Bir Torefikasyon Reaktörünün Geliştirilmesi ve Kızıl Meşe “Quercus Rubra” Kullanılarak Farklı Torefikasyon Sıcaklıklarında Elde Edilen Biyokömür Yakıt Özelliklerinin Saptanması
Öz
Bu
araştırmada, geleneksel üretime kıyasla daha kaliteli, hızlı ve kontrollü
koşullarda biyokömür elde etmek amacıyla bir torefikasyon reaktörünün imalatı
ve en uygun torefikasyon sıcaklığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Elde edilen
örneklerin yakıt özellikleri klasik yöntemlerle (torluk oluşturma ve ticari
fırın metodu) elde edilen biyokömür örneklerinin yakıt özellikleri ile
karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla,
biyokömür elde etmek için geliştirilmiş reaktör kullanılarak 5 farklı
sıcaklıkta (220, 245, 260, 280, 300 °C)
kızıl meşe “Quercus Rubra”
örnekleri torefiye edilmiş ve elde edilen örneklerin kısa analizleri yapılarak
ısıl değerleri ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen sonuçlar klasik yöntemlerle elde
edilmiş olan ve piyasada satılan ticari ürünler ile karşılaştırılmıştır.
Analizler sonucu torefiye edilmiş ürünlerde en yüksek ısıl değer, 7135 cal g-1
ile 300 °C’de elde edilmiş örnekte saptanırken, en düşük ısıl değer ise
220 °C’ de elde edilmiş olan örnekte 5421.33 cal g-1 olarak belirlenmiştir.
Ayrıca, 300 °C’de elde edilen altı
numaralı numune
sahip olduğu nem ve kül oranı ile ticari anlamda satışı yapılan piyasa ürününü
geride bırakmıştır. Numunelerde uçucu madde oranları %70-%80 aralığında, sabit
karbon oranları ise %20-%25 aralığında saptanmıştır. Uygulama sıcaklığı arttıkça
ısıl değerin arttığı, nem ve kül oranının düştüğü saptanmıştır. Nem, kül ve
uçucu madde miktarları açısından reaktörden elde edilen örneklerin, geleneksel
yöntemlerle elde edilen örneklere kıyasla daha iyi özelliklere sahip olduğu
belirlenmiştir. 300 °C' de elde edilmiş olan biyokömür örneklerinin ortalama
ısıl değeri (7135 cal g-1) ticari fırından elde edilen
biyokömürlerin ısıl değerinden (6003 cal g-1) oldukça yüksek
bulunurken, klasik torluk oluşturma
yöntemiyle elde edilen örneklerinkine de oldukça yakın olduğu saptanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Teşekkür
Bu makale Tolga BATUR’un yüksek lisans tezinden türetilmiştir (This paper was derived from Tolga BATUR’s master thesis).
Kaynakça
- Akçay T, Aktaş T 2014. Estimation of Biomass Potential, Energy Values, and Characterization of Field Wastes: Example of Paddy Wastes in Tekirdag City. 12th International Congress on Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture. 3-6 September, 2014, Cappadocia-Nevsehir.
- Aktas T, Thy P, Williams R, McCaffrey Z, Khatami R, Jenkins BM 2015. Characterization of Almond Processing Residues from the Central Valley of California for Thermal Conversion.Fuel Processing Technology. 140: 132-147.
- Aylak Özdemir G, Saraçoğlu Ö 2016. Trakya Meşe Ormanlarında Artım ve Büyüme İlişkileri. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 66(1): 211-243.
- Arias B, Pedida C, Fermoso J, Plaza MG, Rubiera F, Pis JJ 2008. Influence of Torrefaction on The Grindability and Reactivity of Woody Biomass. Fuel Process Technology Journal. 89(2): 169-175.
- Bergman PCA, Kiel JHA 2005. Torrefaction for biomass upgrading. Proceeding of 14th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition, 17-21 October, Paris, France. Bioenergy Update April 2000, Vol. 2 No. 4, URL: https://www.bioenergyupdate.com/magazine/security/NL0400/bioenergy_update_april_2000.htm
- Bridgeman TG, Jones JM, Shield I, Williams PT 2008. Torrefaction of Reed Canary Grass, Wheat Straw and Willow to Enhance Solid Fuel Qualities and Combustion Properties. Journal of Fuels. 87: 844-856.
