Quantification of Biochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Contrasting Common Purslane Populations
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 285 - 297, 27.03.2025
Muhammad Yasir Naeem
,
Khawar Jabran
Öz
Plants play a crucial role in human nutrition and health, yet many species with high nutritional and antioxidant potential remain underutilized. Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), a fast-growing and easily cultivable plant, is a rich source of phytoconstituents and bioactive compounds, making it a promising candidate for functional food development. This research aimed to explore common purslane's viability as a unique Mediterranean vegetable. We collected seeds from 25 distinct populations across Turkey, addressing a significant research gap in their biochemical and antioxidant properties. Among these 25 populations, lycopene and lutein levels ranged from 52.59 to 10.52 and 37.33 to 12.63 mg g-1 fresh weight (FW), respectively. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) values ranged from 8.23 to 3 mg g-1 FW, Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) from 123.44 to 24.17 mg g-1 FW, and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) from 135.33 to 66.25 mg g-1 FW. In conclusion, our study not only provides an innovative approach for expanding unexploited markets but also highlights the potential for developing valuable functional foods.
Destekleyen Kurum
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Teşekkür
This study was a part of the Ph.D. thesis work of 1st author Muhammad Yasir Naeem, and he also acknowledged the TUBITAK for providing a scholarship during the Ph.D. (for living expenses) under the program of Bibed 2215.
Kaynakça
- Alam, M., Juraimi, A. S., Rafii, M. Y., Abdul Hamid, A., Aslani, F., Hasan, M. M., & Uddin, M. (2014). Evaluation of antioxidant compounds, antioxidant activities, and mineral composition of 13 collected purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) populations. BioMed Research International, 296063, 1-10.
- Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M., & Karademir, S. E. (2004). Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(26), 7970-7981.
- Banerjee, D., Hazra, A. K., Chakraborti, S., Ray, J., Mukherjee, A., & Mukherjee, B. (2013). Variation of total phenolic content, flavonoid and radical scavenging activity of Ipomoea pes-caprae with respect to harvesting time and location. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 106-109.
- Bayarsaikhan, G., Avan, A. N., Çekiç, S. D., & Apak, R. (2019). Use of modified CUPRAC and dinitrophenylhydrazine colorimetric methods for simultaneous measurement of oxidative protein damage and antioxidant defense against oxidation. Talanta, 204, 613-625.
- Benzie, I. F., & Strain, J. J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1), 70-76.
- Berwal, M. K., Haldhar, S. M., Ram, C., & Saroj, P. L. (2021). Determination of total phenolic & flavonoids and antioxidant activity in Calligonum polygonoides L. from Thar Desert. Journal of Environmental Biology, 42(5), 1347-1354.
- Binici, H. I., Şat, İ. G., & Aoudeh, E. (2021). The effect of different drying methods on nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 45(5), 680-689.
- Bulda, O. V., Rassadina, V. V., Alekseichuk, H. N., & Laman, N. A. (2008). Spectrophotometric measurement of carotenes, xanthophylls, and chlorophylls in extracts from plant seeds. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 55(4), 544-551.
- Butnariu, M. (2018). Portulaca Oleracea Phytochemistry and pharmacological considerations. Annal Pharmacology and Pharmacy, 3(3), 1149.
- Ceccanti, C., Landi, M., Benvenuti, S., Pardossi, A., & Guidi, L. (2018). Mediterranean wild edible plants: Weeds or “new functional crops”? Molecules, 23(9), 2299.
- Çelik, Ş., Dervişoglu, G., İzol, E., Sęczyk, Ł., Özdemir, F. A., Yilmaz, M. E., Yilmaz, M. A., Gülçin, İ., Al-Anazi, K. M., Farah, M. A., Zafar, M., Makhkamov, T., & Khan, M. A. (2024). Comprehensive phytochemical analysis of Salvia hispanica L. callus extracts using LC–MS/MS. Biomedical Chromatography, e5975. https://doi.org/
10.1002/bmc.5975
- Chen, Y.-X., Li, G.-Z., Zhang, B., Xia, Z. Y., & Zhang, M. (2016). Molecular evaluation of herbal compounds as potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Molecular Medicine Reports, 14(1), 446-452.
