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Anatomic and Phytochemical Investigation of Herbal Tea Bags Sold as Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in the Market

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 27 Sayı: Ek Sayı 2 (Suppl 2), 521 - 532

Mehmet Ali Oçkun

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1484869

Öz

Melissa officinalis L., an ethnobotanically valuable plant, has been used for the treatment of several diseases since ancient times. However, different plants with the same name are sold instead of lemon balm in markets that sell herbal products in Türkiye. For this purpose, 15 different brands of tea bags in crushed form, sold as lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in markets, were analyzed. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant capacities of the hydroalcoholic extracts of these tea samples along with the stomatal structure were investigated. Additionally, chemical compositions and rosmarinic acid contents were determined by the high-performance thin-layer chromatography method. Among the samples examined, S1, S2, S9, and S12 tea samples were found to meet the eligibility criteria. The leaves of these samples had diacytic stomata and the rosmarinic acid ratio in their phytochemical composition was over 2%. Furthermore, caffeic acid was detected in these samples.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Melissa officinalis L. Lemon balm Stomata Phytochemical analysis HPTLC

Kaynakça

  • Anonymous (2023). Melissa leaf dry extract. European Pharmacopoeia. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, pp. 1619-1620.
  • Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M. & Karademir Çelik, S. (2004). Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(26), 7970-7981. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048741x
  • Bahramsoltani, R., Rostamiasrabadi, P., Shahpiri, Z., Marques, A. M., Rahimi, R. & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Aloysia citrodora Paláu (Lemon verbena): A review of phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 222, 34-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.021
  • Benzie, I. F. F. & Strain, J. J. (1996). The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
  • Blois, M. S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181(4617), 1199-1200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0
  • Caleja, C., Barros, L., Prieto, M. A., Barreiro, M. F., Oliveira, M. B. P. P. & Ferreira, I. C. F. R. (2017). Extraction of rosmarinic acid from Melissa officinalis L. by heat, microwave, and ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques: A comparative study through response surface analysis. Separation and Purification Technology, 186, 297-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.029
  • Carnat, A., Fraisse, D. & Lamaison, J. L. (1998). The aromatic and polyphenolic composition of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L. subsp. officinalis) tea. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae, 72(5), 301-305.
  • Cases, J., Ibarra, A., Feuillère, N., Roller, M. & Sukkar, S. G. (2011). Pilot trial of Melissa officinalis L. leaf extract in the treatment of volunteers suffering from mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 4(3), 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12349-010-0045-4
  • Costa de Melo, N., Sánchez-Ortiz, B. L., dos Santos Sampaio, T. I., Matias Pereira, A. C., Pinheiro da Silva Neto, F. L., Ribeiro da Silva, H., Alves Soares Cruz, R., Keita, H., Soares Pereira, A. M. & Tavares Carvalho, J. C. (2019). Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of the hydroethanolic extract from the leaves of Aloysia polystachya (Griseb.) Moldenke: A study on Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Pharmaceuticals, 12(3), 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12030106
  • Dastmalchi, K., Damien Dorman, H. J., Oinonen, P. P., Darwis, Y., Laakso, I. &, Hiltunen, R. (2008). Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidative activity of a lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) extract. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 41(3), 391-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2007.03.007
  • Degirmencioglu, H., Güzelmeriç, E., Yuksel, P., Kırmızıbekmez, H., Deniz, I. & Yesilada, E. (2019). A new type of Anatolian Propolis: Evaluation of its chemical composition, activity profile, and botanical origin. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 16(12), e1900492. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900492
  • Ferreira, A., Proença, C., Serralheiro, M. L. M. & Araújo, M. E. M. (2006). The in vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants from Portugal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 108(1), 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.04.010
  • Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M. T. (2012). Turkey Plant List (Vascular Plants). ANG Foundation, Istanbul, Turkey, 1290 p. ISBN: 978-605-60425-7-7
  • Kim, S., Yun, E. J., Bak, J. S., Lee, H., Lee, S. J., Kim, C. T., Lee, J.-H. & Kim, K. H. (2010). Response surface optimized extraction and chromatographic purification of rosmarinic acid from Melissa officinalis leaves. Food Chemistry, 121(2), 521-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.040
  • Kittler, J., Krüger, H., Lohwasser, U., Ulrich, D., Zeiger, B., Schütze, W., Böttcher, C., Gudi, G., Kästner, U. & Marthe, F. (2018). Evaluation of 28 balm and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) accessions for content and composition of essential oil and content of rosmarinic acid. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 65(3), 745-757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-017-0568-3
