Araştırma Makalesi
In vitro Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Activity and Synergistic/Antagonistic Effect of Arum maculatum L. in Mersin Province, Turkey
Öz
Arum maculatum is used for the treatment of colitis and internal bleeding haemorrhoids among the local people in Turkey. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and protective effects of the leaf and root methanol extract of Arum maculatum L. The phenolic compound content of the root and leaf extract was determined as 207.135±0.07 µg GAE g-1, and 386.054±0.7 µg GAE g extract-1, respectively. The total flavonoid amount was determined as 53.386±0.220 µg QE g-1 and 347.704±0.352 µg QE g-1 extract, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging of leaf and root extracts was determined as 76.69% and 67.33%, respectively.. The metal chelating effect was determined as 46.585±0.025 mg EDTA/g extract and 35.610±0.087 mg EDTA g extract-1 for roots and leaves, respectively. All extracts were effective against all tested bacteria, and Staphylococcus mutans ATTC 10449 was the most sensitive bacterium with the lowest MIC value (0.20 mg mL-1, 0.81 mg mL-1) for leaf and root extracts, respectively. The biggest diameter of growth inhibition zone (8±2.44 mm, 9±3.26) compared to Chloramphenicol. Arum leaf extracts showed a synergistic effect with OFX against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus mutans, and Arum root extracts have a synergistic effect with OFX against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus mutans. These results displayed that A. maculatum has notable natural bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antibacterial properties.
Anahtar Kelimeler
CUPRAC method Metal chelating activity Time-killing assay Antibiotic combination tests Synergistic effect
Kaynakça
- Aiyegoro, O., Adewusi, A., Oyedemı, S., Akinpelu, D., & Okoh, A (2011). Interactions of antibiotics and methanolic crude extracts of Afzelia africana (Smith.) against drug resistance bacterial isolates. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12, 4477–4487.
- Alan, Y. (2018). Evaluation of phenolic substance content and biological activities of Arum elongatum steven extracts. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology,7, 370–379.
- Alencar, V.B.M., Alencar, N.M.N., Assreuy, A.M.S., Mota, M.L., Brito, G.A.C., Aragao, K.S., Bittencourt, F.S., Pınto, V.P.T., Debray, H., Rıbeıro, R.A., & Cavada, B.S. (2005). Pro-inflammatory effect of Arum maculatum lectin and role of resident cells. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 37 (9), 1805-1814.
- Apak, R., Guçlu, K., Ozyurek, M., & Karademır, S.E. (2004). Novel Total Antioxidant Capacity Index for Dietary Polyphenols and Vitamins C and E, Using Their Cupric Ion Reducing Capability in the Presence of Neocuproine: CUPRAC Method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 26, 7970–7981.
- Avaz, S., Korcan, S.E., Kargıoglu, M., Serteser, A., Konuk, M, & Erol, I. (2013). Antimicrobial activities in root extracts of Limonium spp. growing in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 34, 561–568.
- Azab, A. (2017). Arum: A Plant Genus Wıth Great Medıcınal Potentıal. European Chemıcal Bulletın. 2, 59-68.
- Baba, S.A., & Malık, S.A. (2015). Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of a root extract of Arisaema jacquemontii Blume. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 9, 449-454.
- Bal, C. (1999). Determination of In Vitro Efficacy of Antibiotic Combinations. Flora 4, 219-229.
- Braga, L.C., Leıte, A.A.M., Xavıer, K.G.S., Takahashı, J.A., Bemquerer, M.P., Chartone-Souza, B., & Nascimento, A.M.A. (2005). Synergistic interaction between pomegranate extract and antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 51, 541–547.
- Christie, W.W. (2003). 13-Phenyltridec-9-enoic and 15-phenylpentadec-9-enoic acids in Arum maculatum seed oil. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 12, 779-780.
- Colak, F., Savaroğlu, F., & Ilhan, S. (2009). Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Arum maculatum L. Leaves Extracts. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 3, 13-16.