- Chu, Y. H., Chang, C. L., & Hsu, H. F. (2000). Flavonoid content of several vegetables and their antioxidant activity. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 80(5), 561-566.
- Davis, A. R., Fish, W. W., & Perkins-Veazie, P. (2003). A rapid spectrophotometric method for analyzing lycopene content in tomato and tomato products. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 28(3), 425-430.
- Ejoh, S. I., Wireko-Manu, F. D., Page, D., & Renard, C. M. (2021). Traditional green leafy vegetables as underutilised sources of micronutrients in a rural farming community in south-west Nigeria I: estimation of vitamin C, carotenoids and mineral contents. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 34(2), 40-45.
- El-Shora, H. M., & Abd El-Gawad, A. M. (2015). Evaluation of allelopathic effect of white lupin (Lupinus termis L.) leaf extract on the biochemical dynamics of common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Egyptian Journal of Botany, 54(2), 317-332.
- Grieve, C. M., & Grattan, S. R. (1983). Rapid assay for determination of water-soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Plant and Soil, 70(2), 303-307.
- Gul Guven, R., Guven, K., Matpan Bekler, F., Acer, O., Alkan, H., & Dogru, M. (2017). Purification and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from purslane. Food Science and Technology, 37, 356-362.
- Gunathilake, K. P. P., & Ranaweera, K. K. D. S. (2016). Antioxidative properties of 34 green leafy vegetables. Journal of Functional Foods, 26, 176-186.
- Hamad, S. W. (2021). Bioherbicidal actions of common purslane on seed germination and growth of some crop and weed species. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 910(1), p. 012107. IOP Publishing.
- Hedayati, N., Oskouei, Z., Tabeshpour, J., & Naeini, M. B. (2021). Berberine and lycopene as alternative or add-on therapy to metformin and statins, a review. European Journal of Pharmacology, 913, 174590.
- İnci, H., İzol, E., Yılmaz, M. A., İlkaya, M., Bingöl, Z., & Gülçin, İ. (2023). Comprehensive phytochemical content by LC/MS/MS and anticholinergic, antiglaucoma, antiepilepsy, and antioxidant activity of Apilarnil (drone larvae). Chemistry & Biodiversity, 20(10), e202300654. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202300654
- İzol, E., Bursal, E., Yapıcı, İ., Yılmaz, M. A., Yılmaz, İ., & Gülçin, İ. (2024). Chemical content by LC-MS/MS, antiglaucoma, and antioxidant activity of propolis samples from different regions of Türkiye. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2024(1), 7488590. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7488590
- İzol, E., Temel, H., Yılmaz, M. A., Yener, I., Ölmez, O. T., Kaplaner, E., & Ertaş, A. (2021). A detailed chemical and biological investigation of twelve Allium species from Eastern Anatolia with chemometric studies. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 18(1), e2000560. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202000560
- İzol, E., & Turhan, M. (2024). In-depth phytochemical profile by LC-MS/MS, mineral content by ICP-MS, and in-vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiepilepsy, anticholinergic, and antiglaucoma properties of Bitlis propolis. Life, 14, 1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111389
- İzol, E., Turhan, M., Yılmaz, M. A., Çağlayan, C., & Gülçin, İ. (2024). Determination of antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticholinergic, antiglaucoma properties and comprehensive phytochemical content by LC-MS/MS of Bingöl honeybee pollen. Food Science & Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4531
- Kario, K., Kagitani, H., Hayashi, S., Hanamura, S., Ozawa, K., & Kanegae, H. (2022). A Japan nationwide web-based survey of patient preference for renal denervation for hypertension treatment. Hypertension Research, 45(2), 232-240.
- Keser, F., Karatepe, M., Keser, S., Tekin, S., Türkoğlu, İ., Kaygili, O., & Kirbag, S. (2021). In vitro biological activities and phytochemical contents of Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane). Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials, 4(1), 1-7.
- Ketnawa, S., Reginio Jr, F. C., Thuengtung, S., & Ogawa, Y. (2022). Changes in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of plant-based foods by gastrointestinal digestion: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(17), 4684-4705.
- Khan, U. M., Sevindik, M., Zarrabi, A., Nami, M., Ozdemir, B., Kaplan, D. N., & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2021). Lycopene: Food sources, biological activities, and human health benefits. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2713511, 1-10.