  • Kittler, J., Krüger, H., Ulrich, D., Zeiger, B., Schütze, W., Böttcher, C., Krähmer, A., Gudi, G., Kästner, U., Heuberger, H. & Marthe, F. (2018). Content and composition of essential oil and content of rosmarinic acid in lemon balm and balm genotypes (Melissa officinalis). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 65(5), 1517-1527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-018-0635-4
  • Lee, J., Durst, R. W., Wrolstad, R. E. & Collaborators:. (2005). Determination of total monomeric anthocyanin pigment content of fruit juices, beverages, natural colorants, and wines by the pH differential method: Collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International, 88(5), 1269-1278. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/88.5.1269
  • Mill, R. R. (1982). Melissa L. In Davis P. H. (Ed.), The Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 262-264.
  • Mimica-Dukic, N., Bozin, B., Sokovic, M. & Simin, N. (2004). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential Oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(9), 2485-2489. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030698a
  • Miraj, S., Rafieian, K. & Kiani, S. (2017). Melissa officinalis L: A review study with an antioxidant perspective. The Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, 22(3), 385-394. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587216663433
  • Nolkemper, S., Reichling, J., Stintzing, F. C., Carle, R. & Schnitzler, P. (2006). Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta Medica, 72(15), 1378-1382. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-951719
  • Ockun, M. A., Gercek, Y. C., Demirsoy, H., Demirsoy, L., Macit, I. & Oz, G. C. (2022). Comparative evaluation of phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of new sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genotypes in Turkey. Phytochemical Analysis, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3110
  • Papoti, V. T., Totomis, N., Atmatzidou, A., Zinoviadou, K., Androulaki, A., Petridis, D. & Ritzoulis, C. (2019). Phytochemical content of Melissa officinalis L. herbal preparations appropriate for consumption. Processes, 7(2), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7020088
  • Patora, J. & Klimek, B. (2002). Flavonoids from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae). Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 59(2), 139-143.
  • Pękal, A. & Pyrzynska, K. (2014). Evaluation of aluminium complexation reaction for flavonoid content assay. Food Analytical Methods, 7(9), 1776-1782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-014-9814-x
  • Pereira, R. P., Boligon, A. A., Appel, A. S., Fachinetto, R., Ceron, C. S., Tanus-Santos, J. E., Athayde, M. L. & Rocha, J. B. T. (2014). Chemical composition, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of Melissa officinalis. Industrial Crops and Products, 53, 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.12.007
  • Ramanauskiene, K., Raudonis, R. & Majiene, D. (2016). Rosmarinic acid and Melissa officinalis extract differently affect Glioblastoma cells. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 1564257. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1564257
  • Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M. & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9), 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
  • Saha, S., Singh, J., Paul, A., Sarkar, R., Khan, Z. & Banerjee, K. (2020). Anthocyanin profiling using UV-Vis spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of AOAC International, 103(1), 23-39. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.19-0201
  • Saskara, C., Hürkul, M. M. & Güvenç, A. (2010). Aktarlarda satılan Melissa officinalis L. (Oğulotu, Melisa) üzerinde morfolojik ve anatomik çalışmalar. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 39(2), 123-143.
  • Shakeri, A., Sahebkar, A. & Javadi, B. (2016). Melissa officinalis L. – A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 188, 204-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.010
  • Shekarchi, M., Hajimehdipoor, H., Saeidnia, S., Gohari, A. R. & Hamedani, M. P. (2012). Comparative study of rosmarinic acid content in some plants of Labiatae family. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 8(29), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.93316
  • Shraim, A. M., Ahmed, T. A., Rahman, M. M. & Hijji, Y. M. (2021). Determination of total flavonoid content by aluminum chloride assay: A critical evaluation. LWT, 150, 111932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111932
  • Singleton, V. L. & Rossi, J. A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144-158.
  • Tammar, S., Salem, N., Aidi Wannes, W., Limam, H., Bourgou, S., Fares, N., Dakhlaoui, S., Hammami, M., Khammassi, S., Re, G. D., Hessini, K. & Msaada, K. (2021). Chemometric profiling and bioactivity of verbena (Aloysia citrodora) methanolic extract from four localities in Tunisia. Foods, 10(12), 2912. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10122912
  • Ulgen, C., Yildirim, A. B. & Turker, A.U, (2023). Melissa officinalis: Antibacterial and antioxidant potential, phenolic profile, and enzyme activities. KSU J. Agric Nat, 26(5), 1075-1085. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1170784
  • Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T. & Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64(4), 555-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2