- Bozkurt AY, Göker Y 1987. Fiziksel ve Mekanik Ağaç Teknolojisi. İ.Ü. Üniversite Yayın No: 3445, Orman Fakültesi Yayın No: 388, İstanbul.
- Carrasco JC, Oporto GS, Zondlo J, Wang J 2013. Torrefaction Kinetics of Red Oak (Quercus rubra) in a Fluidized Reactor. BioResources. 8(4): 5067-5082.
- Chandran AN, Rao SS, Varma YBG 1990. Fluidized Bed Drying of Solids. AlChE Journal. 36(1): 29-38.
- Chen W, Kuo P 2010. A Study on Torrefaction of Various Biomass Materials and Its Impact on Lignocellulosic Structure Simulated by A Thermogravimetry. Energy Journal. 35(6): 2580-2586.
- Ciolkosz D, Wallace R 2011. A Review of Torrefaction for Bioenergy Feedstock Production. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 5(3): 317-329.
- Demirbaş A 2001. Biomass Resource Facilities and Biomass Conversion Processing for Fuels and Chemicals. Energy Conversion and Management, 42(11): 1357-1378.
- Emrich W 1985. Handbook of Charcoal Making: The Traditional and. Industrial Methods, Solar Energy R&D in the European. Community. Series E. Volume 7.
- FAO 1987. Simple Technologies for Charcoal Making. Forest Products Division, FAO Forestry Paper 41, Rome.
- Göker Y, Akbulut T 1994. Odun Kömürü ve Seyyar Madeni Kömür Ocaklarında Üretimi. İÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. Cilt 44(3-4):35-49.
- Kumar L, Koukoulas AA, Mani S, Satyavolu J 2016. Integrating Torrefaction in the Wood Pellet Industry: A Critical Review. Energy Fuels. 31: 37-54.
- Magdziarz A, Wilk M, Straka R 2017. Combustion Process of Torrefied Wood Biomass. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 127: 1339-1349.
- Nahayo A , Ekise I, Mukarugwiza A 2013. Comparative Study on Charcoal Yield Produced by Traditional and Improved Kilns: A Case Study of Nyaruguru and Nyamagabe Districts in Southern Province of Rwanda. Energy and Environment Research. 3(1): 40-48.
- Pimchuai A, Dutta A, Basu P 2010. Torrefaction of Agricultural Residue to Enhance Combustible Properties. Energy Fuel Journal. 24(9): 4638-4645.
- Prins MJ, Ptasinski KJ, Janssen FJJG 2006. More Efficient Biomass Gasification via Torrefaction. Energy Fuels Journal. 31(15): 3458-3470.
- Rokni E, Ren X, Panahi A, Levendis YA 2018. Emissions of SO2, NOx, CO2, and HCl from Co-firing of Coals with Raw and Torrefied Biomass Fuels. Fuel. 211: 363-374.
- Rousset P, Davrieux F, Macedo L, Perre´ P 2011. Characterisation of the Torrefaction of Beech Wood using NIRS: Combined Effects of Temperature and Duration. Biomass and Bioenergy Journal. 35(3): 1219-1226.
- Sadaka S, Negi S 2009. Improvements of Biomass Physical and Thermochemical Characteristics via Torrefaction Process. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, AlChE Journal. 28(3): 427-434.
- Strandberg M 2015. From Torrefaction to Gasification - Pilot Scale Studies for Upgrading of Biomass. Doktora Tezi. Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå Üniversity, İsveç.
- Sözen E, Gündüz G, Aydemir D, Güngör E 2017. Biyokütle Kullanımının Enerji, Çevre, Sağlık ve Ekonomi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Bartın Orman Fakultesi Dergisi. 19(1): 148-160.
- Sümer SK, Kavdır Y, Çiçek G 2016. Türkiye’de Tarımsal ve Hayvansal Atıklardan Biyokömür Üretim Potansiyelinin Belirlenmesi. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. 19(4): 379-387.
- Waje SS, Patel AK, Thorat BN, Mujumdar AS 2006. An Experimental Study of the Thermal Performance of a Screw Conveyor Dryer. Drying Technology. 24(3): 293- 301.