- Li, D., Zhang, T., Wang, M., Liu, Y., Brestic, M., Chen, T. H., & Yang, X. (2019). Genetic engineering of the biosynthesis of glycine betaine modulates phosphate homeostasis by regulating phosphate acquisition in tomato. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 401291, 1-13.
- Li, Z. R., Amist, N., & Bai, L. Y. (2019). Allelopathy in sustainable weed management. Allelopathy Journal, 48(2), 109-138.
- Mapelli-Brahm, P., Barba, F. J., Remize, F., Garcia, C., Fessard, A., Khaneghah, A. M., & Meléndez-Martínez, A. J. (2020). The impact of fermentation processes on the production, retention, and bioavailability of carotenoids: An overview. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 99, 389-401.
- Mrowicka, M., Mrowicki, J., Kucharska, E., & Majsterek, I. (2022). Lutein and zeaxanthin and their roles in age-related macular degeneration—Neurodegenerative disease. Nutrients, 14(4), 827.
- Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reaction: Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 44(6), 307-315.
- Uddin, M., Juraimi, A. S., Hossain, M. S., Nahar, M., Un, A., Ali, M., & Rahman, M. M. (2014). Purslane weed (Portulaca oleracea): A prospective plant source of nutrition, omega-3 fatty acid, and antioxidant attributes. The Scientific World Journal, 951019, 1-6.
- Uzunboy, S., Çekiç, S. D., Eksin, E., Erdem, A., & Apak, R. (2017). CUPRAC colorimetric and electroanalytical methods determining antioxidant activity based on prevention of oxidative DNA damage. Analytical Biochemistry, 518, 69-77.
- Yılmaz, M. A., Çakır, O., İzol, E., Tarhan, A., Behçet, L., & Zengin, G. (2023). Detailed phytochemical evaluation of a locally endemic species (Campanula baskilensis) by LC-MS/MS and its in-depth antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 20(12), e202301182. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202301182
- Yurt, B., Sağlamtaş, R., Demir, Y., İzol, E., Diril, H., & Çağlayan, C. (2024). Determination of in vitro antioxidant, anticholinergic and antiepileptic activities of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 27(Suppl. 1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.18016/
ksutarimdoga. vi.1472403
Quantification of Biochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Contrasting Common Purslane Populations
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 285 - 297, 27.03.2025
Muhammad Yasir Naeem
,
Khawar Jabran
Öz
Plants play a crucial role in human nutrition and health, yet many species with high nutritional and antioxidant potential remain underutilized. Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), a fast-growing and easily cultivable plant, is a rich source of phytoconstituents and bioactive compounds, making it a promising candidate for functional food development. This research aimed to explore common purslane's viability as a unique Mediterranean vegetable. We collected seeds from 25 distinct populations across Turkey, addressing a significant research gap in their biochemical and antioxidant properties. Among these 25 populations, lycopene and lutein levels ranged from 52.59 to 10.52 and 37.33 to 12.63 mg g-1 fresh weight (FW), respectively. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) values ranged from 8.23 to 3 mg g-1 FW, Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) from 123.44 to 24.17 mg g-1 FW, and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) from 135.33 to 66.25 mg g-1 FW. In conclusion, our study not only provides an innovative approach for expanding unexploited markets but also highlights the potential for developing valuable functional foods.
Kaynakça
- Alam, M., Juraimi, A. S., Rafii, M. Y., Abdul Hamid, A., Aslani, F., Hasan, M. M., & Uddin, M. (2014). Evaluation of antioxidant compounds, antioxidant activities, and mineral composition of 13 collected purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) populations. BioMed Research International, 296063, 1-10.
- Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M., & Karademir, S. E. (2004). Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(26), 7970-7981.
- Banerjee, D., Hazra, A. K., Chakraborti, S., Ray, J., Mukherjee, A., & Mukherjee, B. (2013). Variation of total phenolic content, flavonoid and radical scavenging activity of Ipomoea pes-caprae with respect to harvesting time and location. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 106-109.
- Bayarsaikhan, G., Avan, A. N., Çekiç, S. D., & Apak, R. (2019). Use of modified CUPRAC and dinitrophenylhydrazine colorimetric methods for simultaneous measurement of oxidative protein damage and antioxidant defense against oxidation. Talanta, 204, 613-625.