- D’costa, V.M., Mcgrann, K.M., Hughes, D.W., & Wrıght, G.D. (2006). Sampling the antibiotic resistome. Science. 311, 374–377.
- Dayısoylu, K.S. (2010). Changes of Antioxidant Activity in Different Forms and Meal of Arum maculatum in Kahramanmaras Province from Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 8, 6595–6599.
- Demirci, S., & Ozhatay, N. (2012). An ethnobotanical study in Kahramanmaraş (Turkey); wild plants used for medicinal purpose in Andırın, Kahramanmaraş. Turkish Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9, 75-92.
- Dınıs, T.C.P., Madeıra, V.M.C., & Almeıda, L.M. (1994). Action of phenolic derivatives (acetaminophen, salicylate, and 5-aminosalicylate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 315, 161–169.
- Dıpankar, C., & Murugan, S. (2012). The green synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the biological activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Iresine herbstii leaf aqueous extracts. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 98, 112-119.
- Diplock, A.T. (1997). Will the 'good fairies' please prove to us that vitamin E lessens human degenerative disease? Free Radical Research, 5, 511-32.
- Erbil, N., Arslan, M., & Murathan, Z.T. (2018). Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, And Antimutagenic Effects And Biochemical Contents Of Arum Maculatum L. That Is A Medical Plant From Turkish Flora. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 12 A, 8709-8714.
- Everest, A., & Ozturk, E. (2005). Focusing on the ethnobotanical uses of plants in Mersin and Adana provinces (Turkey). Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 6(1), 6. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-1-6. PMID: 16270936; PMCID: PMC1277086.
- Farahmandfar, R., Kenarı, R.E., Asnaasharı, M., Shahrampour, D., & Bakhshandeh, T. (2019). Bioactive compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Arum maculatum leaves extracts as affected by various solvents and extraction methods. Food Science & Nutrition, 7, 465-475.
- Gül, V., & Topcu, E. (2017). A Study on Toxic Plants Spreading in the District of Salipazarı (Samsun) TURKJANS. 42, 162-168.
- Hatano, T,, Edamatsu, R., Morı, A., Fujıta, Y., & Yasuhara, E. (1989). Effect of interaction of tannins with co-existing substances. VI. Effects of tannins and related polyphenols on superoxide anion radical and on DPPH radical. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 37, 2016–2021.
- Ibraheem, R.M., & Mohammed, Z.H. (2015). Anti-oxidant Activity of Methanol Extracts of Arum maculatum L. and Physalis peruviana L. Plants. Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure And Applied Science 2, 1-7.
- Jaradat, N., & Abualhasan, M. (2016). Comparison of phytoconstituents, total phenol contents and free radical scavenging capacities between four Arum species from Jerusalemand Bethlehem, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22, 120–125.
- Jennıfer, M.A. (2001). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 48, 5–16.
- Kianinia, S., & Farjam, M.H. (2018). Chemical and biological evolution of essential oil of Arum maculatum. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transaction A, 42, 395–399.
- Kocabaş, Y.Z., & Gedık, O. (2016). An Ethnobotanical Study of wild plants sold in district bazaar in Kahramanmaras. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology. 4, 41-50.
- Kochmarov, V., Kozuharova, E., Naychov, Z., Momekov, G., & Mincheva, I. (2015) Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology of Arum maculatum L. (Araceae) in Bulgaria with an emphasis on its effect against haemorrhoids. International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences, 5 (2),394–402.
- Koksal, I. (2010). The Clinical Place of Synergy Strains 34 Turkish Microbiology Congress Girne. 7–11 November Congress Book, Istanbul: 178.
- Korcan, S.E., Aksoy, O., Erdoğmuş, S.F., Cığerci, I.H., & Konuk, M. (2013). Evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant and DNA protective capacity of Chenopodium album’s ethanolic leaf extract. Chemosphere. 2, 374-379.
