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A Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Vegetative Parts of the Genus Vincetoxicum in Türkiye

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 380 - 402, 27.03.2025

Seher Güven , Selin Meral Doğan

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1589750

Öz

In Türkiye, Vincetoxicum is represented by 11 taxa belonging to nine species, three of which (V. coskuncelebiana S.Makbul & S.Güven, V. fuscatum (Hornem.) subsp. boissieri (Kusn.) Browicz, and V. parviflorum Decne) are endemics. In this study, the micro-morphology of the stem, petiole, and lamina of all Turkish Vincetoxicum taxa was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the first time. Micro-morphological observations were carried out on herbarium samples belonging to 21 populations from various habitats. A detailed micro-morphological description of the stem, petiole, and lamina, supported by SEM micrographs, was created for each examined taxon. It was determined that the micro-morphological characteristics such as the pattern of pubescence, the distribution and density of trichomes on the stem, petiole, and lamina, and the position of stomata on both sides of the leaf contributed to the distinction of the Turkish Vincetoxicum taxa. On the other hand, no difference was observed among the examined taxa in terms of the appearance of epicuticular wax, and shape and concavity/convexity properties of epidermal cells on stem, petiole, and lamina.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Apocynaceae Leaf SEM Stem Vincetoxicum

Destekleyen Kurum

This study was supported by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK-2209A) under the Grant Number 1919B012004568. The authors thank to TUBITAK for their supports.

Proje Numarası

TUBITAK-2209A/ Proje no: 1919B012004568

Teşekkür

The authors would like to thank Prof. Dr. Serdar MAKBUL, who allowed the stem and leaf materials used in the study to be obtained from the samples of the examined species.

Kaynakça

  • Abere, T. A., & Onwukaeme, D. N. (2012). Pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaves of Secamone afzelii (Schult) K.Schum (Asclepiadaceae). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research February, 11(1), 125–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v11i1.16
  • Abeysinghe, P. D., & Scharaschkin, T. (2022). Comparative anatomy of two forms of Sri Lankan Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. (Family Apocynaceae s.l.–Subfamily Asclepiadoideae) -Taxonomic implications. Ceylon Journal of Science, 51(3), 307–318. http://doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v51i3.8038
  • Aybeke, M. ( 2022). Bazı Orkide taksonlarında labellum mikromorfolojisi. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Derg, 25(1): 42– 48. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.882554
  • Barthlott, W., Neinhuis, C., Cutler, D., Ditsch, F., Meusel, I., Theisen, I., & Wilhelmi, H. (1998). Classification and terminology of plant epicuticular waxes. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 126(3), 237–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1998.tb02529.x
  • Bashir, K., Sohail, A., Ali, U., Ullah, A., Ul Haq, Z., Gul, B., Ullah, I., Sunera, & Asghar, M. (2020). Foliar micromorphology and its role in identification of the Apocynaceae taxa. Microscopy Research and Technique, 83, 755–766.
  • Behnke, H. D., & Barthlott, W. (1983). New evidence from the ultrastructural and micromorphological fields in angiosperm classification. Nordic Journal of Botany, 3, 43–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051. 1983.tb01444.x
  • Browicz, K. (1978). Asclepiadaceae. In Davis, P.H. (ed) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 6. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp 163–174.
  • Carpenter, K. J. (2005). Stomatal architecture and evolution in basal angiosperms. American Journal of Botany, 92, 1595–1615. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.10.1595
  • Carvalho, R., Pellissari, L. C. O, Pace, M. R., Scremin-Dias, E, Arruda, R. D. O., & Farinaccio, M. A. (2017). Leaf morphoanatomy of Araujia and Morrenia (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae): phylogenetic implications and species key. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 20, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/bow004
  • Chang, Y. H., Tzeng, H. Y., & Tseng, Y. H. (2012). Pollinaria morphology of Cynanchum L. (Asclepiadaceae) in Taiwan. Quarterly Journal of Forestry Research, 34(4): 251–262.
  • Civeyrel, L., Thomas, A. L., Ferguson, K., & Chase, M. W. (1998). Critical reexamination of palynological characters used to delimit Asclepiadaceae in comparison to the molecular phylogeny obtained from plastid matK sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 9(3), 517–527. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1997.0510
  • Davis, P. H. (1965). Flora of Türkiye and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Dilcher, D. L. (1974). Approaches to the identification of angiosperm leaf remains. Botanical Review, 40(1), 1–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860067
  • El-Taher, A. M., Gendy, A. E. -N. G. E., Alkahtani, J., Elshamy, A. I., & Abd-ElGawad, A. M. (2020). Taxonomic implication of integrated chemical, morphological, and anatomical attributes of leaves of eight Apocynaceae taxa. Diversity, 12(9), 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12090334
  • Feng. Y., Qin. X., Huang. J., & Hong, W. (2012). Pollinarium morphology of 17 species and 1 subspecies of Cynanchum (Asclepiadaceae). Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 32(9),1758–1762.
  • Freire, S. E., Arambarri, A. M., Bayón, N.D., Sancho, G., Urtubey, E., Monti, C., Novoa, M.C., & Colares, M. N. (2005). Epidermal characteristics of toxic plants for cattle from the Salado river basin (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica, 40, 241–281.
  • Fishbein, M. (2001). Evolutionary innovation and diversification in the flowers of Asclepiadaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 88, 603–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3298636
  • Gabr, D. G., Khafagi, A. A. F., Mohamed, A. H., & Mohamed, F. S. (2015). The significance of leaf morphological characters in the identification of some species of Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. Journal of American Science, 11, 61–70.
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Türkiye Vincetoxicum Cinsinin Vejetatif Kısımlarının Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu İle İncelenmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 380 - 402, 27.03.2025