- Benzie, I. F., & Strain, J. J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1), 70-76.
- Berwal, M. K., Haldhar, S. M., Ram, C., & Saroj, P. L. (2021). Determination of total phenolic & flavonoids and antioxidant activity in Calligonum polygonoides L. from Thar Desert. Journal of Environmental Biology, 42(5), 1347-1354.
- Binici, H. I., Şat, İ. G., & Aoudeh, E. (2021). The effect of different drying methods on nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 45(5), 680-689.
- Bulda, O. V., Rassadina, V. V., Alekseichuk, H. N., & Laman, N. A. (2008). Spectrophotometric measurement of carotenes, xanthophylls, and chlorophylls in extracts from plant seeds. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 55(4), 544-551.
- Butnariu, M. (2018). Portulaca Oleracea Phytochemistry and pharmacological considerations. Annal Pharmacology and Pharmacy, 3(3), 1149.
- Ceccanti, C., Landi, M., Benvenuti, S., Pardossi, A., & Guidi, L. (2018). Mediterranean wild edible plants: Weeds or “new functional crops”? Molecules, 23(9), 2299.
- Çelik, Ş., Dervişoglu, G., İzol, E., Sęczyk, Ł., Özdemir, F. A., Yilmaz, M. E., Yilmaz, M. A., Gülçin, İ., Al-Anazi, K. M., Farah, M. A., Zafar, M., Makhkamov, T., & Khan, M. A. (2024). Comprehensive phytochemical analysis of Salvia hispanica L. callus extracts using LC–MS/MS. Biomedical Chromatography, e5975. https://doi.org/
10.1002/bmc.5975
- Chen, Y.-X., Li, G.-Z., Zhang, B., Xia, Z. Y., & Zhang, M. (2016). Molecular evaluation of herbal compounds as potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Molecular Medicine Reports, 14(1), 446-452.
- Chu, Y. H., Chang, C. L., & Hsu, H. F. (2000). Flavonoid content of several vegetables and their antioxidant activity. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 80(5), 561-566.
- Davis, A. R., Fish, W. W., & Perkins-Veazie, P. (2003). A rapid spectrophotometric method for analyzing lycopene content in tomato and tomato products. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 28(3), 425-430.
- Ejoh, S. I., Wireko-Manu, F. D., Page, D., & Renard, C. M. (2021). Traditional green leafy vegetables as underutilised sources of micronutrients in a rural farming community in south-west Nigeria I: estimation of vitamin C, carotenoids and mineral contents. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 34(2), 40-45.
- El-Shora, H. M., & Abd El-Gawad, A. M. (2015). Evaluation of allelopathic effect of white lupin (Lupinus termis L.) leaf extract on the biochemical dynamics of common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Egyptian Journal of Botany, 54(2), 317-332.
- Grieve, C. M., & Grattan, S. R. (1983). Rapid assay for determination of water-soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Plant and Soil, 70(2), 303-307.
- Gul Guven, R., Guven, K., Matpan Bekler, F., Acer, O., Alkan, H., & Dogru, M. (2017). Purification and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from purslane. Food Science and Technology, 37, 356-362.
- Gunathilake, K. P. P., & Ranaweera, K. K. D. S. (2016). Antioxidative properties of 34 green leafy vegetables. Journal of Functional Foods, 26, 176-186.
- Hamad, S. W. (2021). Bioherbicidal actions of common purslane on seed germination and growth of some crop and weed species. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 910(1), p. 012107. IOP Publishing.
- Hedayati, N., Oskouei, Z., Tabeshpour, J., & Naeini, M. B. (2021). Berberine and lycopene as alternative or add-on therapy to metformin and statins, a review. European Journal of Pharmacology, 913, 174590.