- Kozuharova, E., Matkowskı, A., Woźnıak, D., Naychov, Z., Gıbernau, M., Momekov, G., Kochmarov, V., & Atanasov, A.G. (2017). Arum: Chemıstry, Bıoactıvıtıes, and Applıcatıon as a Cure for Hemorrhoıds, Conference: 3rd International Conference on Natural Products Utilization From Plants to Pharmacy Shelf 18-21 Bansko, Bulgaria.
- Krısten, A.M., & Paul, J.H. (2021). Facilitating Compound Entry as a Means to Discover Antibiotics for Gram-Negative Bacteria. Accounts of Chemical Research, 6, 1322–1333.
- Kumar, A.S., Venkateshwaran, K., Vanıtha, J., Saravanan, V.S., Ganesh, M., Vasudevan, M, & Sıvakumar, T (2009). Synergistic activity of methanolic extract of Thespesia populnea (Malvaceae) flowers with oxytetracycline. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 4, 13–16.
- Lee, S.K., Mbwambo, Z.H., Chung, H., Luyengı, L., Gamez, E.J., & Mehta, R.G. (1998). Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of natural products Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening, 1, 35-46.
- Liang, N., & Kitts, D.D. (2015). Role of chlorogenic acids in controlling oxidative and inflammatory stress conditions, Nutrients, 8, 16.
- Mahomoodally, M. F., Zengin, G., Roumita, S., Caprioli, G., Mustafa, A. M., Piatti, D., Yıldıztugay, E., Ak, G., Karadağ, A.E., Khalid, A., Abdalla, A.N., Uba, A.I., & Demirci, F. (2023). Chemical Characterization and Multidirectional Biological Effects of Different Solvent Extracts of Arum elongatum: In Vitro and in Silico Approaches. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 20(4), e202201181
- Majumder, P., Mondal, H.A., & Das, S. (2005). Insecticidal activity of Arum maculatum tuber lectin and its binding to the glycosylated insect gut receptors. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 17, 6725-6729.
- Mansour, O., Salamma, R., & Abbas, L (2015). Screening of antibacterial activity in vitro of Arum maculatum L. leaves extracts. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 31, 231-234.
- Manuja, R., Sachdeva, S., Jain, A., Chaudhary, J. (2013). A comprehensive review on biological activitie sofp-hydroxybenzoicacid and its derivatives. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 22, 109–115.
- Meir, S., Kanner, J., Akırı, B., & Hadas, S.P. (1995). Determination and involvement of aqueous reducing compounds in oxidative defense systems of various senescing leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43, 1813.
- Nagy, S., & Attaway, J.A. (1992). Anticarconioneic activity of phytochemicals in citros fruit end their juıce products Florida. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 105, 162-165.
- Nazan, C., Sevılay, Ç., & Ashabil, A. (2021). A study on the bıoactıvıty of plant extracts obtaıned from Arum maculatum leaves by dıfferent extractıon technıques. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 16, 1-2.
- Nıtıema, L.W., Savadogo, A., Sımpore, J., Dıanou, D., & Traore, A.S. (2012). In vitro antimicrobial activity of some phenolic compounds (coumarin and quercetin) against gastroenteritis bacterial strains. International Journal of Microbiology Research, 3, 183–187.
- Öztürk, M., Bulduk, I., Korcan, S.E., Lıman, R., Karabag, & Coban, F. (2018). Total phenolics, flavonoids contents, antioxidant activity and DNA protective effect of Lenten Rose (Helleborus orientalis). Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 4, 1-12.
- Packer, L., Rımbach, G., & Vırgılı, F. (1999). Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (Pinus maritima) bark, pycnogenol. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 27, 704-724.
- Safarı, E., Amırı, M., Bahador, A., Amırı, M., & Esmaeılı, D. (2014). The study of antibacterial effects of alcoholic extracts of Arum maculatum, Allium hirtifolium and Teucrium polium against nosocomial resistance bacteria. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3, 601-605.