Piyasada Tıbbi Melisa (Melissa officinalis L.) Olarak Satılan Bitkisel Poşet Çayların Anatomik ve Fitokimyasal Olarak İncelenmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 27 Sayı: Ek Sayı 2 (Suppl 2), 521 - 532

Mehmet Ali Oçkun

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1484869

Öz

Etnobotanik olarak değerli bir bitki olan melisa eski çağlardan beri birçok hastalığın tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Buna karşın, ülkemizde aynı isme sahip farklı bitkiler piyasada tıbbi melisa (Melissa officinalis L.) yerine satılmaktadır. Bu amaçla, piyasada M. officinalis olarak satılan öğütülmüş formda 15 farklı markalı poşet çay analiz edildi. Bu örneklerin hidroalkolik ekstrelerinin toplam fenol, flavonoid ve antioksidan kapasiteleri ile birlikte stoma yapıları incelendi. Buna ek olarak, kimyasal birleşimleri ve yapılarında bulunan rosmarinik asit miktarları Yüksek Performanslı İnce Tabaka Yöntemi ile belirlendi. İncelenen örnekler arasında, S1, S2, S9 ve S12 kodlu örneklerin uygunluk kriterlerini karşıladığı bulundu. Buna göre bu örneklerin yaprakları diasitik stoma yapısına sahip olduğu ve kimyasal yapılarında rosmarinik asit oranlarının %2’nin üzerinde olduğu belirlendi. Ayrıca bu örneklerde kafeik asidin de olduğu tespit edildi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Melissa officinalis L. Melisa Stoma Fitokimyasal analiz YPİTK