Seher Güven , Selin Meral Doğan

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1589750

Öz

Vincetoxicum, Türkiye’de üçü endemik (V. coskuncelebiana S.Makbul & S.Güven, V. fuscatum (Hornem.) subsp. boissieri (Kusn.) Browicz ve V. parviflorum Decne) olmak üzere dokuz türe ait 11 takson ile temsil edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, tüm Türkiye Vincetoxicum taksonlarının gövde, petiyol ve lamina mikro-morfolojisi taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) kullanılarak ilk kez taksonomik yönden değerlendirilmiştir. Mikro-morfolojik incelemeler, farklı habitatlardan toplanan 21 populasyona ait herbaryum örnekleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. İncelenen her takson için SEM fotoğraflarıyla desteklenen ayrıntılı birer gövde, petiyol ve lamina mikro-morfolojik betimi oluşturulmuştur. Türkiye Vincetoxicum taksonlarının ayrımında; gövde, petiyol ve lamina yüzeylerindeki tüylenme çeşidi, tüy dağılımı ve yoğunluğu ile yaprağın her iki yüzeyindeki stoma durumu gibi mikromorfolojik karakterlerin önemli rol oynadığı belirlenmiştir. Diğer taraftan, incelenen taksonlar arasında gövde, yaprak sapı ve lamina üzerindeki epikütikular mumun görünümü, epidermis hücrelerinin şekli ve içbükeylik/dışbükeylik özellikleri bakımından bir fark görülmemiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Apocynaceae Gövde SEM Vincetoxicum Yaprak

Destekleyen Kurum

This study was supported by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK-2209A) under the Grant Number 1919B012004568. The authors thank to TUBITAK for their supports.

Proje Numarası

TUBITAK-2209A/ Proje no: 1919B012004568

Teşekkür

The authors would like to thank Prof. Dr. Serdar MAKBUL, who allowed the stem and leaf materials used in the study to be obtained from the samples of the examined species.