- İnci, H., İzol, E., Yılmaz, M. A., İlkaya, M., Bingöl, Z., & Gülçin, İ. (2023). Comprehensive phytochemical content by LC/MS/MS and anticholinergic, antiglaucoma, antiepilepsy, and antioxidant activity of Apilarnil (drone larvae). Chemistry & Biodiversity, 20(10), e202300654. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202300654
- İzol, E., Bursal, E., Yapıcı, İ., Yılmaz, M. A., Yılmaz, İ., & Gülçin, İ. (2024). Chemical content by LC-MS/MS, antiglaucoma, and antioxidant activity of propolis samples from different regions of Türkiye. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2024(1), 7488590. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7488590
- İzol, E., Temel, H., Yılmaz, M. A., Yener, I., Ölmez, O. T., Kaplaner, E., & Ertaş, A. (2021). A detailed chemical and biological investigation of twelve Allium species from Eastern Anatolia with chemometric studies. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 18(1), e2000560. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202000560
- İzol, E., & Turhan, M. (2024). In-depth phytochemical profile by LC-MS/MS, mineral content by ICP-MS, and in-vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiepilepsy, anticholinergic, and antiglaucoma properties of Bitlis propolis. Life, 14, 1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111389
- İzol, E., Turhan, M., Yılmaz, M. A., Çağlayan, C., & Gülçin, İ. (2024). Determination of antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticholinergic, antiglaucoma properties and comprehensive phytochemical content by LC-MS/MS of Bingöl honeybee pollen. Food Science & Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4531
- Kario, K., Kagitani, H., Hayashi, S., Hanamura, S., Ozawa, K., & Kanegae, H. (2022). A Japan nationwide web-based survey of patient preference for renal denervation for hypertension treatment. Hypertension Research, 45(2), 232-240.
- Keser, F., Karatepe, M., Keser, S., Tekin, S., Türkoğlu, İ., Kaygili, O., & Kirbag, S. (2021). In vitro biological activities and phytochemical contents of Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane). Journal of Physical Chemistry and Functional Materials, 4(1), 1-7.
- Ketnawa, S., Reginio Jr, F. C., Thuengtung, S., & Ogawa, Y. (2022). Changes in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of plant-based foods by gastrointestinal digestion: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(17), 4684-4705.
- Khan, U. M., Sevindik, M., Zarrabi, A., Nami, M., Ozdemir, B., Kaplan, D. N., & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2021). Lycopene: Food sources, biological activities, and human health benefits. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2713511, 1-10.
- Li, D., Zhang, T., Wang, M., Liu, Y., Brestic, M., Chen, T. H., & Yang, X. (2019). Genetic engineering of the biosynthesis of glycine betaine modulates phosphate homeostasis by regulating phosphate acquisition in tomato. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 401291, 1-13.
- Li, Z. R., Amist, N., & Bai, L. Y. (2019). Allelopathy in sustainable weed management. Allelopathy Journal, 48(2), 109-138.
- Mapelli-Brahm, P., Barba, F. J., Remize, F., Garcia, C., Fessard, A., Khaneghah, A. M., & Meléndez-Martínez, A. J. (2020). The impact of fermentation processes on the production, retention, and bioavailability of carotenoids: An overview. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 99, 389-401.
- Mrowicka, M., Mrowicki, J., Kucharska, E., & Majsterek, I. (2022). Lutein and zeaxanthin and their roles in age-related macular degeneration—Neurodegenerative disease. Nutrients, 14(4), 827.
- Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reaction: Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 44(6), 307-315.
- Uddin, M., Juraimi, A. S., Hossain, M. S., Nahar, M., Un, A., Ali, M., & Rahman, M. M. (2014). Purslane weed (Portulaca oleracea): A prospective plant source of nutrition, omega-3 fatty acid, and antioxidant attributes. The Scientific World Journal, 951019, 1-6.
- Uzunboy, S., Çekiç, S. D., Eksin, E., Erdem, A., & Apak, R. (2017). CUPRAC colorimetric and electroanalytical methods determining antioxidant activity based on prevention of oxidative DNA damage. Analytical Biochemistry, 518, 69-77.
- Yılmaz, M. A., Çakır, O., İzol, E., Tarhan, A., Behçet, L., & Zengin, G. (2023). Detailed phytochemical evaluation of a locally endemic species (Campanula baskilensis) by LC-MS/MS and its in-depth antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 20(12), e202301182. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202301182
- Yurt, B., Sağlamtaş, R., Demir, Y., İzol, E., Diril, H., & Çağlayan, C. (2024). Determination of in vitro antioxidant, anticholinergic and antiepileptic activities of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 27(Suppl. 1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.18016/
ksutarimdoga. vi.1472403