FcStuA from Fusarium culmorum Controls Wheat Foot and Root Rot in A Toxin Dispensable Manner. Plos One 8(2): E57429.
- Pinochet, P, Cenis, JL, Fernandez, C, Doucet, M, Maruli, J 1994. Reproductive Fitness and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Variation Among Isolates of Pratylenchus vulnus. Journal of Nematology 26(3): 271.
- Riedel, RM 1988. Interactions of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes With Soil-Borne Plant Pathogens. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 24(1-3): 281-292.
- Rotenberg, D, MacGuidwin, AE, Saeed, IAM, Rouse, DI 2004. Interaction of Spatially Separated Pratylenchus penetrans and Verticillium dahliae on Potato Measured By Impaired Photosynthesis. Plant Pathology 53(3): 294-302.
- Saadabi, AM, Yassin, AM 2007. Role Of Pratylenchus sudanensis, A Root-Lesion Nematode In The Syndrome of Cotton Wilt In Gezira Area Of Sudan. Agricultural Journal 2: 415-418.
- Scherm B, Balmas V, Spanu F, Pani G, Delogu G 2013. Fusarium culmorum: the causal agent of foot and root rot and head blight on wheat. Mol Plant Pathol 14(4):323-341.
- Seinhorst, JW 1998. The Common Relation Between Population Density And Plant Weight in Pot And Microplot Experiments With Various Nematode Plant Combinations. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 21(5): 459-468.
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Buğday Bitkisinde Üç Pratylenchus thornei Popülasyonunun Fusarium culmorum ile Interaksiyonu
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 25 Sayı: 5, 1042 - 1050, 31.10.2022
Fatma Gül Göze Özdemir
,
Şerife Evrim Arıcı
,
İbrahim Halil Elekcioğlu
Öz
İkizce buğday çeşidinde üç Pratylenchus thornei popülasyonu (SK11, SK24 ve YLVC24) ile Fusarium culmorum B4 izolatı'nın interaksiyonu eş zamanlı ve ardışık inokulasyonlarla kontrollü koşullarda araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada nematod popülasyonları için 1000 larva+ergin birey inokulum yoğunluğu kullanılırken, fungus inokulumunda %50 oranında seyreltilmiş kültür filtratı kullanılmış ve her saksıya 5 mL uygulanmıştır. Bitkiler yaklaşık yedi hafta sonra sökülerek değerlendirme işlemi hastalık şiddeti, toprak ve kökteki toplam nematod yoğunluğu ve üreme oranı açısından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada nematod ve fungus etkileşimlerinde nematod popülasyonlarının patojenitesinin önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Popülasyonlar arasında üreme oranı en düşük olan YLVC24 (6.6±0.1) ile fungus arasında buğdayda bir interaksiyon saptanamamıştır. En yüksek üreme oranına sahip SK24 popülasyonunda (10.4±0.4) sadece nematod uygulaması (10436.0±446.8) ile karşılaştırıldığında eş zamanlı nematod ve fungus uygulaması (12240.0±446.8) ile nematod inokulasyonundan iki hafta sonra fungus uygulamasında (11672.0±389.3) toplam nematod yoğunluğunun arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Buğdayda nematod uygulamasından iki hafta önce fungus enfeksiyonu gerçekleştiğinde ise SK11 ve SK24 popülasyonlarının yoğunluklarında azalma görülmüştür. Buğdayda fungusun oluşturduğu hastalık şiddetinde eş zamanlı ve ardışık inokulasyonlarda nematod popülasyonları arasında farklılık bulunamamıştır. Fungus uygulama zamanının SK11 ve SK24 popülasyonlarının toplam nematod yoğunluğu ve üreme oranı üzerinde etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada buğdayda sadece P. thornei SK24 popülasyonu ile F. culmorum arasında sinerjistik etkileşim bulunmuştur.
Kaynakça
- Al-Hazmi AS, Dawabah AA, Al-Nadhari SN, Al-Yahya FA, Lafi HA 2016. Effects of Seedling Age and Root Wounding on the Charcoal Rot/Root-Knot Disease Complex On Green Bean. Nematropica 46(2): 229-234.
- Arıcı, Ş E 2006. Somaklonal Varyasyondan Yararlanarak İn Vitro Seleksiyonla Buğday (Triticum aestivum L.)’Da Başak Yanıklığına (Fusarium Spp.)Dayanıklı Bitki Elde Edilmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, 167 sy.
- Armstrong, JS, Peaır FB, Pılcher SD 1993. The Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and the Lesion Nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) on Winter Wheat. Journal of the Kansas Entomologıcal Socıety 66(1):69-74.