- Shahıdı, F., & Naczk, M. (1995). Nutritional and pharmacological effects of food phenolics. In Food Phenolics: Sources, Chemistry, Effects and Applications, pp. 171–191. New York, NY: CRC Press LLC.
- Turkısh Herbology Assocıatıon. (2020). Arum maculatumAccess:[http://www.turkiyeherboloji.org.tr/upload/File/YabanciOt/2-ARUMA.pdf], Accessed on: 24.04.2020.
- Tuttolomondo, T., Licata, M, Leto, C., Savo, V., Bonsangue, G., Letizia Gargano M, Venturella, G., & La, Bella S. (2014). Ethnobotanical investigation on wild medicinal plants in the Monti Sicani Regional Park (Sicily, Italy). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 153(3), 568-86. doi: 10.1016/ j.jep.2014.02.032. Epub 2014 Mar 12. PMID: 24632020.
- Uguzlar, H., Maltas, E., & Yildiz, S. (2016). Antioxidant Activity and Fatty Acid Compositions of Arum dioscoridis Extracts. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 8(1), 75-82.
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- Yılmaz, A.D. (2008). Pharmacognosic research on the antioxidant activities of medicinal plants used in liver and bile disorders, M.Sc, Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey..
Arum maculatum L.'nin in vitro Antimikrobiyal Aktivitesi, Antioksidan Aktivitesi ve Sinerjistik/Antagonistik Etkisi
Öz
Arum maculatum Türkiye'de yerel halk arasında kolit ve iç kanamalı hemoroid tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Arum maculatum L.'nin yaprak ve kök metanol ekstraktının antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktivitesini ve koruyucu etkilerini değerlendirmek için tasarlanmıştır. Kök ve yaprak ekstraktının fenolik bileşik içeriği sırasıyla 207.135±0.07 µg GAE g-1, 386.054±0.7 µg GAE g-1 ekstrakt olarak belirlenmiştir. Toplam flavonoid miktarı sırasıyla 53.386±0.220 µg QE g-1 ve 347.704±0.352 µg QE g-1 ekstrakt olarak belirlenmiştir. Yaprak ve kök ekstraktlarının DPPH serbest radikal süpürmesi sırasıyla %76.69 ve %67.33 olarak belirlendi. Metal şelatlama etkisi kök ve yapraklar için sırasıyla 46.585±0.025 mg EDTA/g ekstrakt ve 35.610±0.087 mg EDTA g-1 ekstrakt olarak tespit edilmiştir. Tüm ekstraktlar, test edilen tüm bakterilere karşı etkili olmuş ve Staphylococcus mutans ATTC 10449, yaprak ve kök ekstraktları için sırasıyla en düşük MİK değeri (0,20 mg ml -1 0,81 mg ml-1) ile en duyarlı bakteri olmuştur. Kloramfenikol ile karşılaştırıldığında en büyük zon inhibisyon bölgesi çapı (8±2,44 mm, 9±3,26) bulunmuştur.
Arum yaprak ekstraktı Escherichia coli ve Staphylococcus mutans'a karşı OFX ile sinerjistik bir etki göstermiştir ve Arum kök ekstraktı Staphylococcus aureus ve Staphylococcus mutans'a karşı OFX ile sinerjistik bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu sonuçlar, A. maculatum'un antioksidan ve antibakteriyel özelliklere sahip kayda değer doğal biyoaktif bileşiklere sahip olduğunu göstermiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Arum maculatum L. Time-killing assay CUPRAC metod Antibiyotik kombinasyon testi Sinerjik etki
Kaynakça
- Aiyegoro, O., Adewusi, A., Oyedemı, S., Akinpelu, D., & Okoh, A (2011). Interactions of antibiotics and methanolic crude extracts of Afzelia africana (Smith.) against drug resistance bacterial isolates. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12, 4477–4487.