Kaynakça

  • Abere, T. A., & Onwukaeme, D. N. (2012). Pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaves of Secamone afzelii (Schult) K.Schum (Asclepiadaceae). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research February, 11(1), 125–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v11i1.16
  • Abeysinghe, P. D., & Scharaschkin, T. (2022). Comparative anatomy of two forms of Sri Lankan Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. (Family Apocynaceae s.l.–Subfamily Asclepiadoideae) -Taxonomic implications. Ceylon Journal of Science, 51(3), 307–318. http://doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v51i3.8038
  • Aybeke, M. ( 2022). Bazı Orkide taksonlarında labellum mikromorfolojisi. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Derg, 25(1): 42– 48. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.882554
  • Barthlott, W., Neinhuis, C., Cutler, D., Ditsch, F., Meusel, I., Theisen, I., & Wilhelmi, H. (1998). Classification and terminology of plant epicuticular waxes. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 126(3), 237–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1998.tb02529.x
  • Bashir, K., Sohail, A., Ali, U., Ullah, A., Ul Haq, Z., Gul, B., Ullah, I., Sunera, & Asghar, M. (2020). Foliar micromorphology and its role in identification of the Apocynaceae taxa. Microscopy Research and Technique, 83, 755–766.
  • Behnke, H. D., & Barthlott, W. (1983). New evidence from the ultrastructural and micromorphological fields in angiosperm classification. Nordic Journal of Botany, 3, 43–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051. 1983.tb01444.x
  • Browicz, K. (1978). Asclepiadaceae. In Davis, P.H. (ed) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 6. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp 163–174.
  • Carpenter, K. J. (2005). Stomatal architecture and evolution in basal angiosperms. American Journal of Botany, 92, 1595–1615. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.10.1595
  • Carvalho, R., Pellissari, L. C. O, Pace, M. R., Scremin-Dias, E, Arruda, R. D. O., & Farinaccio, M. A. (2017). Leaf morphoanatomy of Araujia and Morrenia (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae): phylogenetic implications and species key. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 20, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/bow004
  • Chang, Y. H., Tzeng, H. Y., & Tseng, Y. H. (2012). Pollinaria morphology of Cynanchum L. (Asclepiadaceae) in Taiwan. Quarterly Journal of Forestry Research, 34(4): 251–262.
  • Civeyrel, L., Thomas, A. L., Ferguson, K., & Chase, M. W. (1998). Critical reexamination of palynological characters used to delimit Asclepiadaceae in comparison to the molecular phylogeny obtained from plastid matK sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 9(3), 517–527. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1997.0510
  • Davis, P. H. (1965). Flora of Türkiye and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Dilcher, D. L. (1974). Approaches to the identification of angiosperm leaf remains. Botanical Review, 40(1), 1–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860067
  • El-Taher, A. M., Gendy, A. E. -N. G. E., Alkahtani, J., Elshamy, A. I., & Abd-ElGawad, A. M. (2020). Taxonomic implication of integrated chemical, morphological, and anatomical attributes of leaves of eight Apocynaceae taxa. Diversity, 12(9), 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12090334
  • Feng. Y., Qin. X., Huang. J., & Hong, W. (2012). Pollinarium morphology of 17 species and 1 subspecies of Cynanchum (Asclepiadaceae). Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 32(9),1758–1762.
  • Freire, S. E., Arambarri, A. M., Bayón, N.D., Sancho, G., Urtubey, E., Monti, C., Novoa, M.C., & Colares, M. N. (2005). Epidermal characteristics of toxic plants for cattle from the Salado river basin (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica, 40, 241–281.
  • Fishbein, M. (2001). Evolutionary innovation and diversification in the flowers of Asclepiadaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 88, 603–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3298636
  • Gabr, D. G., Khafagi, A. A. F., Mohamed, A. H., & Mohamed, F. S. (2015). The significance of leaf morphological characters in the identification of some species of Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. Journal of American Science, 11, 61–70.
  • Grossheim, A. A. (1967). Flora of the Caucasus, Vol. 7. Academy of Science of the USSR, pp 221–225.
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  • İlçim, A., Özay, S. G., & Kökdil, G. (2010). Exomorphic seed characters and anatomy of leaf and stem of some Vincetoxicum (Asclepiadaceae/Apocynaceae) species from Turkey. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 39(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1501/Eczfak_0000000550