- Back, MA, Haydock PPJ, Jenkinson P 2002. Disease Complexes Involving Plant Parasitic Nematodes and Soilborne Pathogens. Plant Pathology 51(6): 683-697.
- Bagci SA, Hekimhan H, Mergoum M, Aktas H, Taner S, Tulukcu, E, Ekiz H 2001. Effects of Foot and Root Rot Pathogens on Yields of Some Cereal Genotypes and Determination of Resistance Sources. 4th Field Crops
Congress 17-21 September, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
- Barker, KR, Olthof, TH 1976. Relationships Between Nematode Population Densities and Crop Responses. Annual Review Of Phytopathology 14(1): 327-353.
- Bhagawati, B, Goswami, BK 2000. Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on Tomato. Indian Journal of Nematology 30(1): 93-94.
- Castillo, P, Jime´nez-Dı´az, RM, Go´mez-Barcina, A, Vovlas, N 1995. Parasitism of the Root-Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus thornei on Chickpea. Plant Pathology 44: 728-733.
- Castillo P, Vovlas N 2007. Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae): Diagnosis, Biology, Pathogenicity and Management. Nematology Monographs & Perspectives Vol. 6, Brill, Leiden, the Netherlands, 529 pp.
- Charegani, H, Majzoob, S, Hamzehzarghani, H, Karegar-Bide, A 2012. Effect of Various Initial Population Densities of Two Species of Meloidogyne on Growth of Tomato and Cucumber in Greenhouse. Nematologia
Mediterranea 40(2): 129-134.
- Çepni, E, Tunalı, B, Gürel, F 2013. Genetic Diversity and Mating Types of Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum originating from Different Agro‐Ecological Regions in Turkey. Journal of Basic Microbiology 53(8): 686-694.
- Edmunds, JE, Mai, WF 1966a. Effect of Trrichoderma viride, Fusarium oxyporum and Fungal Enzymes Upon Penetration of Alfalfa Roots by Pratylenchus penetrans. Phytopathology 56(10): 1132.
- Edmunds, JE, Mai, WF 1966b. Population Increase of Pratylenchus penetrans in Alfalfa and Celery Roots Infected with Trichoderma viride. Phytopathology 56(11): 1320.
- Edmunds, JE, Mai, WF 1967. Effect of Fusarium oxysporum on Movement of Pratylenchus penetrans Toward Alfalfa Roots. Phytopathology 57(5): 468.
- Erginbas-Orakci, G, Morgounov A, Dababat, AA 2018. Determination of Resistance in Winter Wheat Genotypes To The Dryland Root Rots Caused by Fusarium culmorum in Turkey. International Journal Of Agriculture And Wildlife Science 4(2): 193 - 202.
- Fosu-Nyarko, J, Jones, MG 2016. Advances in Understanding The Molecular Mechanisms of Root Lesion Nematode Host Interactions. Annual Review of Phytopathology 54: 253-278.
- France, RA, Brodie, BB 1996. Characterization of Pratylenchus penetrans from Ten Geographically Isolated Populations Based on Their Reaction on Potato. Journal of Nematology 28(4): 520.
- Göze Özdemir, FG 2020. Isparta ve Burdur İlleri Tahıl Alanlarında Bitki Paraziti Nematodların Belirlenmesi ve Buğdayda Endoparazit Nematodların Fusarıum culmorum ile Etkileşimlerinin Araştırılması. Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü Doktora tezi, 273 sy.
- Göze Özdemir, FG, Yaşar, B, Elekcioğlu, İH 2021. Distribution and Population Density of Plant Parasitic Nematodes on Cereal Production Areas of Isparta and Burdur Provinces of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology 45(1): 53-64.
- Göze Özdemir, FG 2021. Reproductive Fitness of Five Pratylenchus thornei Populations From Isparta Province in Turkey on Sterile Carrot Discs, Wheat and Barley Cultivars. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 5(1):7-11.
- Göze Özdemir, FG, Yaşar, B, Arıcı, ŞE, Elekçioğlu, İH, 2022. Interaction effect of Root Lesion Nematodes and Fusarium culmorum Sacc. on the disease complex on some wheat cultivars. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32(1): 152-163.
- Hafez, SL, Al-Rehiayani, S, Thornton, M, Sundararaj, P 1999. Differentiation of Two Geographically Isolated Populations of Pratylenchus neglectus based on Their Parasitism of Potato and Interaction with Verticillium dahliae. Nematropica 29(1): 25-36.
- Hajihassani, A, Maafi, ZT, Hosseininejad, A 2013. Interactions Between Heterodera filipjevi and Fusarium culmorum, and Between H. filipjevi and Bipolaris sorokiniana in Winter Wheat. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 120(2): 77-84.