- Alan, Y. (2018). Evaluation of phenolic substance content and biological activities of Arum elongatum steven extracts. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology,7, 370–379.
- Alencar, V.B.M., Alencar, N.M.N., Assreuy, A.M.S., Mota, M.L., Brito, G.A.C., Aragao, K.S., Bittencourt, F.S., Pınto, V.P.T., Debray, H., Rıbeıro, R.A., & Cavada, B.S. (2005). Pro-inflammatory effect of Arum maculatum lectin and role of resident cells. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 37 (9), 1805-1814.
- Apak, R., Guçlu, K., Ozyurek, M., & Karademır, S.E. (2004). Novel Total Antioxidant Capacity Index for Dietary Polyphenols and Vitamins C and E, Using Their Cupric Ion Reducing Capability in the Presence of Neocuproine: CUPRAC Method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 26, 7970–7981.
- Avaz, S., Korcan, S.E., Kargıoglu, M., Serteser, A., Konuk, M, & Erol, I. (2013). Antimicrobial activities in root extracts of Limonium spp. growing in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 34, 561–568.
- Azab, A. (2017). Arum: A Plant Genus Wıth Great Medıcınal Potentıal. European Chemıcal Bulletın. 2, 59-68.
- Baba, S.A., & Malık, S.A. (2015). Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of a root extract of Arisaema jacquemontii Blume. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 9, 449-454.
- Bal, C. (1999). Determination of In Vitro Efficacy of Antibiotic Combinations. Flora 4, 219-229.
- Braga, L.C., Leıte, A.A.M., Xavıer, K.G.S., Takahashı, J.A., Bemquerer, M.P., Chartone-Souza, B., & Nascimento, A.M.A. (2005). Synergistic interaction between pomegranate extract and antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 51, 541–547.
- Christie, W.W. (2003). 13-Phenyltridec-9-enoic and 15-phenylpentadec-9-enoic acids in Arum maculatum seed oil. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 12, 779-780.
- Colak, F., Savaroğlu, F., & Ilhan, S. (2009). Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Arum maculatum L. Leaves Extracts. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 3, 13-16.
- D’costa, V.M., Mcgrann, K.M., Hughes, D.W., & Wrıght, G.D. (2006). Sampling the antibiotic resistome. Science. 311, 374–377.
- Dayısoylu, K.S. (2010). Changes of Antioxidant Activity in Different Forms and Meal of Arum maculatum in Kahramanmaras Province from Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 8, 6595–6599.
- Demirci, S., & Ozhatay, N. (2012). An ethnobotanical study in Kahramanmaraş (Turkey); wild plants used for medicinal purpose in Andırın, Kahramanmaraş. Turkish Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9, 75-92.
- Dınıs, T.C.P., Madeıra, V.M.C., & Almeıda, L.M. (1994). Action of phenolic derivatives (acetaminophen, salicylate, and 5-aminosalicylate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 315, 161–169.
- Dıpankar, C., & Murugan, S. (2012). The green synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the biological activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Iresine herbstii leaf aqueous extracts. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 98, 112-119.
- Diplock, A.T. (1997). Will the 'good fairies' please prove to us that vitamin E lessens human degenerative disease? Free Radical Research, 5, 511-32.
- Erbil, N., Arslan, M., & Murathan, Z.T. (2018). Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, And Antimutagenic Effects And Biochemical Contents Of Arum Maculatum L. That Is A Medical Plant From Turkish Flora. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 12 A, 8709-8714.
- Everest, A., & Ozturk, E. (2005). Focusing on the ethnobotanical uses of plants in Mersin and Adana provinces (Turkey). Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 6(1), 6. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-1-6. PMID: 16270936; PMCID: PMC1277086.
- Farahmandfar, R., Kenarı, R.E., Asnaasharı, M., Shahrampour, D., & Bakhshandeh, T. (2019). Bioactive compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Arum maculatum leaves extracts as affected by various solvents and extraction methods. Food Science & Nutrition, 7, 465-475.