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  • Liede, S. (1996). Cynanchum – Rhodostegiella – Vincetoxicum – Tylophora (Asclepiadaceae): new considerations on an old problem. Taxon, 45, 193–211.
  • Liede, S., & Täuber, A. (2002). Circumscription of the genus Cynanchum (Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae). Systematic Botany, 27(4), 789–800.
  • Liede, S., Täuber, A., & Schneidt, J. (2002). Molecular considerations in the Tylophorinae K.Schum. (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae). Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 59(3), 377–403. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428602000239
  • Liede-Schumann, S., Kong, H., Meve, U., & Thiv, M. (2012). Vincetoxicum and Tylophora (Apo¬cynaceae: Asclepiadoideae: Asclepiadeae) – two sides of the same medal: independent shifts from tropical to temperate habitats. Taxon, 61, 803–825. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.614007
  • Liede-Schumann, S., Khanum, R., Mumtaz, A. S., Gherghel, I., & Pahlevani, A. (2016). Going west – a subtropical lineage (Vincetoxicum, Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) expanding into Europe. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 94, 436–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.021
  • Liede-Schumann, S., & Meve, U. (2018). Vincetoxicum (Apocyn¬aceae—Asclepiadoideae) expanded to include Tylophora and allies. Phytotaxa, 369, 129–184. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.369.3.1
  • Makbul, S., & Güven, S. (2022). A new replacement name for the Turkish Vincetoxicum anatolicum S. Güven, S. Makbul & Coskunç. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae). Phytotaxa, 547(2), 217–218. https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.6575118
  • Malaspina, P., Ingegneri, M., Betuzzi, F., Di Gristina, E., Cornara, L., Trombetta, D., & Smeriglio, A. (2024). Beyond the scent: new evidence about micromorphological, phytochemical and biological features of Plumeria rubra 'Tonda Palermitana' (Apocynaceae). Plants, 13, 2479. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172479
  • Mansoor, A., Ibrahim, M. A., Zaidi, M. A., & Ahmed, M. (2011). Antiprotozoal activities of Vincetoxicum stocksii and Carum copticum. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 6(1), 51–54. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v6i1.8442
  • Markgraf, F. (1972). Flora Europaea, Vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 978-0521084895, pp 71–73. Martin, J. T., & Juniper, B. E. (1970). The cuticles of plants. New York: St. Martins.
  • Medina, M. C., Sousa-Baena, M. S., Capelli, N. d. V., Koch, R., & Demarco, D. (2021). Stinging trichomes in Apocynaceae and their evolution in angiosperms. Plants, 10(11), 2324. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112324
  • Metcalfe, C. R., & Chalk, L. (1950). Anatomy of dicotyledons: leaves, stem and wood in relation to taxonomy with notes on economic uses, Vol. II. Oxford Clarendon Press.
  • Omino, E. (1996). A contribution to the leaf anatomy and taxonomy of Apocynaceae in Africa. Backhuys Publishers, ISBN: 9073348544, 178 s.
  • Pobedimova, G. (1952). Antitoxicum. In Shishkin, B. K. & Bobrov, E. G. (eds.) Flora of USSR Vol. 18. Academy of Science of the USSR Press, Leningrad-Moscow, pp 674–691.
  • Prüm, B., Seidel, R., Bohn, H. F., & Speck, T. (2012). Plant surfaces with cuticular folds are slippery for beetles. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 9:127–35.
  • Rechinger, K. H. (1970). Flora Iranica, vol. 73:10. Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt, p 21.
  • Ridzuan, K., & Kalu, M. (2023). Comparative micromorphology leaf surface of selected Hoya spp. (Apocynaceae) from Sarawak, Reinwardtia, 22(2), 69‒77.
  • Sennblad, B., & Bremer, B. (2002). Classification of Apocynaceae s.l. according to a new approach combining linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology, 51(3), 389–409. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10635150290069869.
  • Shah, S. A., & Ahmad, M. (2014). Reassessing palynological characters in the subfamilies Periplocoideae and Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae): taxonomic and evolutionary implications. Palynology, 38(2), 224–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2014.893264
  • Shah, S. A., Sultan, A., Wen, J., Nisa, S.U., Su, X., Iqbal, J., & Mumtaz, A.S. (2018). Vincetoxicum luridum (Asclepiadeae, Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae), a new and long misunderstood endemic species from Balochistan, Pakistan. Phytotaxa, 357(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.357.2.4