- Yanık J, Uçar S 2016. Sürdürülebilir Kaynak Olarak Biyokömür. TÜBİTAK 1001 Proje Raporu. Proje No: 114M001.
- Zwart RWJ, Boerrigter H, Drift AVD 2006. The Impact of Biomass Pretreatment on the Feasibility of Overseas Biomass Conversion to Fischer-Tropsch Products. Energy Fuels Journal. 20(5): 2192-2197.
Development of a Torrefaction Reactor and Determination of Biocoal Fuel Properties Obtained at Different Torrefaction Temperatures using Red Oak “Quercus Rubra”
Öz
In this research, it was aimed
to manufacture a torrefaction reactor and determine the optimum torrefaction
temperature to obtain biocoal with better quality under faster and controlled
conditions compared to traditional production methods (construction wood piles
and commercial kiln method). For this purpose, red oak “Quercus Rubra” samples were torrefied at 5 different temperatures
(220, 245, 260, 280, 300 °C) using the reactor, proximate analyses of the
obtained samples were made and the heat values were measured. According
to the results, sample with highest heating value, which was obtained from
torrefication system, was the sample having a value of 7135 cal g-1 obtained
at 300℃ whereas the product
obtained at 220℃ having the least value of 5421.33 cal g-1.
Also, the sixth sample obtained at 300℃ was found better in respect of its ash and
moisture ratios compare to commercially sold ones. Volatile substance ratios
and fixed carbon ratios in the samples were determined between %70-%80 and 20%-25%;
respectively. Calorific value increased and the ratio of moisture and ash
amount decreased with increasing of temperature. In terms of moisture, ash and volatile matter;
the samples obtained from the reactor were determined to have better properties
compared to the samples obtained using conventional methods. The heating value
(7135 cal g-1)
of biocoal obtained at 300 °C were found significantly higher than the heating
value (6003 cal g-1)
obtained from commercial furnaces while it is rather close to heating value of sample
obtained by traditional earth mound creating method.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Biochar Torrefaction Earth mound kiln Heat value Proximate analysis
Kaynakça
- Akçay T, Aktaş T 2014. Estimation of Biomass Potential, Energy Values, and Characterization of Field Wastes: Example of Paddy Wastes in Tekirdag City. 12th International Congress on Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture. 3-6 September, 2014, Cappadocia-Nevsehir.
- Aktas T, Thy P, Williams R, McCaffrey Z, Khatami R, Jenkins BM 2015. Characterization of Almond Processing Residues from the Central Valley of California for Thermal Conversion.Fuel Processing Technology. 140: 132-147.
- Aylak Özdemir G, Saraçoğlu Ö 2016. Trakya Meşe Ormanlarında Artım ve Büyüme İlişkileri. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 66(1): 211-243.
- Arias B, Pedida C, Fermoso J, Plaza MG, Rubiera F, Pis JJ 2008. Influence of Torrefaction on The Grindability and Reactivity of Woody Biomass. Fuel Process Technology Journal. 89(2): 169-175.
- Bergman PCA, Kiel JHA 2005. Torrefaction for biomass upgrading. Proceeding of 14th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition, 17-21 October, Paris, France. Bioenergy Update April 2000, Vol. 2 No. 4, URL: https://www.bioenergyupdate.com/magazine/security/NL0400/bioenergy_update_april_2000.htm
- Bridgeman TG, Jones JM, Shield I, Williams PT 2008. Torrefaction of Reed Canary Grass, Wheat Straw and Willow to Enhance Solid Fuel Qualities and Combustion Properties. Journal of Fuels. 87: 844-856.
- Bozkurt AY, Göker Y 1987. Fiziksel ve Mekanik Ağaç Teknolojisi. İ.Ü. Üniversite Yayın No: 3445, Orman Fakültesi Yayın No: 388, İstanbul.
- Carrasco JC, Oporto GS, Zondlo J, Wang J 2013. Torrefaction Kinetics of Red Oak (Quercus rubra) in a Fluidized Reactor. BioResources. 8(4): 5067-5082.
- Chandran AN, Rao SS, Varma YBG 1990. Fluidized Bed Drying of Solids. AlChE Journal. 36(1): 29-38.