Kaynakça

  • Anonymous (2023). Melissa leaf dry extract. European Pharmacopoeia. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, pp. 1619-1620.
  • Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M. & Karademir Çelik, S. (2004). Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(26), 7970-7981. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048741x
  • Bahramsoltani, R., Rostamiasrabadi, P., Shahpiri, Z., Marques, A. M., Rahimi, R. & Farzaei, M. H. (2018). Aloysia citrodora Paláu (Lemon verbena): A review of phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 222, 34-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.021
  • Benzie, I. F. F. & Strain, J. J. (1996). The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
  • Blois, M. S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181(4617), 1199-1200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0
  • Caleja, C., Barros, L., Prieto, M. A., Barreiro, M. F., Oliveira, M. B. P. P. & Ferreira, I. C. F. R. (2017). Extraction of rosmarinic acid from Melissa officinalis L. by heat, microwave, and ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques: A comparative study through response surface analysis. Separation and Purification Technology, 186, 297-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.029
  • Carnat, A., Fraisse, D. & Lamaison, J. L. (1998). The aromatic and polyphenolic composition of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L. subsp. officinalis) tea. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae, 72(5), 301-305.
  • Cases, J., Ibarra, A., Feuillère, N., Roller, M. & Sukkar, S. G. (2011). Pilot trial of Melissa officinalis L. leaf extract in the treatment of volunteers suffering from mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 4(3), 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12349-010-0045-4
  • Costa de Melo, N., Sánchez-Ortiz, B. L., dos Santos Sampaio, T. I., Matias Pereira, A. C., Pinheiro da Silva Neto, F. L., Ribeiro da Silva, H., Alves Soares Cruz, R., Keita, H., Soares Pereira, A. M. & Tavares Carvalho, J. C. (2019). Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of the hydroethanolic extract from the leaves of Aloysia polystachya (Griseb.) Moldenke: A study on Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Pharmaceuticals, 12(3), 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12030106
  • Dastmalchi, K., Damien Dorman, H. J., Oinonen, P. P., Darwis, Y., Laakso, I. &, Hiltunen, R. (2008). Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidative activity of a lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) extract. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 41(3), 391-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2007.03.007
  • Degirmencioglu, H., Güzelmeriç, E., Yuksel, P., Kırmızıbekmez, H., Deniz, I. & Yesilada, E. (2019). A new type of Anatolian Propolis: Evaluation of its chemical composition, activity profile, and botanical origin. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 16(12), e1900492. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900492
  • Ferreira, A., Proença, C., Serralheiro, M. L. M. & Araújo, M. E. M. (2006). The in vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants from Portugal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 108(1), 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.04.010
  • Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M. T. (2012). Turkey Plant List (Vascular Plants). ANG Foundation, Istanbul, Turkey, 1290 p. ISBN: 978-605-60425-7-7
  • Kim, S., Yun, E. J., Bak, J. S., Lee, H., Lee, S. J., Kim, C. T., Lee, J.-H. & Kim, K. H. (2010). Response surface optimized extraction and chromatographic purification of rosmarinic acid from Melissa officinalis leaves. Food Chemistry, 121(2), 521-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.040
  • Kittler, J., Krüger, H., Lohwasser, U., Ulrich, D., Zeiger, B., Schütze, W., Böttcher, C., Gudi, G., Kästner, U. & Marthe, F. (2018). Evaluation of 28 balm and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) accessions for content and composition of essential oil and content of rosmarinic acid. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 65(3), 745-757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-017-0568-3
  • Kittler, J., Krüger, H., Ulrich, D., Zeiger, B., Schütze, W., Böttcher, C., Krähmer, A., Gudi, G., Kästner, U., Heuberger, H. & Marthe, F. (2018). Content and composition of essential oil and content of rosmarinic acid in lemon balm and balm genotypes (Melissa officinalis). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 65(5), 1517-1527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-018-0635-4
  • Lee, J., Durst, R. W., Wrolstad, R. E. & Collaborators:. (2005). Determination of total monomeric anthocyanin pigment content of fruit juices, beverages, natural colorants, and wines by the pH differential method: Collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International, 88(5), 1269-1278. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/88.5.1269
  • Mill, R. R. (1982). Melissa L. In Davis P. H. (Ed.), The Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 262-264.
  • Mimica-Dukic, N., Bozin, B., Sokovic, M. & Simin, N. (2004). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential Oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(9), 2485-2489. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030698a