- Gül, V., & Topcu, E. (2017). A Study on Toxic Plants Spreading in the District of Salipazarı (Samsun) TURKJANS. 42, 162-168.
- Hatano, T,, Edamatsu, R., Morı, A., Fujıta, Y., & Yasuhara, E. (1989). Effect of interaction of tannins with co-existing substances. VI. Effects of tannins and related polyphenols on superoxide anion radical and on DPPH radical. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 37, 2016–2021.
- Ibraheem, R.M., & Mohammed, Z.H. (2015). Anti-oxidant Activity of Methanol Extracts of Arum maculatum L. and Physalis peruviana L. Plants. Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure And Applied Science 2, 1-7.
- Jaradat, N., & Abualhasan, M. (2016). Comparison of phytoconstituents, total phenol contents and free radical scavenging capacities between four Arum species from Jerusalemand Bethlehem, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22, 120–125.
- Jennıfer, M.A. (2001). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 48, 5–16.
- Kianinia, S., & Farjam, M.H. (2018). Chemical and biological evolution of essential oil of Arum maculatum. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transaction A, 42, 395–399.
- Kocabaş, Y.Z., & Gedık, O. (2016). An Ethnobotanical Study of wild plants sold in district bazaar in Kahramanmaras. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology. 4, 41-50.
- Kochmarov, V., Kozuharova, E., Naychov, Z., Momekov, G., & Mincheva, I. (2015) Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology of Arum maculatum L. (Araceae) in Bulgaria with an emphasis on its effect against haemorrhoids. International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences, 5 (2),394–402.
- Koksal, I. (2010). The Clinical Place of Synergy Strains 34 Turkish Microbiology Congress Girne. 7–11 November Congress Book, Istanbul: 178.
- Korcan, S.E., Aksoy, O., Erdoğmuş, S.F., Cığerci, I.H., & Konuk, M. (2013). Evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant and DNA protective capacity of Chenopodium album’s ethanolic leaf extract. Chemosphere. 2, 374-379.
- Kozuharova, E., Matkowskı, A., Woźnıak, D., Naychov, Z., Gıbernau, M., Momekov, G., Kochmarov, V., & Atanasov, A.G. (2017). Arum: Chemıstry, Bıoactıvıtıes, and Applıcatıon as a Cure for Hemorrhoıds, Conference: 3rd International Conference on Natural Products Utilization From Plants to Pharmacy Shelf 18-21 Bansko, Bulgaria.
- Krısten, A.M., & Paul, J.H. (2021). Facilitating Compound Entry as a Means to Discover Antibiotics for Gram-Negative Bacteria. Accounts of Chemical Research, 6, 1322–1333.
- Kumar, A.S., Venkateshwaran, K., Vanıtha, J., Saravanan, V.S., Ganesh, M., Vasudevan, M, & Sıvakumar, T (2009). Synergistic activity of methanolic extract of Thespesia populnea (Malvaceae) flowers with oxytetracycline. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 4, 13–16.
- Lee, S.K., Mbwambo, Z.H., Chung, H., Luyengı, L., Gamez, E.J., & Mehta, R.G. (1998). Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of natural products Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening, 1, 35-46.
- Liang, N., & Kitts, D.D. (2015). Role of chlorogenic acids in controlling oxidative and inflammatory stress conditions, Nutrients, 8, 16.
- Mahomoodally, M. F., Zengin, G., Roumita, S., Caprioli, G., Mustafa, A. M., Piatti, D., Yıldıztugay, E., Ak, G., Karadağ, A.E., Khalid, A., Abdalla, A.N., Uba, A.I., & Demirci, F. (2023). Chemical Characterization and Multidirectional Biological Effects of Different Solvent Extracts of Arum elongatum: In Vitro and in Silico Approaches. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 20(4), e202201181
- Majumder, P., Mondal, H.A., & Das, S. (2005). Insecticidal activity of Arum maculatum tuber lectin and its binding to the glycosylated insect gut receptors. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 17, 6725-6729.