- Chen W, Kuo P 2010. A Study on Torrefaction of Various Biomass Materials and Its Impact on Lignocellulosic Structure Simulated by A Thermogravimetry. Energy Journal. 35(6): 2580-2586.
- Ciolkosz D, Wallace R 2011. A Review of Torrefaction for Bioenergy Feedstock Production. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 5(3): 317-329.
- Demirbaş A 2001. Biomass Resource Facilities and Biomass Conversion Processing for Fuels and Chemicals. Energy Conversion and Management, 42(11): 1357-1378.
- Emrich W 1985. Handbook of Charcoal Making: The Traditional and. Industrial Methods, Solar Energy R&D in the European. Community. Series E. Volume 7.
- FAO 1987. Simple Technologies for Charcoal Making. Forest Products Division, FAO Forestry Paper 41, Rome.
- Göker Y, Akbulut T 1994. Odun Kömürü ve Seyyar Madeni Kömür Ocaklarında Üretimi. İÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. Cilt 44(3-4):35-49.
- Kumar L, Koukoulas AA, Mani S, Satyavolu J 2016. Integrating Torrefaction in the Wood Pellet Industry: A Critical Review. Energy Fuels. 31: 37-54.
- Magdziarz A, Wilk M, Straka R 2017. Combustion Process of Torrefied Wood Biomass. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 127: 1339-1349.
- Nahayo A , Ekise I, Mukarugwiza A 2013. Comparative Study on Charcoal Yield Produced by Traditional and Improved Kilns: A Case Study of Nyaruguru and Nyamagabe Districts in Southern Province of Rwanda. Energy and Environment Research. 3(1): 40-48.
- Pimchuai A, Dutta A, Basu P 2010. Torrefaction of Agricultural Residue to Enhance Combustible Properties. Energy Fuel Journal. 24(9): 4638-4645.
- Prins MJ, Ptasinski KJ, Janssen FJJG 2006. More Efficient Biomass Gasification via Torrefaction. Energy Fuels Journal. 31(15): 3458-3470.
- Rokni E, Ren X, Panahi A, Levendis YA 2018. Emissions of SO2, NOx, CO2, and HCl from Co-firing of Coals with Raw and Torrefied Biomass Fuels. Fuel. 211: 363-374.
- Rousset P, Davrieux F, Macedo L, Perre´ P 2011. Characterisation of the Torrefaction of Beech Wood using NIRS: Combined Effects of Temperature and Duration. Biomass and Bioenergy Journal. 35(3): 1219-1226.
- Sadaka S, Negi S 2009. Improvements of Biomass Physical and Thermochemical Characteristics via Torrefaction Process. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, AlChE Journal. 28(3): 427-434.
- Strandberg M 2015. From Torrefaction to Gasification - Pilot Scale Studies for Upgrading of Biomass. Doktora Tezi. Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå Üniversity, İsveç.
- Sözen E, Gündüz G, Aydemir D, Güngör E 2017. Biyokütle Kullanımının Enerji, Çevre, Sağlık ve Ekonomi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Bartın Orman Fakultesi Dergisi. 19(1): 148-160.
- Sümer SK, Kavdır Y, Çiçek G 2016. Türkiye’de Tarımsal ve Hayvansal Atıklardan Biyokömür Üretim Potansiyelinin Belirlenmesi. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. 19(4): 379-387.
- Waje SS, Patel AK, Thorat BN, Mujumdar AS 2006. An Experimental Study of the Thermal Performance of a Screw Conveyor Dryer. Drying Technology. 24(3): 293- 301.
- Yanık J, Uçar S 2016. Sürdürülebilir Kaynak Olarak Biyokömür. TÜBİTAK 1001 Proje Raporu. Proje No: 114M001.
- Zwart RWJ, Boerrigter H, Drift AVD 2006. The Impact of Biomass Pretreatment on the Feasibility of Overseas Biomass Conversion to Fischer-Tropsch Products. Energy Fuels Journal. 20(5): 2192-2197.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Ekim 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 20 Kasım 2018 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 18 Nisan 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 |
Kaynak Göster
2022-JIF = 0.500
2022-JCI = 0.170
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