  • Shah, S. A., Sultan, A., Wen, J., Ullah, Z., Nisa, S. U., Ren, Z., Alam, M. M., Iqbal, J., & Mumtaz, A. S. (2021) Taxonomy of Vincetoxicum s.str. (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from southern Asia including three new species and resurrected names. PhytoKeys, 179, 35–73. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.179.62514
  • Sheeley, S. E., & Raynal, D. J. (1996). The distribution and status of species of Vincetoxicum in eastern North America. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 123(2), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.2307/2996072
  • Sinha, S., & Mondal, A. K. (2011). The morphological diversification of pollinia of some members of Asclepiadaceae. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(41), 7981–7986.
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  • Song, J. H., Yang, S., & Choi, G. (2020). Taxonomic implications of leaf micromorphology using microscopic analysis: A tool for identification and authentication of korean piperales. Plants, 9(5), 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050566
  • Sreenath, K. P., Ramakrishna, T. M., & Babu, T. P. (2012). Perspective on polinial apparatus and carriers of Asclepiadaceae sensu lato. Global Journal of Bio-Science and Biotechnology, 1(1), 45–53.
  • Stearn. W. T. (1992). Botanical Latin. London, David and Charles Publication.
  • Stace, C. A., Heywood, V. H., & Moore, D.M. (1984). The taxonomic importance of the leaf surface. Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy. Academic Press, London, pp 67–94.
  • Theisen, I., & Barthlott, W. (1994). Mikromorphologie der epicuticularwachse und die systematik der Gentianales, Rubiales, Dipsacales und Calycerales. Tropische und Subtropische Pflanzenwelt, 89, 1–62.
  • Theobald, W. L., Krahulik, J. L., & Rollins, R. (1979). Trichome description and classification. In Metcalfe, C. R., & Chalk, L., (eds). Anatomy of the dicotyledons. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
  • Tomaszewski, D., & Zieliński, J. (2014). Epicuticular wax structures on stems and comparison between stems and leaves–A survey. Flora, 209(5–6), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2014.03.001
  • Verhoeven, R. L., & Venter, H. J. T. (2001). Pollen morphology of the Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae, and Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 88, 569–582. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3298634
  • Xin-sheng, Q. (2010). Studies on the micromorphology of leaf epidermis in Cynanchum (Asclepiadaceae) from China under environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Journal of South China Agricultural University, 31(3), 47–51.
  • Yamashiro, T., Fukuda, T., Yokoyama, J., & Maki, M. (2004). Molecular phylogeny of Vincetoxicum (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) based on the nucleotide sequences of cpDNA and nrDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31, 689–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2003.08.016
  • Yamashiro, T., Yamashiro, A., Yokoyama, J., & Maki, M. (2008). Morphological aspects and phylogenetic analyses of pollination systems in the Tylophora–Vincetoxicum complex (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) in Japan. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 93, 325–341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00896.x
  • Yaseen, S., & Perveen, A. (2014). Pollinia morphology to some members of Asclepiadaceae of Pakistan. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 43(3), 249–253.
  • Zaidi, M. A., & Crow Jr., S. A. (2005). Biologically active tradi¬tional medicinal herbs from Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 96(1-2), 331–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.07.023.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bitki Morfolojisi ve Anatomisi
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article)
Yazarlar

Seher Güven 0000-0001-8883-8489

Selin Meral Doğan 0009-0009-6051-5093

Proje Numarası TUBITAK-2209A/ Proje no: 1919B012004568
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Mart 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 28 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Güven, S., & Doğan, S. M. (2025). A Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Vegetative Parts of the Genus Vincetoxicum in Türkiye. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 28(2), 380-402. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1589750
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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