  • Miraj, S., Rafieian, K. & Kiani, S. (2017). Melissa officinalis L: A review study with an antioxidant perspective. The Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, 22(3), 385-394. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587216663433
  • Nolkemper, S., Reichling, J., Stintzing, F. C., Carle, R. & Schnitzler, P. (2006). Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta Medica, 72(15), 1378-1382. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-951719
  • Ockun, M. A., Gercek, Y. C., Demirsoy, H., Demirsoy, L., Macit, I. & Oz, G. C. (2022). Comparative evaluation of phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of new sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genotypes in Turkey. Phytochemical Analysis, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3110
  • Papoti, V. T., Totomis, N., Atmatzidou, A., Zinoviadou, K., Androulaki, A., Petridis, D. & Ritzoulis, C. (2019). Phytochemical content of Melissa officinalis L. herbal preparations appropriate for consumption. Processes, 7(2), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7020088
  • Patora, J. & Klimek, B. (2002). Flavonoids from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae). Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 59(2), 139-143.
  • Pękal, A. & Pyrzynska, K. (2014). Evaluation of aluminium complexation reaction for flavonoid content assay. Food Analytical Methods, 7(9), 1776-1782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-014-9814-x
  • Pereira, R. P., Boligon, A. A., Appel, A. S., Fachinetto, R., Ceron, C. S., Tanus-Santos, J. E., Athayde, M. L. & Rocha, J. B. T. (2014). Chemical composition, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of Melissa officinalis. Industrial Crops and Products, 53, 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.12.007
  • Ramanauskiene, K., Raudonis, R. & Majiene, D. (2016). Rosmarinic acid and Melissa officinalis extract differently affect Glioblastoma cells. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 1564257. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1564257
  • Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M. & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9), 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
  • Saha, S., Singh, J., Paul, A., Sarkar, R., Khan, Z. & Banerjee, K. (2020). Anthocyanin profiling using UV-Vis spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of AOAC International, 103(1), 23-39. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.19-0201
  • Saskara, C., Hürkul, M. M. & Güvenç, A. (2010). Aktarlarda satılan Melissa officinalis L. (Oğulotu, Melisa) üzerinde morfolojik ve anatomik çalışmalar. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 39(2), 123-143.
  • Shakeri, A., Sahebkar, A. & Javadi, B. (2016). Melissa officinalis L. – A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 188, 204-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.010
  • Shekarchi, M., Hajimehdipoor, H., Saeidnia, S., Gohari, A. R. & Hamedani, M. P. (2012). Comparative study of rosmarinic acid content in some plants of Labiatae family. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 8(29), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.93316
  • Shraim, A. M., Ahmed, T. A., Rahman, M. M. & Hijji, Y. M. (2021). Determination of total flavonoid content by aluminum chloride assay: A critical evaluation. LWT, 150, 111932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111932
  • Singleton, V. L. & Rossi, J. A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144-158.
  • Tammar, S., Salem, N., Aidi Wannes, W., Limam, H., Bourgou, S., Fares, N., Dakhlaoui, S., Hammami, M., Khammassi, S., Re, G. D., Hessini, K. & Msaada, K. (2021). Chemometric profiling and bioactivity of verbena (Aloysia citrodora) methanolic extract from four localities in Tunisia. Foods, 10(12), 2912. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10122912
  • Ulgen, C., Yildirim, A. B. & Turker, A.U, (2023). Melissa officinalis: Antibacterial and antioxidant potential, phenolic profile, and enzyme activities. KSU J. Agric Nat, 26(5), 1075-1085. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1170784
  • Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T. & Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64(4), 555-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bitki Biyokimyası, Bitki Morfolojisi ve Anatomisi
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article)
Yazarlar

Mehmet Ali Oçkun 0000-0001-8180-7399

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 19 Aralık 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 29 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024Cilt: 27 Sayı: Ek Sayı 2 (Suppl 2)

Kaynak Göster

APA Oçkun, M. A. (2024). Anatomic and Phytochemical Investigation of Herbal Tea Bags Sold as Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in the Market. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 27(Ek Sayı 2 (Suppl 2), 521-532. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1484869
 Kapak Resmi İndir

21082



2022-JIF = 0.500

2022-JCI = 0.170

Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi (International Peer Reviewed Journal)

       Dergimiz, herhangi bir başvuru veya yayımlama ücreti almamaktadır. (Free submission and publication)

      Yılda 6 sayı yayınlanır. (Published 6 times a year)


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Bu web sitesi Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.

                 


Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi
e-ISSN: 2619-9149