- Mansour, O., Salamma, R., & Abbas, L (2015). Screening of antibacterial activity in vitro of Arum maculatum L. leaves extracts. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 31, 231-234.
- Manuja, R., Sachdeva, S., Jain, A., Chaudhary, J. (2013). A comprehensive review on biological activitie sofp-hydroxybenzoicacid and its derivatives. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 22, 109–115.
- Meir, S., Kanner, J., Akırı, B., & Hadas, S.P. (1995). Determination and involvement of aqueous reducing compounds in oxidative defense systems of various senescing leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43, 1813.
- Nagy, S., & Attaway, J.A. (1992). Anticarconioneic activity of phytochemicals in citros fruit end their juıce products Florida. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 105, 162-165.
- Nazan, C., Sevılay, Ç., & Ashabil, A. (2021). A study on the bıoactıvıty of plant extracts obtaıned from Arum maculatum leaves by dıfferent extractıon technıques. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 16, 1-2.
- Nıtıema, L.W., Savadogo, A., Sımpore, J., Dıanou, D., & Traore, A.S. (2012). In vitro antimicrobial activity of some phenolic compounds (coumarin and quercetin) against gastroenteritis bacterial strains. International Journal of Microbiology Research, 3, 183–187.
- Öztürk, M., Bulduk, I., Korcan, S.E., Lıman, R., Karabag, & Coban, F. (2018). Total phenolics, flavonoids contents, antioxidant activity and DNA protective effect of Lenten Rose (Helleborus orientalis). Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 4, 1-12.
- Packer, L., Rımbach, G., & Vırgılı, F. (1999). Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (Pinus maritima) bark, pycnogenol. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 27, 704-724.
- Safarı, E., Amırı, M., Bahador, A., Amırı, M., & Esmaeılı, D. (2014). The study of antibacterial effects of alcoholic extracts of Arum maculatum, Allium hirtifolium and Teucrium polium against nosocomial resistance bacteria. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3, 601-605.
- Shahıdı, F., & Naczk, M. (1995). Nutritional and pharmacological effects of food phenolics. In Food Phenolics: Sources, Chemistry, Effects and Applications, pp. 171–191. New York, NY: CRC Press LLC.
- Turkısh Herbology Assocıatıon. (2020). Arum maculatumAccess:[http://www.turkiyeherboloji.org.tr/upload/File/YabanciOt/2-ARUMA.pdf], Accessed on: 24.04.2020.
- Tuttolomondo, T., Licata, M, Leto, C., Savo, V., Bonsangue, G., Letizia Gargano M, Venturella, G., & La, Bella S. (2014). Ethnobotanical investigation on wild medicinal plants in the Monti Sicani Regional Park (Sicily, Italy). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 153(3), 568-86. doi: 10.1016/ j.jep.2014.02.032. Epub 2014 Mar 12. PMID: 24632020.
- Uguzlar, H., Maltas, E., & Yildiz, S. (2016). Antioxidant Activity and Fatty Acid Compositions of Arum dioscoridis Extracts. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 8(1), 75-82.
- Uzun, E., Sarıyar, G., Adsersen, A., Karakoc, B., Otuk, G., Oktayoglu, E., & Pirildar, S. (2004). Traditional medicine in Sakarya province (Turkey) and antimicrobial activities of selected species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 95, 287-296.
- Yılmaz, A.D. (2008). Pharmacognosic research on the antioxidant activities of medicinal plants used in liver and bile disorders, M.Sc, Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey..
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Bitki Biyokimyası |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 21 Ocak 2024 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Nisan 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 27 Aralık 2022 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 27 Eylül 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 |
2022-JIF = 0.500
2022-JCI = 0.170
Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi (International
Peer Reviewed Journal)
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Yılda 6 sayı yayınlanır. (Published 6 times a year)
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