- Hassan, GA, Al-Assas, K, Al-Fadil, TA 2012. Interactions Between Heterodera avenae and Fusarium culmorum On Yield Components Of Wheat, Nematode Reproduction And Crown Rot Severity. Nematropica 42(2): 260-266.
- Hoseini, SMN, Pourjam, E, Goltapeh, EM 2010. Synergistic Studies on Interaction of Nematode-Fungal System of Tea Plant in Iran. Journal Of Agricultural Technology 6(3): 487-496.
- Hekimhan H, Bagci SA, Nicol J, Arisoy RZ, Taner S 2004. Dryland Root Rot:A Major Threat To Winter Cereal Production Under Sub-Optimal Growing Conditions. 4th International Crop Science Congress 27 September-01 October, Brisbane, Australia.
- Inagaki, H, Powell, NT 1969. Influence of The Root-Lesion Nematode On Black Shank Symptom Development In Flue-Cured Tobacco. Phytopathology 59(10):1350-1355.
- Jin, X, Kotcon, JB, Morton, JB 1991. Research Note: Interactions between Pratylenchus penetrans and Fusarium avenaceum in Red Clover. Nematropica 21(1):105-109.
- LaMondia, JA 2003. Interaction of Pratylenchus penetrans and Rhizoctonia fragariae in Strawberry Black Root Rot. Journal of Nematology 35(1): 17.
- Mallaiah, B, Muthamilan, M, Prabhu, S, Ananthan, R 2014. Studies on Interaction of Nematode, Pratylenchus delattrei and Fungal Pathogen, Fusarium incarnatum Associated With Crossandra Wilt in Tamil Nadu, India.
Current Biotica 8(2): 157-164.
- Mısırlıoğlu, B, Pehlivan, E 2007. Investigations on Effects on Plant Growth and Determination of Plant Parasitic Nematodes Found in Wheat Felds in The Aegean and Marmara Regions. Bulletin of Plant Protection 47: 13-29.
- Mokbel, AA, Ibrahim, IKA, Shehata, MRA, El-Saedy, MAM 2007. Interaction Between Certain Root Rot Disease Fungi and Rootknot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita on Sunflower Plants. Egyptian Journal of
Phytopathology 35:1-11.
- Mudiope, J, Adipala, E, Coyne, D, Sikora, R 2004. Monoxenic Culture Of Pratylenchus sudanensis on Carrot Disks, With Evidence of Differences in Reproductive Rates Between Geographical İsolates. Nematology 6(4): 617-619.
- Nicol, JM, Rivoal, R 2008. Integrated Management and Biocontrol of Vegetable and Grain Crops Nematodes. In Global Knowledge and Its Application for The Integrated Control and Management of Nematodes On Wheat (Eds Ciancio, A. & Mukerji, K. G.) 243–287.
- Nord-Meyer, D, Sikora, RA 1983. Studies on The Interaction Between Heterodera daverti, Fusarium avenaceum and F. oxysporum on Trifolium subterraneum. Revue De Nematologie 6(2): 193–198.
- Olthof, TH 1990. Reproduction and Parasitism of Pratylenchus neglectus on Potato. Journal of Nematology 22(3): 303.
- Ortiz-Monasterio, I, Nicol, J 2004. Effects of The Root-Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, on Wheat Yields in Mexico. Nematology 6(4): 485-493.
- Pasquali, M, Spanu, F, Scherm, B, Balmas, V, Hoffmann, L, Hammond-Kosack, KE, Migheli, Q 2013. FcStuA from Fusarium culmorum Controls Wheat Foot and Root Rot in A Toxin Dispensable Manner. Plos One 8(2): E57429.
- Pinochet, P, Cenis, JL, Fernandez, C, Doucet, M, Maruli, J 1994. Reproductive Fitness and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Variation Among Isolates of Pratylenchus vulnus. Journal of Nematology 26(3): 271.
- Riedel, RM 1988. Interactions of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes With Soil-Borne Plant Pathogens. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 24(1-3): 281-292.
- Rotenberg, D, MacGuidwin, AE, Saeed, IAM, Rouse, DI 2004. Interaction of Spatially Separated Pratylenchus penetrans and Verticillium dahliae on Potato Measured By Impaired Photosynthesis. Plant Pathology 53(3): 294-302.
- Saadabi, AM, Yassin, AM 2007. Role Of Pratylenchus sudanensis, A Root-Lesion Nematode In The Syndrome of Cotton Wilt In Gezira Area Of Sudan. Agricultural Journal 2: 415-418.
- Scherm B, Balmas V, Spanu F, Pani G, Delogu G 2013. Fusarium culmorum: the causal agent of foot and root rot and head blight on wheat. Mol Plant Pathol 14(4):323-341.
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